TestBank Edwards Ch 5

What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. United States (1944) regarding the internment of those with Japanese ancestry living in the United States?

a. It was permissible because the United States was at war with Japan.

43. Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?

a. Jim Crow laws

According to Figure 5.2, in which of the following states are minorities most underrepresented?

a. Maine

59. What rationale did the Supreme Court rely on in deciding that Jim Crow laws were not unconstitutional?

a. Segregation in public facilities was not unconstitutional as long as the separate facilities were substantially equal.

What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?

a. practice

The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of __________.

a. race

In Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978), the Supreme Court did which of the following?

a. strengthened the tribal power of individual tribe members and furthered Indian self-government

49. What is the definition of suffrage?

a. the legal right to vote

The history of which of the following groups demonstrates that politically and socially powerful minorities can suppress majorities as well as other minorities?

a. women

85. __________ programs are designed to help remedy continued inequality by giving special treatment to members of previously discriminated-against groups.

affirmative action

78. The __________ was enacted in 1990 and is designed to protect the civil rights of disabled Americans.

americans with disabilities act

42. In the 1857 Scott v. Sandford decision, an important milestone on the road to Civil War, the Supreme Court held which of the following?

c. A black man, whether slave or free, had no rights, and Congress had no power to ban slavery in western territories.`

58. Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?

c. Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy?

c. It required gay and lesbian soldiers to keep quiet about their sexual orientation.

48. Based on the Supreme Court's decision in Reed v. Reed, which of the following laws would most likely be overturned?

c. Men can vote at seventeen years of age; women cannot vote until eighteen.

What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

c. The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

c. a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery. When was it passed?

c. immediately after the Civil War

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) use most effectively to advance civil rights for African Americans?

c. litigation

Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?

c. segregation laws

What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?

c. segregation of schools

47. If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?

c. the Fourteenth Amendment

Women were guaranteed the right to vote by __________.

c. the Nineteenth Amendment

Why did southern states enact poll taxes?

c. to get around the Fifteenth Amendment

83. Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat on a public bus was an act of __________ that led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

civil disobedience or nonviolent resistance

90. If a city in which children traditionally attended schools near their homes instituted busing because one school was located in the center of a low-income neighborhood that was predominately African American, the city would be trying to eliminate __________.

de facto segregation or discrimination

How might the Supreme Court decisions about Japanese internment in Korematsu v. United States (1944) and segregated railroad facilities in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) be viewed as being similar?

e. Both decisions were troubling missed opportunities for the Supreme Court to protect civil rights.

60. Why was bussing necessary for integrating some public schools?

e. De facto segregation existed even after Brown v. Board of Education.

50. How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?

e. It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

Which of the following laws would be the most likely to be reviewed under the "intermediate scrutiny" standard by the Supreme Court when determining its constitutionality?

e. Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

During the ten years after the Civil War, the strict conditions imposed by Congress on the former Confederate states about who could be seated as representatives and senators allowed which of the following to happen?

e. Many African American men held state and federal offices.

57. What was the Supreme Court's justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine?

e. Segregated schools stigmatize minority children and are inherently unequal.

How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

e. They both sought equal rights for African Americans.

Of the following people, who could serve in the military under the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy?

e. closeted gays and lesbians

When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?

e. decades after black males won the right to vote

For which of the following would the Supreme Court most likely apply an "intermediate scrutiny" standard of review to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?

e. having different minimum ages for men and women to marry

Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

e. installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court determined that __________ were unconstitutional.

e. racial quotas

44. Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?

e. setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

Under the Civil Rights Cases (1883) ruling in which the Supreme Court voided a law barring African Americans from serving on juries, in which of the following situations would racial discrimination also have been illegal?

e. the refusal to let an African American man run for public office

80. The focus of the __________ was to establish women's right to vote.

womens suffrage movement

88. The constitutionality of a law establishing a public elementary school open only to African American students from poor neighborhoods would be determined by the Supreme Court's application of the __________ standard of review.

inherently suspect

82. In Korematsu v. U.S., the Supreme Court upheld the use of __________ for Japanese Americans.

internment camps

87. The Supreme Court's decision in Korematsu v. United States (1944) upheld the U.S. government's internment of __________ in camps that critics claimed were basically concentration camps.

japenese americans

86. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment eliminated the use of __________ in a federal election.

poll taxes

89. Because of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, an affirmative action program that uses racial __________ would likely be deemed unconstitutional.

quotas

81. Jim Crow laws required __________ of African Americans and whites.

segregation

77. Brown v. Board of Education overturned the __________ doctrine.

separate but eqaul

In the South after Reconstruction, what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?

b. whites-only primaries

What was the primary focus at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention for activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott?

b. women's rights

84. In 1964, Congress passed the __________ to help keep the promise of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Civil Rights act

79. Although the __________ voided a law barring blacks from serving on juries, it held that private businesses and individuals were not prohibited from racial discrimination.

Civil rights cases

65. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine that the Court had established in Brown v. Board of Education.

FALSE

66. Reconstruction was the era of racial healing that followed the civil rights movement.

FALSE

67. The freedom riders attempted to prevent civil rights activists from integrating the South.

FALSE

69. Even though the Hispanic population is fairly small, they earned their civil rights earlier and more completely than did African Americans.

FALSE

70. Since the 1950s, the Supreme Court has gradually eliminated virtually all de facto segregation and discrimination in the United States.

FALSE

71. The Indian Bill of Rights that was adopted as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 declared that the Constitution's Bill of Rights applies only to Indian individuals, not to Indian tribes or tribal governments.

FALSE

72. According to the "America in Perspective" feature box, the percentage of Americans who believe it is very important to protect minority rights is higher than the percentage of citizens from any other democracy supporting those rights.

FALSE

73. The passage of the Equal Rights Amendment has helped ensure women's equality in the workplace.

FALSE

74. The admissions office at a public university could likely establish a permissible affirmative action policy that awards minority students by bumping up their SAT score by 100 points.

FALSE

75. Gender classifications are evaluated by the Supreme Court using the "inherently suspect" standard to ensure that they are necessary to serve a compelling public interest and that they are the only way to accomplish that goal.

FALSE

64. Many states currently use the white primary as a form of affirmative action for electoral politics.

FLASE

76. The __________ Amendment guarantees African Americans the right to vote.

Fifteenth

63. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 has expanded educational and sports opportunities for women students.

TRUE

68. The Supreme Court has prohibited school districts from using race when determining which students will attend which schools.

TRUE

The Supreme Court has affirmed the right of consenting adults to engage in private sexual activity.

TRUE

The civil rights movement used tactics such as sit-ins, marches, and civil disobedience to advance equal opportunities in the political and economic sectors.

TRUE

51. What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?

a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

In Adarand Constructors v. Pena, the Supreme Court determined the standard by which affirmative action policies should be evaluated. What standard did they use?

a. Affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race.

32. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is most likely to fight to reduce which of the following?

a. It was a threat to the American family.

Which of the following was a common critique given by opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment?

a. It was a threat to the American family.

Why do two equally important basic principles of democracy, individual liberty and equality, sometimes conflict with each other?

b. Equality tends to favor majority rule, which can conflict with individual liberties.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?

b. Jim Crow laws

If a group of people were systematically discriminated against in the past, which of the following would constitute an affirmative action policy designed as a remedy to help the members of this group overcome the legacy of discrimination?

b. a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group

Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

b. because it was clear that the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

Which of these does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

b. discrimination in public accommodations

The freedom riders used civil disobedience to help end which form of discrimination in the South?

b. racial segregation

What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

b. racial segregation

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

b. the equal protection clause

56. In the standards of review used to determine whether a policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause, how do the "inherently suspect" and "reasonableness" standards differ?

d. Under the inherently suspect standard, courts presume the policy is invalid and the burden is on the rule maker to prove the policy serves a compelling public interest, while under the reasonableness standard, courts defer to the rule maker unless the person challenging the policy can prove it is arbitrary rather than reasonable.

In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court declared that African-Americans were __________.

d. chattel

The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

d. citizenship rights

The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws" is known as the __________ clause.

d. equal protection

The Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of __________.

d. gays and lesbians

The civil rights movement pushed for racial equality. When did this movement begin?

d. in the 1950s

The Tailhook Association's 1991 convention became notorious for __________.

d. sexual harassment

What was Reconstruction?

d. the period after the Civil War when the South was occupied by the federal government

What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?

d. the right to vote

Who had to pay poll taxes?

d. voters