Test One & Two Cog Psych

How long can auditory sensory memory last?

10 seconds

What is the average memory span

7/8

What is a synapse

A synapse is the almost contact area between a dendrite and an axon. If the synapse releases neurotransmitters it is excitatory and if it blocks them its called inhibitory.

level of activation determines probability and speed with which retreival can be accomplished

ACT theory

Nick speaks in short, ungrammatical sentences. He might have _____ aphasia.

Broca's

Differentiate between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.

Broca's aphasia is when someone can't form a grammatical sentence, whereas Wernicke's aphasia is when someone can form a grammatically correct sentence but have issues with meaning and comprehension. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe whereas Wenicke's area is in the upper temporal lobe.

What measures mismatch negativity?

ERP measure

_____ emphasizes the contribution of motor action and how it connects us to the environment.

Embodied cognition

In the hippocampus, during the McDermont paragdim, what was the response of true and false words/

Equal

The _____ responds preferentially to faces.

FFA

what is modus ponens

Given A is true, infer B is true.

What is modus tollens

Given B is false, infer a is false.

In a visual array, subjects must identify the location of the target letter O. This should be EASIEST when the distracters are:

I's and X's.

Describe modus ponens.

If A then B. A is true. Thus, B is also true.

What is state-dependent learning?

If people learn something when they are in a particular state of mind, they are likely to remember it best when they are in the same condition

What is retrograde amnesia?

Inability to remember events that occurred before the incident

Differentiate between nativism and empiricism.

Nativism vs empiricism follows the nature vs nurture themes that tend to pop up a lot in psychology. Nativism is the belief that children come into the world with innate knowledge (nature) whereas empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from experience (nurture).

Ben is invited to a picnic at one of his favorite parks. What part of his brain is activated as he imagines the location of the upcoming picnic?

PPA

The strong tendency for words to command processing is known as the:

Stroop

In O'Craven, Downing, and Kanwisher's (1999) study, participants viewed a series of pictures consisting of faces superimposed on houses. Which statement BEST summarizes the results of the study?

The active region varied, depending on whether the participant attended to faces or houses.

a valid reasoning for the atmosphere hypothesis

This phrase demonstrates what: some As are Bs, all Bs are Cs, so some As are Cs

T/F is is difficult to maintain multiple associations for an item

True

Who established the first psychology laboratory?

Wundt

As a memory is practiced, it is strengthened according to a what?

a power function

insight problem

a problem in which individuals are not aware that they are close to a solution

What is tactical learning

a process by which people learn specific procedures for solving specific problems (learning by doing)

Describe a categorical syllogism

a statement containing two premises, a conclusion, and a quantifier

what derives long term potentiation in the hippocampus?

activation in the prefrontal region

Forgetting may also produced by...

active suppression of memories

what are invalid rules of inference

affirmation of consequent or denial of antecedent

what are universal statements

all and no

what are logical quanitifiers

all or some

give an example of a syllogism

all poodles are pets. all pets have names. therefore, all poodles have names.

Damage to the hippocampal region produces what

amnesia

according to spreading activation, participants were what on realted words?

faster

what is a phonological store?

an inner ear

Midazolam produces what kind of amnesia

anterograde

Cassie cannot recognize simple shapes nor copy drawings. She might have:

apperceptive agnosia

When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point, subjects:

are faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point.

When subjects are asked to name the color of ink in which a word is printed and the word itself is the name of a different color, subjects typically:

are much slower than when naming the color for a word of the same color.

what is a syllogism

arguments consisting of two premises and a conclusion

how does the strength of a memory decay?

as a power function of the period of time over which it is retained

According to _____, patterns are recognized by the combination of their elemental features.

feature analysis

Components of the neuron include the:

axon, dendrite, soma

According to _____, psychologists should NOT analyze the working of the mind.

behaviorists

what does backup avoidance do?

biases the problem solver against any operator that undoes the effect of one or more previous operators

What are set effects?

biasing of a solution to a problem as a result of past experience

The field cognitive neuroscience focuses on how cognition is realized in the:

brain

what part of the brain does the articulatory process activate?

broca's area

what area fires during a delay?

brodmann's area

How is the Tower of Hanoi problem solved?

by adopting a means-ends strategy in which subgoals are created

Although an ostrich cannot fly, we still recognize it as a bird. This illustrates the fact that schemas:

can accommodate exceptions to general rules.

If you lesion the left prefrontal cortex what happens?

cannot remember visual field in the right

What was Wolfgang Kohler's experiment?

chimpanzees were tasked to get food and had to put one pole inside the other to make it long enough

What are the three phases of skill acquisition?

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Cones are to _____ as rods are to _____.

color vision; night vision

What are intelligent tutoring systems and their benefits?

computer systems that combine cognitive models and AI techniques, it carefully monitors individual responses

what are intelligent tutoring systems

computer systems that interact with students while they are learning and solving problems

The fovea is a spot in the retina where:

cones are most densely packed, and fine detail vision occurs

what is the central executive?

controls how the slave systems are used

Patients with right-hemisphere parietal lesion were asked to copy a picture. They:

could copy specific components of the picture, but not the spatial configuration

wickelgren interpreted what as a measure of memory strength

d'

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

deficiets of short term memory

Talent often leads to but does not guarantee what

deliberate practice

a great deal of what is needed to develop expertise in any field ?

deliberate practice

What is the theory that states rehersal improves memory only if the material is rehersed in a deep way that involves assigning meaning to the material ?

depth of processing theory

Increasing practice has what kinds of returns?

diminishing

whats the difference between practice and retention functions

diminishing improvement with practice // diminishing loss with delay

How can problem solving operators be acquired?

discovery, direct expression, or example

An auditory sensory store is also called what?

echoic memory

With regard to navigation, cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing space as we see it (_____ representation) and representing space free of any particular viewpoint (_____ representation).

egocentril; allocentric

According to _____, all knowledge comes from experience

empiricism

What does the prefrontal cortex regulate?

encoding of new memories and retrieval of old memories

A mental experience that does NOT have any functional role in information processing is referred to as a(n):

epiphenomenon

Why isn't eyewitness testimony always accurate?

eyewitnesses confuse actual events with events from other sources

_____ relies on the fact that there is more oxygenated hemoglobin in regions of greater neural activity.

fMRI

What is semantic memory?

facts and general knowledge

A manager at a car dealership, is likely to show high activity in his _____ when he makes judgments about cars.

fusiform gyrus

study that involve what lead to better memory from text material

generating questions and answers

What determins the level of achievement

genetics and practice

What is affirmation of consequent

given b is true, a is true

What are the three problem solving features

goal directedness, subgoal decomposition, operator application

Kapur's PET scan showed what in relation to depth of processing?

greater activation in left prefrontal the deeper the processing

When Shepard compared subjects' memory for sentences versus memory for pictures, he found that the subjects:

had a higher rate of errors in the sentence condition than in the picture condition.

Through extensive practice, we can develop what that has supported the evolution human civilization

high levels of expertise in novel domains

What part of the brain is important for the storage of new memories?

hippocampus

Where does long term potentiation occur

hippocampus and cortical areas

intelligent tutoring systems are as effective as

human tutors

A visual sensory store is also called what?

iconic memory

a hypothesis requires

identifying what features are relevant and how they are related

What was the Wason Selection Task?

if a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side

what is denial of antecedent

if a is false then b is false

what is a conditional description

if then

the incorrect reasoning in the wason teask can be explained how

if we presume that participants sselct cards that will be informative under a probablistic model

When Treisman and Schmidt presented combination stimuli outside the focus of attention, they observed a phenomenon called:

illusory conjunction

Procedural learning is a type of what and where is it supported

implicit learning / basal ganglia

What is anterograde amnesia?

inability to form new memories

Neda was so immersed in her painting that she did not notice her sister coming into her room and opening her closet, putting items in it, and then sitting in a corner to read a book. What phenomenon did Neda experience?

inattentional blindness

activation does what and recognition does what

increase / decrease

What happens to ERP when there is different forms in sound?

increases

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Some evidence for object-based attention involves the phenomenon of:

inhibition of return

what is an articulatory process?

inner voice

what is teh permission schema

interpreting a conditional statement as the antecedent specifying the situations in which the consequent is permitted

affirms consequent and denies antecendent, what inference have they made?

invalid

inductive reasoning

is outside the dataset

mental model theory

it is not natural for people to judge the logical validity of a syllogism

Set effects result when....

knowledge relevant to a particular type of problem solution is strengthened.

chronic alcoholism can result in what...

korsakoff syndrome

in deliberate practice, people are motivated to do what and not what

learn not just preform

What were the implications of the chimp study of Kohler?

learned behaviors are adaptive

The _____ prefrontal region is involved in processing verbal information.

left

what part of the brain is active during reasoning about problems with meaningful content.

left ventral prefrontal and parietal temporal

How much of your brain do you use when you're more proficient at the same task?

less of the brain

With regards to speech perception, the McGurk effect illustrates:

listeners merge perception of an acoustic stimulus with the context cues provided by the lips.

intelligent tutoring systems are a form of

mastery learning

Material learned inside the labratory can interfere with....

material learned outside the labratory

decay theory

memories decay in strength with time

flashbulb memory

memory for events so important that they seen to burn themselves permanently into our minds

number of elements that one can immediately repeat back in the correct order after hearing a list

memory span

Neda is imagining how her sculpture will look from different perspectives. Neda is engaging in:

mental rotation

what are source monitoring errors

misidentifying the source of a memory

people show high levels of logical reasoning with

modus ponens

what are valid rules of inference

modus ponens and tollens

In the wason task, the majority of participants apply the rule of

modus tollens or not turning over the 7

is the prefrontal cortex larger in a monkey or rat?

monkey

Describe deliberate practice and how it contributes to neural growth

more growth, highly motivated practice with self monitoring

according to the atomsphere hypothersis, when premises are mixed, people tend to prefer what type of conclusion

negative

what is non existent in skill aquisition?

negative transfer

memory loss is what kind of accelerated

negatively

What is the basis for memory?

neural plasticity or connections among neurons

Cells of the nervous system communicate by releasing chemicals called:

neurotransmitters

why can memories not be kept in STM indefinitely?

new information pushes out old information

tactical learning involves learning...and strategic learning involves...

new pieces of skill & putting the pieces together

means end analysis describes that creation of

new subgoals to enable operators to apply

are all memories truly forgotten?

no

Learning related material does what to the retrieval of a target memory.

not interfere

In shepard's experiemnt, what is a lag?

number of intervening items

The primary visual areas are contained in the _____ lobe.

occipital

Learning additional association to an item causes...

old ones to be forgotten

Scripts are schemas that encode:

our knowledge of stereotypical sequences of actions.

Spatial processing occurs in the _____ lobe.

parietal

Unilateral visual neglect is due to a lesion in this lobe of the brain.

parietal

what part of the brain does the phonological store activate?

parietal temporal

long-term working memory

part of working memory formed by quickly accessed long term memory

When the tone cue was presented immediately after the display was turned off

partial report procedure

What is functional fixedness?

people are fixed on representing an object according to its conventional function

What are incubation effects

people are unconsciously trying to solve a problem while they are away from it

mental model theory is

people evaluate a syllogism by creating a picture in their head

errors in evaluating a syllogism can be explained by what

people failing to consider possible mental models of syllogisms

What are set effects?

people's experiences can bias them to prefer certain operators when solving a problem

The correct order of visual information processing is:

photoreceptor cells -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve

What does the right hemisphere focus on?

pictoral material

what part of the brain is active during reasoning about problems withOUT meaningful content.

posterior parietal

Participant's performance improved with practice according to what function type

power function

Human memory depends heavily on what structures of the brain for the creation & retrieval of memories? and what part for permanent storage?

prefrontal / temporal

What plays a critical role in maintaining a goal strucutre??

prefrontal cortex

New explicit memories are formed where

prefrontal cortex then transfered

in terms of the fan effect, what area of the brain is activated during the verification of facts?

prefrontal cortex- higher response in greater fan condition

where does auditory sensory memory occur?

primary auditory cortex

where does visual sensory memory occur?

primary visual cortex

what is strategic learning

process by which people learn to organize their problem solving

Our tendency to perceive elements close together as a group is the Gestalt principle of:

proximity

type one processes are what and what are type twto processes

rapid/automatic & slow/deliberate

The reduction in activation in the parietal region after practice suggests what

representational demand decreases after practice

power law of forgetting

retention functions are generally power functions i.e. both are negatively accelerated

interference theory

retention is strongly impacted by interfering material

what is a dropout learning procedure

retesting the items answered incorrectly until all the answers are correct

As people become more practiced at a task they switch from computation to what

retrieval

The _____ prefrontal region is involved in processing visual information.

right

A path that indicates specific places but contains no spatial information is called a _____ map.

route

What are the parts of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What are the steps in the model of memory?

sensory input -> attended info goes into short term -> rehersed goes into long term

What happened when the post exposure field was bright/high visual input?

sensory store was completely gone after 1 second

Patients with hippocampal damage...

show same prefrontal activation but fail to store memories

there is often failure to transfer skills to what and virtually no transfer to what

similar domain & new domain

The gestalt principle of _____ accounts for objects that look alike grouped together

similarity

what is the theory of identical elements

specific habits and associations provide a person with a variety of narrow responses to a specific stimuli

currently attended items make associated memories more avaliable

spreading activation

To convert a 2-D retinal image to a 3-D neural representation, the visual system uses cues such as

stereopsis, texture gradient, and motion parallax

as people become more expert, they develop a better ability to....

store problem information in long term memory and to retrieve it

each time a memory is recalled it increases in what

strength

In Mandler and Johnson's study using pictures of scenes (such as classroom scenes), the token distracter can be regarded as a difference in _____, while the type distracter can be regarded as a difference in _____.

style; meaning

In Wanner's study of warned subjects versus unwarned subjects, the:

subjects had similar recall for meaning, whether they had been warned or not.

A map that acts like a spatial image of the environment is referred to as a _____ map.

survey

Chess experts' pattern learning and better memory for board positions are part of what kind of learning ?

tactical

Discuss tactical learning and strategic learning and describe the differences.

tactical is hands on and strategic is more mental steps

stimulation of what reports of memories that patients were unable to report in normal recal

temporal lobe

What is false memory syndrome?

the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

What study is associated with effects of encoding context?

the divers study

What did the spacing effect study determine?

the fewer number of intervening items the better the performance until the day after

based on the dropout learning procedure,

the groups who studied at shorter intervals had done better on earlier tests but worse on long term

Difference reduction refers to what

the human tendancy to select the operator that most reduces the difference between the current state and goal

what is the fan effect?

the increase in reaction time related to an increase in the number of memory structures associated with a concept

Mental Images are

the mind's representation of external scenes or objects that makes it seem as though one is seeing the object being envisioned

What is the encoding specificity principle?

the probability of recalling an item at test depends on the similarity of context during encoding at test to the context during the encoding at sstudy

What is proceduralization?

the process of converting the deliberate use of declarative knowledge into pattern driven application of procedural knowledge

The more facts associated with a concept....

the slower the retrieval of any one of those facts

The major decrease in activation of the prefrontal region indicates what

the task instructions are no longer being retrieved rather applied directly

What is functional fixedness

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

People show better memory if...

their internal & external states are the same at the time of the study as the test

When people see a picture, they tend to remember best aspects that _____.

they consider meaningful

What happens when participants elaborate on material while studying it?

they recall more of what they studied but also inferences they did not study but made themselves

Even if amnesic patients cannot consciously recall an event,

they show in implicit ways they still have memories of it

elaborative processing

thinking of information that relates to and expands on the information that needs to be remembered

When asked to estimate the size of two animals, subjects generally:

took longer to estimate size when the difference was small.

For the Wason task how are the results?

training in logic does not increase accuracy

T/F intelligent tutoring systems are more effective than classroom instruction and online instruction

true

which proccess makes heavy demands on working memory

type 2

what determeines the amount of material remembered

type of processing

what is an example of implicit memory?

typing but cant name the keys

As people become proficient at a task, they tend to

use less of their brain

what are categorical syllogisms

use quantifiers like some, all, no, some not

What form of reasoning is modus ponens?

valid reasoning

What does the left hemisphere focus on?

verbal material

a memory system that can briefly store visual information

visual sensory store

What are the components to the salve system?

visuospatial sketchpad / phonological loop

what cards should be turned over in the wason selection task

vowel and odd number

What is implicit memory?

what our actions imply we remember in the absence of conscious memory

What will people judge rather than try to retrieve the facts.

what plausibly may be true

People use what to infer what else they might have studied.

what they can remember

What is explicit memory?

what we consciously recall

What did Sperling's test with the letters determine?

when cued participants can recall more letters of just a line versus the whole display

when does memory for material improve

when it is processed with more meaningful elaborations

What is insight problem

when people are not aware that they are close to a solution

What did the wason task determine

when presented with abstract material, people have difficulty in recognizing the importance of exploring whether the consequent is false

Mirror neurons in a monkey become active:

when the monkey performs an action or sees another perform an action.

when is there a transfer of skill

when the skill has the same abstract knowledge elements

When participants had to recall the whole display

whole report procedure

deductive reasoning is

within the data set

is the wason selection task true for experts

yes