Test 3 Health Micro
Prevention of Rift Valley Fever
-no vaccine -isolation (airborne precautions due to being easily transmitted) -immunity follows infection (why they test pregnant females)
Prevention of West Nile Virus
-no vaccine -mosquito control (spray, control standing water) -clothing to protect from mosquitos
Treatment of Chikungunya
-no vaccine -palliative -pain meds -no treatment to target the virus
Prevention of Lassa Fever
-no vaccine -avoid contact with mistimes rodents -barrier nursing/ VHF protocols: protective clothing (masks and gloves), equipment sterilization, and patient isolation
Treatment of Polio
-none while infection is present -after infection braces may be used for specific treatment of paralysis
Epidemiology of Coxsackie A Virus
-outbreaks are common, but not tracked by CDC -seen in gp or pediatric office -about 100-150 severe cases per year
Treatment of Rhino Virus
-palliative -self-limiting -anti-viral drugs in some situations
Treatment of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-palliative (rest and pain meds) -no specific antiviral treatment -antibiotics if there is a secondary bacterial infection -airways become occluded/blocked might require a breathing tube
Treatment of Rift Valley Fever
-palliative in most cases (address pain/discomfort) -some cases immunoglobins/treatment with antibiotics in special cases (HIV, or Sickle Cell Anemia)
Treatment of Yellow Fever
-palliative: rest and fluid replacement -caution on some pain meds: aspirin can increase bleeding because it is a blood thinner -no treatment to address the virus
Symptoms of Lassa Fever
-pharyngeal lesions to liver damage -1-10% mortality, 20-30% cases where hemorrhaging from mucous membranes occur, unborn babies are very susceptible to mortality -deadness/reduction of hearing after infection
Prevention of Polio
-polio vaccine -reduce public exposure when there is an outbreak -early detection- infections may go undetected in poor areas, so target vaccines in area where cases are detected is how we control hot spots or global cases
Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-present all year, peaks in last summer, least in winter months
Transmission of Chikungunya
-primary: carried by mosquitos (arbo-virus) -might be between mother and child -common in: young, old, and immunocompromised -most cases where there is exposure there will be symptomology -present in multiple locations
Transmission of West Nile Virus
-primary: mosquitos -can occur via blood transfusions and organ transplants -blood of infected animals (birds) -birds are reserve hots, that can infect mosquitos, vice-verse, and then to humans
Mode of Action of Rabies
-replicate inside of skeletal muscle to CNS, inside neuron and moves up it (retrograde transport) and hides from immune system is the reason why theirs a difference in time of exposure and late stage symptoms, people show initial, feel fine, and then have late stage when the virus finally hits central nervous system -CNS to brain causes encephalitis which makes saliva and transmits that way and dogs have foaming at the mouth
Transmission of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-respiratory transmission (coughing and sneezing) -contact wot surfaces with the virus followed by touching face ex.) shanking hands, touching doorknobs, and basic hand washing -can be viable for several hours, reduction of viability reduces over time, progressive reduction in number of virions overtime, not alive -upper and lower respiratory locations, and symptoms vary on location
Treatment of rabies
varies with time after exposure 1.) soon after: clean, immunglobins (PEP) to treat someone before showing symptoms 2.) after neurological symptoms: Milwaukee Protocol (not a pretty recovery, learn to do basic things again), very little to do, long term somatic issues, rare but some have survived, very rare -order PEP because of this, treament 1000s of dollars.
General Characteristics of Rubella
-"3 day measles" or "German measles" -not the same as measles, rubella refers to little red marks -vaccination MMR-measles, mumps, rubella (if measles is eliminated, rubella is all that is left) -2 versions: Postnatal and Congenital Rubella
Symptoms of Norovirus
-1 to 2 day incubation period -1 to.3 days of bad diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps -"food poisoning" -immunity does not follow attack=no vaccination
Symptoms of Hepatitis A
-2-6 week incubation period -vaccination in early incubation period, a lot of times can prevent it-prep or pro-laxative -initial: fever -later: jaundice, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and lack of appetite that last 5-21 days - with acute virus death can occur
Epidemiology of Norovirus
-20 million/year, outpatient/ER visits are common -very common pathogen -1 death to every 5-7,000 cases -600-800 deaths/year=low mortality vs. the number of cases
Symptoms of Yellow Fever
-3 phrases -5 to 7 days and rapid onset -Phase 1: slight fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting last for 1 to 2 days -Stage 2 (remission): signs and symptoms resolve, most stop here, 10-15% go to stage 3 -Stage 3(no name): delirium, seizures, coma, organ damage (liver=jaundice hence yellow fever), kidney and heart damage, high fever, massive hemorrhaging may result in black vomit -10 to 20% mortality rate, and at stage 20-50%. 1% that show symptoms will show show most severe symptoms
Treatment of Lassa Fever
-antivirals (ribavirin) in early infection -palliative care
transmission of rubella
-anytime after rash appears -exposed and for period of 2 weeks your not showing rash, then coughing, sneezing, and rash appear, and 1-2 weeks you can transmit it -coughing, sneezing, secretions on surface and then someone touches face
Transmission of Dengue Fever
-arbo virus -Sylvonic Cycle: maintain a level of virus in a type of wildlife setting 1.) mosquito bites infected human and mosquito gives it to uninfected human 2.) an infected primate is bitten by a mosquito and mosquito gives it to uninfected human 3.) mosquito bites infected primate mosquito gives it to uninfected primate
General Characteristics of Yellow Fever
-arbo virus or misquito -can caused VHF (viral hemorrhagic fever) -originated in Africa and came here from North America by slave trade, land on slave ships, and brought it to North America -1793: Philadelphia Panic killed 4000
Prevention of Yellow Fever
-avoid travel to endemic areas -immunizations (travel), not normal schedule -wear protective clothing, insect repellant, and insect control
Symptoms of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-bronchitis could be, varies on locations -3-7 (few) days after initial infection -more severe in young children, immunocomprimised, and the elderly -most recover on there own in 2-3 days -sore throat, sneezing, ear-pain, irritability, basic respiratory symptoms, runny nose, fever, and cough
General Characteristics of Parvovirus B19
-called fifths disease because it is fifth on lost of common childhood eliminates -common pathogen, most people when tested show previous antibodies -called slap cheek syndrome due to reddening of cheeks -no vaccine, generally just a pain in rear end for healthy patients, but 3 cases where it can be a problem: fetuses of pregnant females, sickle-cell anemia, and immunocomprimised
Transmission of Rabies
-carriers (90 percent from bats in the US) 1.) urban-dogs 2.) country/rural: foxes, raccoons, skunks, cats, bats, feral dogs, and human organs -story: cat brought bat in, made it pet and bit the girl and released and got rabies and died -dream: window open when taking a nap and bat came in and bit him and thought it was a dream and died
General Characteristics of Coxsackie A Virus
-causative agent of many cases of hand-foot-mouth disease -named after Coxsackie, NY because it is where the the first isolated case was -very contagious (daycares, and common in children) -cause of 1 form of pinkeye caused by the virus being acute hemorrhagic fever -naked virus -the A in the name is usually followed by a number
General Characteristics of Lassa Fever
-causes blindess in some cases -VHF virus -found most in West Africa -transmitted by mice
General Characteristics of Rift Valley Fever
-causes blindness -VHF
Prevention of Coxsackie A Virus
-clean surfaces, extra care when infection detected, and isolate infected -naked virus: more care than an envelope virus, no phospholipid bilayer membrane, so makes it more hardy and will survive in environment longer
Test question example of Lassa fever
-deafness, VHF, but not an arbo virus
General Characteristics of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-different strand (viruses) = slightly different strands and times seen -flu-like/respiratory conditions -respiratory transmission/symptomology -fairly common in US
Epidemiology of Lassa Fever
-do not see US originating form, occasionally as travel form, but not common as a travel pathogen world: most likely seen in West Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, and King Fosa -100,000-400,000 cases per year -1-5,000 deaths per year, but could be higher
Epidemiology of Hepatitis A
-down in US due to recommended vaccine -common to be seen as an outbreak (ex. March 2020 in Louisana) -not all cases reported (1 reported, 1 goes unreported) -acute cases in US (20 years ago: 30,000, now there is 2000) -deaths in US: 100 -world: common (15-20 million per year) -seen in Africa, South America, and Asia
Epidemiology of Rubella
-dramatic decrease in last 20 years, US is classified as free of virus -NO US transmission in several years -10 cases per year for travel associated transmission world: -2000:700,000 -2018: 15,000 -97% reduction -most cases: China, Japan, Western Pacific Region, and Africa -slight spike in last few months in china WPR Region in age 45+
Transmission of Rhino Virus
-easily transmitted -aerosols (coughing and sneezing) -fomites (nonliving carriers of pathogen) -hand-to-hand contact to face and eyes
mode of action of norovirus
-exact mode of action is unknown: "the precise cell tropism of human noroviruses is unknown" (Karst 2010) -infects intestines most likely
symptoms of rubella
-exposure 10-14 days before symptoms appear -starts with tiredness/malaise and rash on skin (rash is more prevalent in children), rash appears for 3 days -adult: pain/ inflammation, rash differences, more risk of encephalitis, and testicular pain in males
Transmission of Hepatitis A
-fecal-oral -ex.) people who prepare food and don't wash hands, --untreated water (US, but overseas is more common) -not airborne -persist on surface for days (kitchen surfaces, bathroom doors, etc.)
Transmission of Coxsackie A Virus
-fecal-oral -respiratory/nasal -highly infectious=spread in multiple manner -easily spread in close quarters (homes, and daycares due to kids not washing hands)
Transmission of Norovirus
-fecal-oral (raw or unprepared food) -releases particles before your are symptomatic -low ID: 10 virions cause infection -person to person: wash hands-food (hospitals, nursing homes, naval ships, boats, and submarines -naked virus: resistant to environmental conditions -can survive CI and high temps (+50C/ 120 F) ex. steamed oysters -infected individuals can shed virions (atleast a week after having symptomology -more in winter months (eat out more/ inside more), close quarters
Prevention of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
-no vaccine -hand washing, and isolation -infection does prevent re-infection, common to have multiple infections
General Characteristics of Polio
-has been around for some time, "march of dimes," federal government will donate the money for research of disease now and it didn't use to be like this, and when Franklin D. Roosevelt got this at age 40, he had 1 of his friends put this together -changed communities when detected: camps/swimming pools/theatres, kids kept home from school, in short-panic Salk: developed vaccine, some early batches of vaccine had infectious viruses and gave 200+ people Polio and 10+ died in Modesto California -vaccine was tried on school children, and was a big deal when this vaccine was found to work
Symptoms of Rhino Virus
-idea that asthma exacerbation is a flair up of asthma -has capacity to exacerbate/worsen asthma, but most of the time does not -80% in children under 18 due to upper respiratory infections -60-70% of hospitalizations from asthma exacerbation
Symptoms of Rabies
-initial: pain and itching at site of infection, fever, headache, and malaise, does not always happen -later after reaching Central Nervous System: encephalitis, hydrophobia, neurological manifestations, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, and paralysis -rare to have late stage rabies and live through it -Milkwalkee protocol: combination of antiviral drugs and putting patient in coma with limited success -if someone suspects rabies a physician will order a panal of immunoglobins to be given as post-exposure pro-laxative
Prevention of Chikungunya
-insect control -appropriate clothing -no vaccination -previous infection usually prevents re-infection
Prevention of Rubella
-isolation -vaccination (MMR) -special consideration for females: ensure immunity or MMR vaccine one month before pregnancy, and pregnant woman should not be given the live/attenuated vaccine
Epidemiology of Rhino Virus
-millions of cases per year -cases of common old per age 1.) children:6-8 per year 2.) young adults: 2-4 per year 3.) 2 to 1 (or fewer) per year -older: build up immune to it and behaviors, such as hand washing are better
Transmission of Rift Valley Fever
-mosquitos and blood-feeding flies (arbo virus) -contact blood/organ (nosomal infection) of infected animals (higher with workers with animals (vets and farmers)) -contact with blood organs is the more common transmission mechanism -animals are reserve host, livestock to mosquito and bites human
General Characteristics of Rhino Virus
-most common cause of common cold -100+ rhinoviruses have been identified, and all have different antigens -no effective vaccine= so many strains and they can change their outer covering -extremely infective: 1 virus can infect 50% of the time -naked virus- more protection from the environment
Transmission of Yellow Fever
-most common: human to mosquito to human -can happen- hemorrhaging human to human (occupation exposure of healthcare workers) -humans can be infected, misquito bites and takes some blood, bites another human and human gets it -primates (resivor host) hold virus, but not affected, misquito bites it- human -primate (monkey), misquito, uninfected primate gets it: called Sovatic Cycle: transmits in wildlife
Symptoms of Chikungunya
-most show symptoms (50-97%) -last for a week (3-7 days) -fever, joint, muscle pain, and headache -death is rare -recovery time about a week, joint pain can be months in some cases
Transmission/Symptoms of Rift Valley Fever
-multiple ways: respiratory secretions (coughing and sneezing), blood/blood products, transmitted across placenta barrier (leads to the fetus to develop fatal anemia) -fever, runny nose, and headache, and this is before getting more identifiable symptoms (rash and joint pain) -later symptoms: facial rash (appears as if the patient has been slapped, teachers mistake it as abuse), sunlight exposure aggravates the rash and can cause reappearance if exposed to sunlight, can spread to arms, thighs, buttocks, and trunk, and last a few weeks -adults: painful and swollen joints more than children, women more than men, sometimes only symptom in adults (no rash), generally last 1 to 3 weeks, no long term affects afterwards) -immunodefeint have a problem with fighting virus or less effective system and have trouble mounting a defense to the virus and the virus overgrows and targets the stem cells that lead to red blood cells, and too much virus kills red blood cells and allows anemia to happen (low red blood cell count) -sickle-cell anemia: situation where low oxygen conditions where red blood cells changed shape leads to aplastic crisis=temporary reduction or the stopping of red blood cell production -contracted during first stage of pregnancy can lead to fatal anemia in the fetus, on list to see if you have it in prenatal care, limit exposure, and not common less than 5 %
General Characteristics of Norovirus
-named for a 1968 outbreak in Norwalk, Ohio -causes stomach flu, and a lot of people go to ER -a lot of diarrhea , inflammation of intestines -common pathogen in US
Epidemiology of West Nile Virus
-new in US, 1999 it was 1st introduced in New York State through tires -neuroinvasive vs. non-neuroinvasive: always fraction, roughly about 10% of all cases -deaths: most common from neuroinvasive cases -not a consistent rate, variance in years -late summer, early fall months (august and september) -neuroinvasive form per age: elderly (70s) have a greater chance of getting it vs. someone in 30s or teens -test question: mid-west, elderly, in Late Summer/Early Fall -most cases in Mid-West (Oklahoma, Dakotas, and Texas) World: -present throughout world, Europe, Africa, South America: distribution, successful as pathogen due to reserve host
General Characteristics of West Nile Virus
-new virus in US (little as 20 years) come in through New York state through tires -2003: spike year 1000s of cases -named after Nile Region of Uganda -older people have more of a problem than younger people -fever and neurovasive form (neurological form and deaths) -Mid-Lateish Summer, Early Fall -Mostly in Mid-West: Oklahoma, Dakotas -arbo virus
Epidemiology of Yellow Fever
-no cases in several years, but vectors are still here -last outbreak in New Orleans in 1905 -we control vectors, monitoring and laws world: -endemic to: Central and South America, and Central Africa (90% of all cases) -150,000-200,000 per year and of those 30,000 deaths -burden to many globally
Treatment of Coxsackie A Virus
-no immunization -palliative care
Treatment of rubella
-no treatments -palliative care
Transmission of Lassa Fever
-rodants (mistimes), mice -rodant waste most of time, can get into food stuff -person-person can occur in nosocomial transmission (blood and urine feces to healthcare worker, hospitals with poor contact procedures) -not airborne spread
Prevention of norovirus
-sanitary practices -cook foods thoroughly -food awareness (rinse grapes, peel veggies, etc.) -crops from contaminated water is a problem -sick should stay at home if you work in food service industry -US Navy has strict rule on the ill: go away if feeling bad
Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever
-transmission does not occur in US, travel associated possibly -world: common in Africa, tends to come in outbreaks, epidemics
General Characteristics of rabies
-transmitted through animal bites, organ donations (US: bats) -US have very few locally transmitted versus world cases -globally: high (50-100,000 deaths per year) -age 20 -90 percent of cases from dogs
General Characteristics of Chikungunya or "Chik-V"
-travel associated pathogen. 1 in US 100 are travel -arbo-virus: bites of mosquitos transmits this -originated in Africa, went down for years, and came back to kenya 15 years ago -low mortality, but severe joint pain -name comes from the change in body due to pain -prevalent in South America in the last ten years -sporadic outbreaks: 2007-Western Europe, and 2014- Florida and Puerto Rico
General Characteristics of Dengue Fever
-used to be called "broke back fever" due to joint pain -arbo virus and viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) -travel associated virus -locally:20-30 cases per year -globally: 1000-1300 travel associated -for every 1 case transmitted in the US there is about 50-60 globally transmitted brought back to US -100s of millions contract it and there is around 30-50,000 deaths per year -it was 1st characterized in 1780 by Benjamin Rush in the US
Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever
-very common childhood eliminate, half the population will test postive for previous antibodies/exposure -very good chance you've had this in the past
transmission of polio
-very contagious -fecal oral: contaminated water, swimming pools, and toys pharyngeal secretions (droplets): sneezing or coughing -20s and 30s there was a move to sanitation so people would have babies in hospital which delayed infants exposure to polio and symptomology was worse when exposed to it later in life -only in humans, there is no immedaite host contagious timeframe- immediate before symptoms begin to appear (10-14 days after they appear) -remains in feces, so no symptoms does NOT mean lack of tansmission
Prevention of Rhino Virus
-wash hands, isolation, cover mouth -having colds give you some immunity, additive
Treatment of Norovirus
-water replacement -let it run itself out -palliative care -no treatment -antiviral protocol to target virus
Mode of Action of Polio
1.) begin replicating in throat and small intestine 2.) then lymph-nodes and then to the blood (vermia) 3.) a few people it will get to Central Nervous System and affect efferent neurons and paralysis comes into play when the motor neurons are destructed
Mode of Action of Rhino Virus
1.) grows best at lower temps 33C or 34C, its temperature is of the upper respiratory tract 2.) can infect cells of lower tract, but virus does better in lower temps 3.) targets ciliated cells and they remove mucus full of virons, sneezing and coughing to remove this and that is what spreads virions
Symptoms of West Nile Virus
2 Types: 1.) Febrile (Fever) Symptoms: more common less severe, fever headache, body/joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, last weeks to months 2.) Neuroinvasive: encephalitis is more common than meningitis, paralysis, severe headache, fever, stiff neck, disorientation, coma, seizures, permanent neurological problems, or death
Epidemiology of Chikungunya
2014- thousands of travel-associated cases 2015-2017- reduction in numbers -no cases where local transmission has been suspected, all have been travel associated -worldwide: very prevalent, South America burden is way more than North America
Fact about all hepatitis
A, B, C ,D, and E are all connected by tissue trophism and all attack liver tissue.
What kind of virus is Coxsackie A Virus ?
Acute hemorrhagic fever makes reddening of the eyes (pink eye)
Treatment of Hepatitis A
Immunoglobins -palliative care
Who is prone to Hepatitis A?
children and young adults children under 5 show less severe symptoms than adolescense becoming less common, but there are outbreaks here and there (example: Marcos Pizza in Anniston had it)
what is congenital rubella syndrome?
before birth, females get post natal rubella in 1st trimester causes birth defects -kills cells of fetus, and when it persistently infects cells the babies are born with marks and chromosomal abnormalities -many infants are stillborn -effect (if viable): microcephaly (small brain), ness, heart and liver abnormalities, cataracts, and other eye conditions
what is hand, food, mouth disease? and symptoms?
caused by Coxsackie A Virus -fever, reduced appetite, malasia, sore throat, herpangia (lesions on mouth and pharynx), sores on throat, or skin rash on hand, foot, face, and other areas -rare: meningitis encephalitis, miscarriage (due to elevated temperature)
Epidemiology of Rabies
US -1 or 2 a lot of times no people die annually, 100s of years ago there were hundreds of deaths per year, now down because of vaccination of animals, and some countries have codes to reduce deaths -a person is more likely to die from a vending machine accident than rabies world: some what high, travel assoaciated cases are occanisly seen -50,000 deaths per year (Asia and Africa are hotspots, dogs are a major source of transmission due to them roaming around, india has leapords that hunt rapid dogs and that has saved 100 people per year
Epidemiology of Polio
US- 1952: 60,000 and 12,000 was paralysis 60s=less than 100, 70s= less than 10 1979= last US originating virus world: significant declines 1988=350,000 2013= 404 2014: india certified as polio free
Epidemiology of Dengue Fever
US: relatively low numbers between local and imported numbers (1 case of local is equal to about 50 or 60 travel associated cases) -20 local =2019 in Florida= everglades=mosquitos -travel associated about: 1,200 per year globally: tropical areas, south america, africa, southeast asia due to the vector of insects -400,000,000 per year -50,000,000-125,000,000 acute cases/year -25,000-50,000 deaths/ year -tokyo and twain had unexpected outbreaks
Possible test question Rift Valley Fever
arbo virus, transmitted by insects, reserve host where virus can reside and most people show flu/mild symptoms, and only small fraction of those people will show severe symptoms (ocular=vision, encephalitis/meningitis, hemorrhagic form=bleeding)
What does Postnatal Rubella refer to?
after birth
Case Example on Transmission of Norovirus
diarrhea, virions in air, other places, female soccer player tournament at Washington state had this, severe diarrhea in restroom, in restroom food kept in bags, person in restroom did not touch food., but virions got onto food and others contracted the virus point: areas that are not on direct contact with sick individual can still be at risk
Symptoms of Dengue Fever
ex.) go to South America, get dengue fever by mosquito bite, get flu like symptoms, recover, and get it again(secondary), and the secondary infection will be more severe and hemorrhaging will occur 1.) primary infection: 3-5 days after exposure, you will have severe joint and bone pain, high fever, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, weakness, and takes 10-14 days to subside 2.) secondary infection: initially present like primary infection, but will have hemorrhagic response and bleed internally 3.) dengue hemorrhagic fever (secondary): rapid breathing, sweatiness, vomiting, low blood pressure that leads to shock, petechia (small red purple spots due to bleeding out of skin), ecchymosis (discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath), and no aspirin should be given due to thinning of the blood during hemorrhaging.
How is the Panama Canal related to Yellow Fever?
french 1st attempt to buy this, a lot of people died, and french walked away, killed 1000s during construction
How is the Louisiana Purchase related to Yellow Fever?
french has a lot of holding in the New World (France), problems for them, Yellow Fever killed 1000s of their troops made Napoleon sell land to US
Symptoms of Polio
initial: sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausa, headache, stomach pain, muscle spasms, and back pain rare: paresthesia (tingling in legs), meningitis, and paralysis -most sufferers experience no symptoms -only a small percentage, but a lot of polio, so amount of people who got paralysis was significant
Symptoms of Rift Valley Fever
mild symptoms (97-98%): flu like 2-7 days after exposure, fever, muscle and joint pain, very mild symptoms, last about a week -severe symptoms(2%) -ocular form: retinal lesions 7-21 days after symptoms start, blurred/decrease/distorted vision or total loss, last about 3 months, 50 % have permanent loss due to damage of macula, overseas blindness is severe -meningencephalitis form: neurological symptoms (intense headache, memory loss, hallucinations, confusion, coma, damage to brain meningitis, encephalitis) less than 1%, low death rate, long term neurological damage can occur -hemorrhagic fever: 2-4 days after infection, vomiting blood, black vomit, blood in feces, nose bleed, bleeding from gums, not very common, 50 % fatality, symptoms last about 4-7 days before death
What type of Virus is Hepatitis A?
naked viruses: resistant to environments, disinfectants, reduction in viable virons over course of days
Prevention of Hepatitis A
previous infection= lifelong immunity -vaccination: 1 year of age or traveling -food safety: wash hands with soap -access to clean drinking water/ treatment of sewage -post-exposure pro laxative: immunoglobin or vaccination
Mode of Action of Dengue Fever
secondary infection: when you have primary infection you are making memory cells/B cells (immune cells) that will respond to future infections, when cells are introduced to virion in secondary infection they will release inflammatory chemicals for months to year
Mode of Action of Rift Valley Fever
target stem cells that develop red blood cells, most healthy people can lose a few and are fine, but with the three problem areas can be a problem
Prevention of Rabies
thoroughly clean wounds with soap and water to deactivate/reduce viral particles -vaccinate animals -take caution with wild animals