test 2 Psycholing

excitatory

...

inhibititory

...

orthographic catalog refers to

...

phonological catalog refers to

...

semantic/ syntax catalog refers to

...

post access check steps are

1- if the input matched the word in the mental lexicon, the search is halted 2- if the input word does not match the search starts again

2 problems arising out of a strick adherence to the view of the meaning are

1- it does not explain how the terms can have the same referent but diffrent meanings 2- it does not account for words that do not have names ( functional words) abstract terms( freedom) or unreal objects ( unicorns)

the psycholinguistic study of words address what two major questions

1. in what form are words stored in our mental lexicon? 2. what factors contribute to the access or retrieval of words?

semantically transparent words are made up of __________

2 separate lexical entries which meaning is easily discernible from constituent parts

most educated adults know between_____ and ________ words

75,000 and 150,000

the two groups modeled are

a series search model ( forster's autonomous search) & parallel access to information /direct model

elasticity refers to

a word meaning can change in different contexts

you can only use one modality to

access the word at a specific time

models of lexical access attempt to

account for the various ways we are able to retrieve words from our lexicon

as environmental input arrives that action process starts to

accrue to each logogen based on the orthographic , phonological or semantic information being presented

a viable model must explain how the mind can

act like a dictionary , thesaurus , a rhyming book and grammar book

closely connected concepts are

activated more quickly and more strongly than distantly related concepts

inflectional morphemes are more like to be

added as we speak

the exhaustive access view is

all meaning of an ambigious words are activated . meanings are appropriate to context

cross - modal priming studies show that

ambigious words prime subjects for both dominant and subordinate meanings of words (bugs)

when you have multiple meanings for one word it can lead to

ambiguity

intension of the word chair is

an object to sit upon

the relationship between words and communication symbols

and conceptual meaning is a two-way street

the model that works best for taxonomic categories are

animals , dwelling etc

in the hierarchial network model taxonomic categories are the models work best for

animals , dwellings

translation agreement refers to

any given language including some words that do not depend on meaning for their existence and some meaning for which there is no single words

concrete example

apple

semantically similar words are words such as

apple / fruit, wet/ dry ,pin/ needle / sew

hidden nodes

are responsbile for internal processing between when we see and hear words and respond to them

concept words

are used interchangably smoothly and create no break in communication , they help connect sentence , are difficult to define and are not changed in language

becker's verification model

assumes that there are semantic connections between associated words

the models are typically divided into two groups both of which consider word recognition of a __________ _________and no subject to conscious examination

automatic process

content words can be invented as needed

based on terminology , technology

psychological contextualism says that items can

be categorized by the context in which they are found

inflectional morphemes are more like to be added as we speak

because they float around during speech errors as if they were added on as we speak

balanced ambigious words

both meanings are equally common ( right / left)

when we speak about meaning of a word we are talking about

both the words intentions and the extension

semantically opaque compounds refer to words such as

butterfly and seem to serve as their own lexeme

words typically lack the _________ __________ between sounds and the meaning associated with the word

casual connection

the second assumption has to do with

categorical size effect

real words and nonsense words

cause individuals to respond quicker because they are high frequency words

high frequency sounds are

cell phones , computers , laptop words that we use more often

one a word is located through one the the routes it must be ____________ according to forster's autonomous search model

checked against the input word in a post access check

low frequency words are

churlish ( a word we do not use often ) meaning to think about something for a long period of time

2 main approaches amongt proponets of the feauture view are

classic view , family resemblence view

the three arguments suggest that words and their meanings are

closely related but are not identical

the hierarchial network model emphasizes that

cognitive economoy and states that the further the semantic distance between two concepts the longer it takes to associate them

these models emphasizes

cognitive economy and states that further the semantic distance between two concepts , the long it takes to associate them

when we hear a word , all of its phonological neighbors are activiated refers to what model

cohort

the correct word chosen by eliminating words that dont match the input stimulus either because of incoming phonological data or because of the context of the spoken sentence

cohort model

semantic verification tasksa are carried out by

comparing the number of overlapping features of two or more concepts

open class words are

concept words

feature comparison models

concepts are represented as lists of defining features and characteristic features

speading activation model refers to

concepts are represented as noded connected to related nodes

spreading activation model is

concepts are represented as nodes connected to related nodes

words appear to be stored in different places depending on whether they are

concrete or abstract

frequently used words have a stronger connection that infrequently words used refers to what model

connectionist

when a sufficent number of nofes are activated the words are retervied refers to what model

connectionist

multimorphemic words are

consist of more than one morpheme , and are retrieved directly for the variants of words that have their own separate entries

the alternate view says that words that are composed of smaller parts are presented in the lexicon by their

constituent morphemes

the selective access view is

context biases interpretation so only the intended meaning is accessed

examples of elasticity are

dark side , dark blue , pitch dark ,

when we listen to language we...

decompose the words into their morphemes

Priming is the method for

decreasing reaction time by preceding the presentation of target words by the presentation of related words

the grammatical category may

determine how a word is stored and organized in relation to other words

output nodes

determine responces

word influences the kind of meanings we convey and meanings

dictate the development of words

studeis show that the

dominant meanings accessed even when the context is strongly biased on the subordinant meaning

logogens are

each word or morpheme

people with aphaisa have trouble with

function words

logogen is a constrict that

functions like a scoreboard, tabulating the number of features that a lexical entry shares with a perceptual stimulus

categories are also assumed to have

fuzzy boundaries

one words are accessed the system

generates a lit of what may come next

semantically transparent compounds refer to words such as

gingerbread which may be stored in the lexicon as separate morphemes

jokes tend to

go with the unexpected meaning rather than the literal meaning

categorys have a

graded structure

lexical ambiguity

has no stick , one-to-one mapping between words and meaning

multiple studies have show that we tend to respond to ________ frequency words more quickly than low frequency words in lexical decisions tasks a, naming tasks and category verification

high

Paivio (1969) observed that __________-_________ words (apple , potato) were more easily recalled in memory tests than low imagery words( knowledge , wisdom)

high-imagery

meanings of words are important with reference to

how the words are stored

meanings exit _______ of words

independently

hierarchial network model of semantic representation proposes that

individual concepts are representated by nodes that are organized in our minds

the connection between nodes is either

inhibitory or excitatory

the three types of nodes are

input , output and hidden

post access check is a process that

is analogous to an automatic spelling checker in a word- processing program such as Microsoft word. the program checks the spelling as you write

feature theory

is related to conceptual primitives

when a word is not being recognized the morton's logogen model says that

it has zero feature counts

psychological contextualism says that

items can be categorized by the context in which they are found

an example of causal connection are

kaboom , meow , woof , bang

abstract example

knowledge

the novel-name/nameless category principle

learners assume a new word reference to an unnamed object in the environment

the object scope principle

learners look for a whole object, rather than its parts ( table verse leg of table)

in becker's verification model the response time for the second subject is found to be

less than that of the first subject

affixes and compound words can be stored as

lexemes

Words that have multiple meanings may cause

lexical ambiguity

experiments support the decompositional views of

lexical decision tasks

one way to test whether people store words as wholes or as morphemes is to employ a_________ ______________that measures how long it takes for the subject to distinguish real words from nonsense words

lexical decision tasks

Bleasadale (1987) reported that ________ ___________ __________ , words primed other words only when both words were of the same type ( concrete- concrete / abstract-abstract)

lexical decision words

some words are

lexically ambiguous based on context

with priming the threshold is

lower

an alternate view refers to

morphemes as word primitives or decomposition views

Parallel models of lexical access are models such as

morton's logogen model

each word has a logogen of attributes that must be matched to the target word according to

morton's logogen model

________________ words take longer to process than ___________morpheme words.

multimorphemic ; single

in contrast to serial search models , parallel access models assume that

multiple lexicons are processed in multiple routes simultaneously in parallel to accomplish the search for the target lexicon

imperfect mapping refers to

multiple meanings of a word in a given language and may meaning having multiple words

the alternative theory states that words have

no meaning independently but are based on their connections to other wordsand sentences

multiple words can supply

one meaning and a word can have multiple meanings

polarized ambigious words

one meaning is predominant ( yarn)

the three catalogs consisting of major access files according to forster's autonomous search model are

orthographic , phonological and semantics/ syntax

multiple meaning words may be activated in

parallel to the other

psychological essentialism says that

people believe that things have underling essences that make them what they are

psychological essentialism says that

people believe that things have underlying essences that make them what they are

dereviational endings are when

people make word substitutions during speech errors- maintaining derivation suffices of words

the direct / parallel access model says that

perceptual input can activate a word directly . multiple lexical entries are activated in parallel

glanzer and ehrenreich's 1979 model

posits two dictionaries : one large and unabridged , and the other small containing only high-frequency words

input nodes

process auditory and visual stimuli

the hierarchial network models of semantic representation

proposes that individual concepts are represented by nodes that are organized in our minds like pyramids

closed class words are function words that

provide architecture for our sentences but beat no content ( the , and , from)

lexicl ambigutiy resolutions is a dynamic process with various interpreations

racing against one another for access based on frequency of meaning and contextual biases

in speech production tasks the more morphologically complex the response , the _________ __________

reaction time

when you have a pair of two words related in meaning , recognition of the one would will jump start the

recognition of associated words ex: table/ chair

words and meaning are _______ but are separate entities

related

phoneme monitoring tasks

research processing of ambiguous words has often used in resonce times are slower after an ambigious word after a non-ambigious words

context may speed access to several meanings but it does not

restrict access to all interpreations

once one word has been activated and recognized it

returns to its resting level

deriventional endings appear to be more firmly attached to

root morphemes

freely associated word examples are words such as

salt/ pepper and king / queen

word association experiments have shown three things

semantically similar words appear to be stored together , subjects are more likely to free associate the completion of a pair and adults are more likely to respond with a word or the same grammatical class as the target word

psycholinguistic into words

semantics

one hypothesis about word primitives states that each word has its own

separate entry in the lexicon known as lexeme

open class words appear to be stored

separately from the closed class words

according to forster's autonomous search model only one access route can be used at a time therefor this is a type of ______________ ___________ model ,

series search model- one route at a time until input matches the words in your mental lexicon

when confronted with a high-frequency words only

small pocket dictionaries are used which decrease search time

according to the classic view features are the

smallest units of meaning

fuzzy boundaries are when

some words make up a category but are on the boarder of categorys

neurons are

specialized types of nerve cells

word appear to be stored based on their grammatical class such as :

speech error analysis that words substitutions take place within the same grammatical class .... , nouns are substitutions for nouns , verbs for verbs and adjectives for adjectives

semantic priming tasks have been used to

support a distinction between semantic transparency and semantically opaque compounds

substitutions of a similar sounding word with similar beginnings may appear on the ____________ level that as phonological cues are preserved in the lexicon

surface

when single concept is activated

surrounding concepts are also activated

different words with the same meaning are

synonyms

knowledge-based views emphasize

that categorization and knowledge of concepts are based on something deeper than perceptual features

a limitation of the model is

that critics say they fail to account for typicality effects and reverse category size effects

what does forster's autonomous search tell us

that says we scan only one lexical entry at a time and our lexicon is like a library

morton's logogen model proposes

that words are activated to a certain threshold through all available input

semantic/ syntatic referes to

the access of words through meaning and grammatical class

phonological referes to

the access of words through sounds

orthographic referes to

the access of words through visual features

each logoen has an individual threshold which is

the amount of energy that will be needed to access that lexical entry

the extendability principle

the assumption that a word refers to a class of object rather than a specific object

open class words are

the basic content ( nouns , verbs , adjectives ) or concept words ( computers , organizations )

exstension of the word chair is

the category of the object that could be responsbibly termed chair ( armchairs , couches , kitchen chairs , recliners )

the classic view refers to

the claim that all concepts exisiting have a list of features that are necessary and sufficinetl to include objects in one category

cognitive economy refers to

the concept that only fewer units need to be stored in the lexicon because they can be rearranged to form a large variety of words

feature comparison model refers to

the concepts that are represented as a list of defining features and characteristics

the family resemblance view refers to

the emphasizes characteristic features - natural concepts that not not necessary and sufficent features

the categorical scope principle

the extension of words to the same kind of thing

lexeme

the individual item in the lexicon

category size effects are

the largest category with more time required for search

the reference theory of meaning is

the meanign of a term is what it refers to in the real world

priming refers to

the method for decreasing reaction time by preceding the presentation of the target words by word related.

the cohort model refers to

the processing of auditory language

semantic associaties are

the related terms in reference to the meaning

2 theoretical views about the role of context in influencing the understanding are

the selective access view and the exhaustive access view

word primitives are

the smallest form in which a word is stored in our mental lexicon

semantics

the study of words and meaning as well as how people organize , process and access words

researchers who believe the reasearchers theory believe that

the words have a decompositional view of meaning

substitutions of similar sounds word are common especially if

the words have similar beginnings and ends

when you break words down into phonemes

they do not resemble how the animal walks , sleeps or eats

Describe the parallel access model

they have multiple routes

Describe the serial search model

they have only make use of one route at a time

intension refers

to the basic concept of the term implied

words and meanings are related but separate entities is supported these three statements

translation arguments , imperfect mapping , elasticity

the three findings semantic similarity , free association of word-pair and selection of the same grammatical class reaffirm that

two main principles or word organizations are meaning and grammatical class

conventionally all compentent speakers are assumed to

use words the same way

glanzer and ehrenreich's 1979 model is a

variation of earlier serial search models

metalinguistic skills are stored as

whole words or morphemes

semantic aphasia is when individuals

witch words ex: table for chair

the connectionist models refer to

word reterival analogue to neutral strucutre of the brain , all incoming stimuli are accepted exceding the connections between nodes , the connection between nodes is excitatory or inhibitiory

In aphasia _____________ can be problematic

word retrieval

The reference principle

words map onto a thing or an event ( speaker)

analysis of the tip- of- the - tongue phenomenon shows that

words that sound alike also appear to be stored together

free associations are

words triggering other words