Test 2 Review

f an action is negatively reinforced, it is _____ to be repeated. If an action is positively reinforced, it is _____ to be repeated. Question options: a) less likely; more likely b) less likely; less likely c) more likely; more likely d) more likely; less likely

more likely, more likely

At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance. Question options: a) fixed-ratio b) variable-ratio c) fixed-interval d) variable-interval

variable-interval

Every since Thelma got her new fax machine and hooked up her computer to the Internet, her phone line is often busy. It is difficult for her parents to know when to call her so they try at random times. It appears that phoning Thelma is reinforced on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval

variable-interval

Who formulated the "law of effect"? Question options: a) John B. Watson b) Edward L. Thorndike c) Ivan Pavlov d) B. F. Skinner

Edward L. Thorndike

Behavior modification emphasizes past events as important causes of behavior. (True or False)

False

An important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus.

Pavlov

Which of the following would be an example of a primary reinforcer? Question options: a) a check for $10,000 b) a college diploma c) a cold drink on a hot day d) winning the Nobel prize

a cold drink on a hot day

Skinner coined the term operant to describe: Question options: a) active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. b) involuntary behaviors that were subject to the laws of learning but operated independently. c) the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. d) the relationship among reinforcers, behaviors, and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors

active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences

ositive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as: Question options: a) primary reinforcer is to conditioned reinforcer. b) addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus. c) increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior. d) addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus.

addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.

In behavior modification, measurement of the target behavior is called: 1) observation 2) behavioral assessment 3) behavioral indicators 4) supervision

behavioral assessment

Dr. Penrose uses a fixed-interval schedule of tests throughout the term. It is likely that her students' studying behavior will Question options: A) be off and on pattern of studying B) increase studying behavior right before the test C) produce steady, low to moderate rate of studying without on and off pattern D) both a and b

both a and b

Skinner coined the term operant to describe: Question options: a) active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. b) involuntary behaviors that were subject to the laws of learning but operated independently. c) the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. d) the relationship among reinforcers, behaviors, and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors

defined by the effect that it produces-increasing or strengthening behavior

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: a) fixed-ratio b) variable-interval c) variable-ratio d) fixed-interval

fixed-interval

Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: a) variable-interval b) fixed-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-ratio

fixed-interval

Sarah gets a weekly allowance, but only if all of her chores are completed by 5 p.m. on Friday night. Although Sarah does some work around the house during the week, most of her chores are done in a burst of activity after she comes home from school on Friday afternoon. Sarah's behavior is being maintained on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: a) variable-ratio (VR) b) fixed-ratio (FR) c) fixed-interval (FI) d) variable-interval (VI)

fixed-interval (FI)

Wilma's psychology instructor schedules tests every two weeks throughout the semester, but her sociology instructor has surprise quizzes throughout the semester. The psychology instructor is using a ____ schedule and the sociology instructor is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: A) fixed-ratio; variable ratio B) fixed-interval;variable-interval C) variable ratio; fixed-interval D) variable-interval; variable-ratio

fixed-interval: variable-interval

Harry works on an assembly line as part of a team of eight workers. They get paid a bonus for every one hundred products they assemble. Harry and his coworkers are being rewarded on a ______________ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: A) variable-ratio B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) fixed-interval

fixed-ratio

Helmut is employed by his university as a telephone solicitor for a fundraising drive. He is paid a set amount of money for every ten calls he makes regardless of whether he is successful in raising funds. Helmut's telephoning is reinforced on a ______________ schedule of reinforement. Question options: A) variable-interval B) fixed-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio

fixed-ratio

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every ten pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after ten minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: a) fixed-ratio; fixed-interval b) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio c) fixed-ratio; variable-interval d) fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

fixed-ratio ; fixed-interval

Positive reinforcement is to ______________ as negative reinforcement is to ______________________. Question options: A) increased responding; decreased responding B) increased responding; increased responding C) increased responding;decreased responding D) decreased responding;decreased responding

increased responding: increased responding

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Question options: a) decreases; decreases b) increases; increases c) increases; decreases d) decreases; increases

increases ; increases

It is the passage of time rather than the number of responses that helps to determine when a reinforcer will be delivered. This describes which schedule of reinforcement? Question options: a) interval b) extinction c) accidental d) ratio

interval

Zach's behavior of pushing other children typically occurs on the playground. The playground would be a __________ setting for Zach's behavior. Question options: 1) contrived 2) manipulated 3) natural 4) controlled

natural

Rachel studies very had to avoid getting bad grades because for her a bad grade is a devastating experience. Rachel's studying behavior is maintained by Question options: A) negative reinforcement B) primary reinforcement C) positive reinforcement D) punishment by removal

negative reinforcement

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: Question options: a) negative reinforcement by escape. b) negative reinforcement by avoidance. c) extinction. d) positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement by avoidance

Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep it from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by: Question options: a) negative reinforcement by escape. b) negative reinforcement by avoidance. c) positive reinforcement. d) punishment.

negative reinforcement by avoidance

After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: Question options: a) negative punishment. b) negative reinforcement by avoidance. c) negative reinforcement by escape. d) positive reinforcement.

negative reinforcement by escape

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience defines Question options: A) reflexive responding B) preparedness C) conditioned responses D) none of the above

none of the above

The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. reinforcement

operant conditioning

Little Richard receives attention from his teacher in the form of a scholding everytime he misbehaves. As a result, Richard misbehaves quite frequently. In this instance, it would appear that the teacher's scolding is a Question options: A) negatively reinforcing stimulus B) positively reinforcing stimulus C) form of punishment by application D) form of punishment by removal

positively reinforcing stimulus

Whenever young Simon wants something, such as a new toy or candy, he cries and screams until his parents give in and give him what he wants. Simon's whining behavior is ___________ reinforced by his parents giving in and the parents behavior is _____________ reinforced because it stops the annoying crying and screaming. Question options: A) positively; negatively B) negatively ; positively C) none of the above D) extinguishly; negatively

positively; negatively

Reinforcers that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs are called. a. classical reinforcers b. operant reinforcers c. primary reinforcers d. secondary reinforcers

primary reinforcers

April burned her fingers when she picked up a hot saucepan with her bare hands. She now always puts her oven mitts on before touching any hot pan or pot. The aversive stimulus of getting burned reduced her tendency to pick up pots with her bare hands and is therefore an example of ______________; this increased tendency to use oven mitts because doing so reduces the possibility of getting burned is an example of _____________________. Question options: A) negative reinforcement; punishment B) punishment;negative reinforcement C) positive reinforcement; negative reforcement D) punishment; positive reinforcement

punishment; negative reinforcement

What occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response? a. reinforcement b. a conditioned response c. instinctive drift d. punishment

reinforcement

Primary reinforcers are effective because: a. we want approval for our actions b. they have been associated with secondary reinforcers c. they satisfy biological needs d. the organism has learned to desire them.

they satisfy biological needs

Which dimensions of behavior is not recorded using continuous recording? Question options: 1) intensity 2) latency 3) frequency 4) time sample 5) duration

time sample

On the first trial, a rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after 50 seconds have elapsed. On the second trial, the first bar press after 70 seconds is reinforced. Although it varies from trial to trial, the average works out to one reinforcer every 60 seconds. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Question options: a) variable-ratio b) variable-interval c) fixed-ratio d) fixed-interval

variable-interval

An operant can be defined as: Question options: a) an automatic, reflexive behavior. b) the mental image of an object or action. c) someone whose actions you observe. d) a voluntary action.

voluntary action