test 2 Psycholing
excitatory
...
inhibititory
...
orthographic catalog refers to
...
phonological catalog refers to
...
semantic/ syntax catalog refers to
...
post access check steps are
1- if the input matched the word in the mental lexicon, the search is halted 2- if the input word does not match the search starts again
2 problems arising out of a strick adherence to the view of the meaning are
1- it does not explain how the terms can have the same referent but diffrent meanings 2- it does not account for words that do not have names ( functional words) abstract terms( freedom) or unreal objects ( unicorns)
the psycholinguistic study of words address what two major questions
1. in what form are words stored in our mental lexicon? 2. what factors contribute to the access or retrieval of words?
semantically transparent words are made up of __________
2 separate lexical entries which meaning is easily discernible from constituent parts
most educated adults know between_____ and ________ words
75,000 and 150,000
the two groups modeled are
a series search model ( forster's autonomous search) & parallel access to information /direct model
elasticity refers to
a word meaning can change in different contexts
you can only use one modality to
access the word at a specific time
models of lexical access attempt to
account for the various ways we are able to retrieve words from our lexicon
as environmental input arrives that action process starts to
accrue to each logogen based on the orthographic , phonological or semantic information being presented
a viable model must explain how the mind can
act like a dictionary , thesaurus , a rhyming book and grammar book
closely connected concepts are
activated more quickly and more strongly than distantly related concepts
inflectional morphemes are more like to be
added as we speak
the exhaustive access view is
all meaning of an ambigious words are activated . meanings are appropriate to context
cross - modal priming studies show that
ambigious words prime subjects for both dominant and subordinate meanings of words (bugs)
when you have multiple meanings for one word it can lead to
ambiguity
intension of the word chair is
an object to sit upon
the relationship between words and communication symbols
and conceptual meaning is a two-way street
the model that works best for taxonomic categories are
animals , dwelling etc
in the hierarchial network model taxonomic categories are the models work best for
animals , dwellings
translation agreement refers to
any given language including some words that do not depend on meaning for their existence and some meaning for which there is no single words
concrete example
apple
semantically similar words are words such as
apple / fruit, wet/ dry ,pin/ needle / sew
hidden nodes
are responsbile for internal processing between when we see and hear words and respond to them
concept words
are used interchangably smoothly and create no break in communication , they help connect sentence , are difficult to define and are not changed in language
becker's verification model
assumes that there are semantic connections between associated words
the models are typically divided into two groups both of which consider word recognition of a __________ _________and no subject to conscious examination
automatic process
content words can be invented as needed
based on terminology , technology
psychological contextualism says that items can
be categorized by the context in which they are found
inflectional morphemes are more like to be added as we speak
because they float around during speech errors as if they were added on as we speak
balanced ambigious words
both meanings are equally common ( right / left)
when we speak about meaning of a word we are talking about
both the words intentions and the extension
semantically opaque compounds refer to words such as
butterfly and seem to serve as their own lexeme
words typically lack the _________ __________ between sounds and the meaning associated with the word
casual connection
the second assumption has to do with
categorical size effect
real words and nonsense words
cause individuals to respond quicker because they are high frequency words
high frequency sounds are
cell phones , computers , laptop words that we use more often
one a word is located through one the the routes it must be ____________ according to forster's autonomous search model
checked against the input word in a post access check
low frequency words are
churlish ( a word we do not use often ) meaning to think about something for a long period of time
2 main approaches amongt proponets of the feauture view are
classic view , family resemblence view
the three arguments suggest that words and their meanings are
closely related but are not identical
the hierarchial network model emphasizes that
cognitive economoy and states that the further the semantic distance between two concepts the longer it takes to associate them
these models emphasizes
cognitive economy and states that further the semantic distance between two concepts , the long it takes to associate them
when we hear a word , all of its phonological neighbors are activiated refers to what model
cohort
the correct word chosen by eliminating words that dont match the input stimulus either because of incoming phonological data or because of the context of the spoken sentence
cohort model
semantic verification tasksa are carried out by
comparing the number of overlapping features of two or more concepts
open class words are
concept words
feature comparison models
concepts are represented as lists of defining features and characteristic features
speading activation model refers to
concepts are represented as noded connected to related nodes
spreading activation model is
concepts are represented as nodes connected to related nodes
words appear to be stored in different places depending on whether they are
concrete or abstract
frequently used words have a stronger connection that infrequently words used refers to what model
connectionist
when a sufficent number of nofes are activated the words are retervied refers to what model
connectionist
multimorphemic words are
consist of more than one morpheme , and are retrieved directly for the variants of words that have their own separate entries
the alternate view says that words that are composed of smaller parts are presented in the lexicon by their
constituent morphemes
the selective access view is
context biases interpretation so only the intended meaning is accessed
examples of elasticity are
dark side , dark blue , pitch dark ,
when we listen to language we...
decompose the words into their morphemes
Priming is the method for
decreasing reaction time by preceding the presentation of target words by the presentation of related words
the grammatical category may
determine how a word is stored and organized in relation to other words
output nodes
determine responces
word influences the kind of meanings we convey and meanings
dictate the development of words
studeis show that the
dominant meanings accessed even when the context is strongly biased on the subordinant meaning
logogens are
each word or morpheme
people with aphaisa have trouble with
function words
logogen is a constrict that
functions like a scoreboard, tabulating the number of features that a lexical entry shares with a perceptual stimulus
categories are also assumed to have
fuzzy boundaries
one words are accessed the system
generates a lit of what may come next
semantically transparent compounds refer to words such as
gingerbread which may be stored in the lexicon as separate morphemes
jokes tend to
go with the unexpected meaning rather than the literal meaning
categorys have a
graded structure
lexical ambiguity
has no stick , one-to-one mapping between words and meaning
multiple studies have show that we tend to respond to ________ frequency words more quickly than low frequency words in lexical decisions tasks a, naming tasks and category verification
high
Paivio (1969) observed that __________-_________ words (apple , potato) were more easily recalled in memory tests than low imagery words( knowledge , wisdom)
high-imagery
meanings of words are important with reference to
how the words are stored
meanings exit _______ of words
independently
hierarchial network model of semantic representation proposes that
individual concepts are representated by nodes that are organized in our minds
the connection between nodes is either
inhibitory or excitatory
the three types of nodes are
input , output and hidden
post access check is a process that
is analogous to an automatic spelling checker in a word- processing program such as Microsoft word. the program checks the spelling as you write
feature theory
is related to conceptual primitives
when a word is not being recognized the morton's logogen model says that
it has zero feature counts
psychological contextualism says that
items can be categorized by the context in which they are found
an example of causal connection are
kaboom , meow , woof , bang
abstract example
knowledge
the novel-name/nameless category principle
learners assume a new word reference to an unnamed object in the environment
the object scope principle
learners look for a whole object, rather than its parts ( table verse leg of table)
in becker's verification model the response time for the second subject is found to be
less than that of the first subject
affixes and compound words can be stored as
lexemes
Words that have multiple meanings may cause
lexical ambiguity
experiments support the decompositional views of
lexical decision tasks
one way to test whether people store words as wholes or as morphemes is to employ a_________ ______________that measures how long it takes for the subject to distinguish real words from nonsense words
lexical decision tasks
Bleasadale (1987) reported that ________ ___________ __________ , words primed other words only when both words were of the same type ( concrete- concrete / abstract-abstract)
lexical decision words
some words are
lexically ambiguous based on context
with priming the threshold is
lower
an alternate view refers to
morphemes as word primitives or decomposition views
Parallel models of lexical access are models such as
morton's logogen model
each word has a logogen of attributes that must be matched to the target word according to
morton's logogen model
________________ words take longer to process than ___________morpheme words.
multimorphemic ; single
in contrast to serial search models , parallel access models assume that
multiple lexicons are processed in multiple routes simultaneously in parallel to accomplish the search for the target lexicon
imperfect mapping refers to
multiple meanings of a word in a given language and may meaning having multiple words
the alternative theory states that words have
no meaning independently but are based on their connections to other wordsand sentences
multiple words can supply
one meaning and a word can have multiple meanings
polarized ambigious words
one meaning is predominant ( yarn)
the three catalogs consisting of major access files according to forster's autonomous search model are
orthographic , phonological and semantics/ syntax
multiple meaning words may be activated in
parallel to the other
psychological essentialism says that
people believe that things have underling essences that make them what they are
psychological essentialism says that
people believe that things have underlying essences that make them what they are
dereviational endings are when
people make word substitutions during speech errors- maintaining derivation suffices of words
the direct / parallel access model says that
perceptual input can activate a word directly . multiple lexical entries are activated in parallel
glanzer and ehrenreich's 1979 model
posits two dictionaries : one large and unabridged , and the other small containing only high-frequency words
input nodes
process auditory and visual stimuli
the hierarchial network models of semantic representation
proposes that individual concepts are represented by nodes that are organized in our minds like pyramids
closed class words are function words that
provide architecture for our sentences but beat no content ( the , and , from)
lexicl ambigutiy resolutions is a dynamic process with various interpreations
racing against one another for access based on frequency of meaning and contextual biases
in speech production tasks the more morphologically complex the response , the _________ __________
reaction time
when you have a pair of two words related in meaning , recognition of the one would will jump start the
recognition of associated words ex: table/ chair
words and meaning are _______ but are separate entities
related
phoneme monitoring tasks
research processing of ambiguous words has often used in resonce times are slower after an ambigious word after a non-ambigious words
context may speed access to several meanings but it does not
restrict access to all interpreations
once one word has been activated and recognized it
returns to its resting level
deriventional endings appear to be more firmly attached to
root morphemes
freely associated word examples are words such as
salt/ pepper and king / queen
word association experiments have shown three things
semantically similar words appear to be stored together , subjects are more likely to free associate the completion of a pair and adults are more likely to respond with a word or the same grammatical class as the target word
psycholinguistic into words
semantics
one hypothesis about word primitives states that each word has its own
separate entry in the lexicon known as lexeme
open class words appear to be stored
separately from the closed class words
according to forster's autonomous search model only one access route can be used at a time therefor this is a type of ______________ ___________ model ,
series search model- one route at a time until input matches the words in your mental lexicon
when confronted with a high-frequency words only
small pocket dictionaries are used which decrease search time
according to the classic view features are the
smallest units of meaning
fuzzy boundaries are when
some words make up a category but are on the boarder of categorys
neurons are
specialized types of nerve cells
word appear to be stored based on their grammatical class such as :
speech error analysis that words substitutions take place within the same grammatical class .... , nouns are substitutions for nouns , verbs for verbs and adjectives for adjectives
semantic priming tasks have been used to
support a distinction between semantic transparency and semantically opaque compounds
substitutions of a similar sounding word with similar beginnings may appear on the ____________ level that as phonological cues are preserved in the lexicon
surface
when single concept is activated
surrounding concepts are also activated
different words with the same meaning are
synonyms
knowledge-based views emphasize
that categorization and knowledge of concepts are based on something deeper than perceptual features
a limitation of the model is
that critics say they fail to account for typicality effects and reverse category size effects
what does forster's autonomous search tell us
that says we scan only one lexical entry at a time and our lexicon is like a library
morton's logogen model proposes
that words are activated to a certain threshold through all available input
semantic/ syntatic referes to
the access of words through meaning and grammatical class
phonological referes to
the access of words through sounds
orthographic referes to
the access of words through visual features
each logoen has an individual threshold which is
the amount of energy that will be needed to access that lexical entry
the extendability principle
the assumption that a word refers to a class of object rather than a specific object
open class words are
the basic content ( nouns , verbs , adjectives ) or concept words ( computers , organizations )
exstension of the word chair is
the category of the object that could be responsbibly termed chair ( armchairs , couches , kitchen chairs , recliners )
the classic view refers to
the claim that all concepts exisiting have a list of features that are necessary and sufficinetl to include objects in one category
cognitive economy refers to
the concept that only fewer units need to be stored in the lexicon because they can be rearranged to form a large variety of words
feature comparison model refers to
the concepts that are represented as a list of defining features and characteristics
the family resemblance view refers to
the emphasizes characteristic features - natural concepts that not not necessary and sufficent features
the categorical scope principle
the extension of words to the same kind of thing
lexeme
the individual item in the lexicon
category size effects are
the largest category with more time required for search
the reference theory of meaning is
the meanign of a term is what it refers to in the real world
priming refers to
the method for decreasing reaction time by preceding the presentation of the target words by word related.
the cohort model refers to
the processing of auditory language
semantic associaties are
the related terms in reference to the meaning
2 theoretical views about the role of context in influencing the understanding are
the selective access view and the exhaustive access view
word primitives are
the smallest form in which a word is stored in our mental lexicon
semantics
the study of words and meaning as well as how people organize , process and access words
researchers who believe the reasearchers theory believe that
the words have a decompositional view of meaning
substitutions of similar sounds word are common especially if
the words have similar beginnings and ends
when you break words down into phonemes
they do not resemble how the animal walks , sleeps or eats
Describe the parallel access model
they have multiple routes
Describe the serial search model
they have only make use of one route at a time
intension refers
to the basic concept of the term implied
words and meanings are related but separate entities is supported these three statements
translation arguments , imperfect mapping , elasticity
the three findings semantic similarity , free association of word-pair and selection of the same grammatical class reaffirm that
two main principles or word organizations are meaning and grammatical class
conventionally all compentent speakers are assumed to
use words the same way
glanzer and ehrenreich's 1979 model is a
variation of earlier serial search models
metalinguistic skills are stored as
whole words or morphemes
semantic aphasia is when individuals
witch words ex: table for chair
the connectionist models refer to
word reterival analogue to neutral strucutre of the brain , all incoming stimuli are accepted exceding the connections between nodes , the connection between nodes is excitatory or inhibitiory
In aphasia _____________ can be problematic
word retrieval
The reference principle
words map onto a thing or an event ( speaker)
analysis of the tip- of- the - tongue phenomenon shows that
words that sound alike also appear to be stored together
free associations are
words triggering other words