TExES Social Studies 7-12 (World History)

Why do you think China's first civilizations formed alongside rivers? How can you connect this to what you have learned so far about other ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India?

As in other early civilizations, the people of ancient China farmed and settled near major rivers because the land was fertile. Easier farming and reliable sources of food make it more possible for people to settle in cities and start doing things with their time other than hunting for food.

Initially, were the Romans polytheistic or monotheistic? What is the difference between the two?

At first, most Romans were polytheistic, which means they worshipped many gods. Monotheistic means believing in a single god.

Fascism took hold in Italy under which of the following leaders? A) Leon Trotsky B) Benito Mussolini C) King Emmanuel III D) Adolf Hitler

B) Benito Mussolini

The only major trading post in Japan before the 1800s was located in a place called A) Nagasaki B) Deshima C) Kyoto D) Tokyo

B) Deshima

The American Civil War began with Confederate troops bombarded: A) Fort McHenry B) Fort Sumter C) Fort Davis D) Fort Ticonderoga

B) Fort Sumter

Italian involvement in WWI came as the result of: A) Japan's bombing of America B) Germany's submarine warfare C) Russia's withdrawal from WWI D) trench warfare between Germany and France

B) Germany's submarine warfare

Which two natural resources contributed to the growth of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? A) Steel and Coal B) Iron and Coal C) Cotton and Steel D) Wood and Steel

B) Iron and Coal

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated on: A) August 6, 1918 B) June 28, 1914 C) September 10, 1914 D) November 11, 1918

B) June 28, 1914

What city saw the start of the Taiping Rebellion of 1850? A) Beijing B) Nanjing C) Nagasaki D) Hong Kong

B) Nanjing

What trait did the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas have in common? A) They spoke the same language B) They were polytheistic C) All three built pyramids D) B and C

B) They were polytheistic

Great Britain's initial policy toward Germany's actions in invading the Rhineland is known as: A) tench warfare B) appeasement C) neutrality D) allied reasoning

B) appeasement

The Spanish conquerors of America were called: A) emperors B) conquistadors C) governor-generals D) expatriates

B) conquistadors

The Magna Carta resulted in: A) an increase in the king's power, granting him more independent rule than before B) a decrease in the king's power, limited by a law-making council C) a decrease in both the power of the king and the power of Parliament D) no change to the balance of power in law-making

B) decrease in the king's power, limited by a lawmaking council

The Second Boer War was fought primarily over which of two resources? A) silver and gold B) diamonds and gold C) emeralds and gold D) silver and bronze

B) diamonds and gold

Traders in an area of extraterritoriality would be likely to: A) follow the laws established by the Chinese government B) ignore Chinese law and establish their own set of laws C) live according to no law whatsoever

B) ignore Chinese law and establish their own set of laws

Who was Cosimo de'Medici? A) the leader of an important Italian guild B) a patron of the arts C) a strong supporter of the pope D) a famous Italian artist

B) patron of the arts

Russia pulled itself out of WWI in order to confront the _______ in its home front. A) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk B) revolution C) fall of communism D) Cold War

B) revolution

The attack on Port Arthur began the war between which of the following nations? A) Japan and Korea B) China and Korea C) China and Japan D) Japan and Russia

D) Japan and Russia

How did Arab countries respond to the creation of Israel?

Israel was created in a region that had a mainly Muslim Arab population. The surrounding Arab countries were unhappy that a new Jewish state was taking control, so they attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967.

Describe Japan's geography. What in particular affected the country's history?

Japan is a small country formed by an archipelago - a chain of islands - which helped to keep it isolated from outside influences.

What was the result of Perry's intervention?

Japan opened two ports for international trade.

What countries did Japan take control of and when?

Japan took control of Taiwan and other lands from China after the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894. Japan later took control of parts of Manchuria and part of the island of Sakhalin in 1905.

What is the importance of the city of Jerusalem?

Jerusalem was (and is) called the Holy City. It was (and is) valued by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

American forces came to Cuba's defense after the failure of the rebellion led by __________.

Jose Marti Perez

What led to the schism of Islam? What happened after that?

The killing of the Muslim community Leader 'Uthman ibn 'Affan divided the Muslim community and led to a schism of Islam. Islam divided into two groups, the Shiites and the Sunnis.

What were some of the ruler's duties in ancient China?

The king was expected to be good and rule to please the gods.

The first president of South Africa elected by a majority of all the people (regardless of race) was ) ______________________.

Nelson Mandela

What was the first country to grant women the right to vote in national elections, and when?

New Zealand was the first country to grant women the right to vote in national elections. It happened in 1893.

Who was the last czar of Russia and who replaced him with a communist government?

Nicholas II, Lenin

Which famed South American leader led Venezuela and Colombia to independence?

Simon Bolivar led Venezuela and Colombia to independence

When did the American Civil War end?

The American Civil War ended when the Confederate army surrendered in April 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virigina.

What impact did the American Revolution have on French allies across the ocean?

The American Revolution showed the people of other countries, including France, that they could replace monarchy with democracy, which is why they call the first shot in the Battles of Lexington and Concord "the shot heard 'round the world'".

What was the Great Migration and how long did it take?

The Great Migration was a time when humans traveled from Africa and began to explore every continent except Antarctica. They hunted across the continents and found places with fresh water and fertile lands. The Great Migration took roughly one million years.

The dominant political entities of the period of the classical era were:

The Greek city-states and the Hellenistic empire, the Persian empire, the Roman Republic and the Roman empire, the Mauryan and Gupta empires in India, and the Han dynasty's Chinese empire

A very important export developed during the Han dynasty. What was it?

The Han dynasty began trading silk with the Western world through the Silk Road.

What mountain range separates India from other countries?

The Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world.

Who were the Huguenots?

The Huguenots were French Protestants who made up a small part of the French population but nearly half of the French nobility.

How do the Incas keep track of everyone who lived in their massive empire?

The Incas used a quipu, a series of knotted strings which symbolized different things they needed to keep track of, like births, deaths, and harvests.

How did industrialization lead to the growth of cities? What were the downsides of industrialization?

The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities because many workers moved from the country to the city for jobs in factories. The downside was that the cities often had poor sanitary conditions and a lot of disease, and people worked in factories under terrible conditions.

How has the internet revolutionized the modern world?

The Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate. There's instant communication and access to news around the world. (The Internet has ushered in online shopping, education, crime, gaming, and more!)

What was the Iron Curtain?

The Iron Curtain was a term coined by Winston Churchill to describe how communist countries in Eastern Europe were isolated from the West.

What did the Israelites believe about prophets?

The Israelites believed that prophets were religious teachers who could speak for God and tell people about how God wanted them to live.

Which people practiced monotheism - the Phoenicians or the Israelities?

The Israelites practiced monotheism.

What document was signed in 2010 by nearly two hundred nations as a promise to reduce carbon emissions?

The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 2010 by nearly 200 nations (but not the US) as a promise to reduce carbon emissions.

Which civilization lasted the longest, the Mayan, Aztec, or Incan?

The Mayan Civilization

In what ways were the Aztecs similar to the Mayans?

The Mayans and Aztecs created large temples. They also offered human sacrifices to the gods, developed a calendar, and created a system of hieroglyphics.

How did the Mayans appease their gods?

The Mayans appeased gods with festivals and human sacrifices

What was the Meiji Restoration? What reforms came about at this time?

The Meiji Restoration was a time when the Japanese built ships, railways, banking systems, coal mines, machinery, factories, and communication systems and updated the military. The Japanese also reformed the education system and modeled it after American schools and universities.

How did the Middle Ages begin? What king reigned in Western Europe at the time?

The Middle Ages began when the Roman Empire collapsed and the King of the Franks, Charlemagne, took control of Western Europe. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor of the "kingdom of Europe".

Name the approximate dates of the Middle Ages.

The Middle Ages lasted from approx. 400 to 1500 CE.

What was important about Egypt's Middle Kingdom?

The Middle Kingdom was a stable period of expansion, and the pharaohs funded public projects like draining swampland and digging canals.

Who were the Mongols and from what land did they come?

The Mongols were nomads from a region north of China.

Why do you think the Mughal Empire flourished under Akbar but fell apart after Aurangzeb?

The Mughal Empire fell because Aurangzeb spent the empire's money on war and he showed no tolerance of other religions and tried to force Hindus to convert to the Muslim religion.

List the groups sent to concentration camps.

The Nazis sent Jews, communists (and other political opponents), homosexuals, Roma (gypsies), and a variety of ethnic groups that Nazis considered inferior (including Poles, Ukranians, Slavs, and Serbs), and people with mental and physical disabilities to concentration camps.

How did the Nile River help the Egyptian people develop their civilization?

The Nile flooded every year and deposited rich soil on its banks, which helped with farming and led to a surplus of food. The annual flooding also helped the Egyptians create a calendar, travel, and communicate.

What was the Norman Conquest?

The Norman Conquest was the period when William of Normandy became king of England after his victory at the Battle of Hastings.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

The Nuremberg Trials were tribunals meant to hold Nazis responsible for crimes against humanity. Over a hundred Nazis were found guilty during these trials.

What started the Opium War?

The Opium War began because England continued to ship opium to China, even though China asked that they stop. In 1839, the Chinese dumped about 20,000 chests of opium into the sea in protest, and thus began the Opium War.

When was the Paleolithic era?

The Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age, spanned about 2,500,000 BCE to around 10,000 BCE

Why was the Phoenician alphabet so useful?

The Phoenician alphabet could be learned by anyone, so it helped Phoenicians trade goods with peoples who spoke different languages.

What are the Phoenicians famous for?

The Phoenicians were famous for their extensive trade and for their alphabet.

Who were the Puritans?

The Puritans were a group of Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas. Many Puritans were part of the House of Commons and wanted to distance the Church of England from the king.

What is the holy scripture for the Muslim faith?

The Quran is the holy scripture for the Muslim faith.

What does "The Reformation" refer to?

The Reformation refers to the change where Protestantism branched off of the Roman Catholic Church.

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

The Second Industrial Revolution was when steel became a mass-produced material, which helped in the creation of railroads. The telegraph, typewriter, telephone, and first electric light bulb were also invented during the Second Industrial Revolution.

How did the plague arrive in Europe?

The plague arrived in Europe when Italian merchants returned from the Black Sea. The ships carried rats that had fleas that carried the deadly bacterium.

Hammurabi

king of the Amorites, or Old Babylonians, who is known for the law code he ordered compiled, punishments for crimes were harsh and based on the principle of "an eye for an eye"

King Sargon II

most important leader of Assyria, ruled from 722 to 705 BCE, ruled with absolute power

Ramses the Great

reigned for 66 years (1279-1213 BCE), was known as a great warrior, and signed the world's first peace treaty (with his enemies the Hittites). He also had many monuments built that can still be seen today

Agriculture contributed to:

population growth and to the production of surpluses that provided resources to sustain populations of artisans, merchants, and religious and political leaders

The Glorious Revolution was led by ____________ and ___________ in 1689.

William III (or William of Orange) and Mary II

artisans

workers skilled in a particular craft, such as basket-weaving, tools, pottery, or fabric.

Assyrian empire

- 1100 BCE - In 722 BCE, they defeated the Jewish kingdom of Israel and exiled many of its leaders

Name two important Renaissance artists and describe their achievements.

- Leonardo Da Vinci: famous for the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa; studied anatomy; worked with the laws of perspective to create realistic works of art - Michelangelo: famous for his fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his statue of the biblical hero David, a testament to the perfection of the human form - Donatello: a sculptor who studied Greek and Roman statues and created statues such as one of Saint George - Filippo Brunelleschi: an architect who studied the buildings of classical Rome and designed churches with classical columns and rounded arches as an alternative to Gothic cathedrals - Jan Van Eyck: a Flemish artist who imitated nature by painting on wooden panels and captured true-to-life details by experimenting with oil paints

The Neolithic period is usually said to last from _____________

8000 BCE to roughly 3000 BCE

What is a city-state?

A city-state is a city that is politically independent, with its own government, army, and king.

Cuneiform

A form of writing based on making wedge-shaped impressions with reeds on soft clay tablets. It was used to keep records and write stories and poems, such as Gilgamesh, an epic about the adventures of a legendary king.

What is a polis?

A polis was a Greek city-state, which was usually led by aristocrats and military rulers.

What cultural contributions earned Alexander "the Great" his name?

Alexander earned the name "Alexander the Great" because his conquests spread Greek culture over Persia, Egypt, and lands beyond the Indus River.

Define an extremist. Give an example of an extremist group.

An extremist is a person who has extreme religious or political viewpoints and will argue for illegal, violent, or extreme actions. Al-Qaeda is an extremist group.

Who held the real political power during the Nara period?

Aristocrats held most of the real power and kept all the tax revenue during the Nara period.

In what year did India finally gain independence? A) 1945 B) 1947 C) 1949 D) 1952

B) 1947

Who is considered to be the father of capitalism? A) John Locke B) Adam Smith C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau D) Rene Descartes

B) Adam Smith

Guilds were used for: A) controlling serfs on the manor B) setting a standard of prices among craft workers C) voting on local political issues D) establishing centers of religion in small towns

B) setting a standard of prices among craft workers

Erasmus believed that: A) the Catholic Church should be destroyed B) the Catholic Church should be reformed C) the Catholic Church was perfect just the way it was

B) the Catholic Church should be reformed

Chaldeans

Babylon rose under them, they were masters of mathematics and astronomy, first to identify five of the other planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn,

Bartolomeau Dias, Vasco de Gama, and Prince Henry the Navigator are often cited as three of Portugal's most important explorers? Who claimed what?

Bartolomeu Dias claimed the southern tip of Africa. Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean and reached Calicut, India. Prince Henry never actually claimed anything himself, but sailors on his ships explored the western coast of Africa.

How did Pedro Alvarez Cabral influence in Brazil differentiate the country from the rest of South America?

Because Cabral was Portuguese, Brazil was controlled by Portugal, so Portuguese was spoken there (and is spoken there today) - unlike other South American countries where Spanish is spoken.

What major feat was accomplished during Egypt's Old Kingdom?

Both the great pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx were constructed during the Old Kingdom.

Venezuela's independence came in what year? A) 1824 B) 1819 C) 1811 D) 1807

C) 1811

Libya became an independent African nation in: A) 1945 B) 1947 C) 1951 D) 1959

C) 1951

The German invasion of which neutral nation spurred the British to declare war? A) Luxembourg B) the Czech Republic C) Belgium D) France

C) Belgium

The Zulu War of 1879 ended in _______________. A) a partitioning of South Africa between the Boers and the Zulu B) Zulu independence from the Boers C) British control over the Zulu D) Boer independence from the Zulu

C) British control over the Zulu

The Spanish-American War was fought over the independence of: A) Guam B) Puerto Rico C) Cuba D) the Dominican Republic

C) Cuba

Which of the following did not come under American control following the Spanish-American War? A) Puerto Rico B) the Philippines C) Haiti D) Cuba

C) Haiti

Define "capitalism".

Capitalism is an economic system in which people invest in trading and goods for profit.

During the 1600s, a popular nickname for Cardinal Richelieu was "the Iron Cardinal". Who was Cardinal Richelieu, and why might the people have called him that?

Cardinal Richelieu helped Louis XIII rule France. He formed relationships with Protestant governments and let the Huguenots keep their religious rights. However, he might have been called the Iron Cardinal because he took away the Huguenots' political and military rights, created a network of spies, crushed conspiracies, and executed conspirators.

What civilization founded Carthage?

Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians.

Where was the city of Carthage located, and how long did Carthage stay in power?

Carthage was located on the coast of North Africa. Carthage stayed in power for about 600 years, until it fought Rome in three wars.

What was China's first civilization, and what was invented during that period?

China's first civilization was the Shang dynasty, and the first Chinese writing system was invented during that time.

What are the consequences of climate change?

Climate change has many consequences: rising sea levels, melting polar ice caps, severe droughts and storms, famines, floods, and much more.

Spanish and Portuguese settlements in Central and South America generally formed along coastlines. Why do you think this might have been?

Coastlines were easy entrances for ships and allowed for trading between colonies and their rulers overseas.

Which US commodore's forces defeated a Spanish fleet in 1898?

Commodore George Dewey

What is cuneiform, and why was it important to Sumerian society?

Cuneiform is a form of writing created by the Sumerians using reeds on clay tablets. It was important because Sumerians used it to keep records and write down stories and poems.

Neo-Babylonians

Defeated the Assyrians in 612 BCE Conquered the Jewish kingdom of Judah, with its capital of Jerusalem and forced the kingdom's elite into exile

How did Christianity spread through the Roman Empire?

Disciples spread Christian teachings. Also, one follower, Paul, wrote letters about Christianity to people far away and also traveled to spread Jesus's teachings.

What was the main factor that caused distrust between Japanese rulers and the Portuguese?

Distrust between the Portuguese and Japanese was over religion and the presence of Christian missionaries.

What do we mean when we say "division of labor"?

Division of labor means that tasks in a society are performed by separate groups.

Under which dynasty did China enjoy an exceptional period of cultural achievement?

During the Song dynasty, China had a lot of cultural achievements - the magnetic compass and movable type to print books. They also created new music and art, and landscapes painted on silk.

Describe the form of government in ancient Egypt.

Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh with absolute power, which meant that whatever the pharaoh decided was law.

How did Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts aid the U.S. in its quest to industrialize?

Eli Whitney's innovation allowed products with identical parts to be put together easily and mass-produced. Interchangeable parts made production much faster than before.

Babylonian Empire

Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi around 1800 BCE, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.

How could European nations dominate a resource market? What effect did this have on their rivals?

European nations could dominate a resource market if one country claimed land for a certain resource (like sugarcane or rubber). Then it could make all the profit from selling that resource. As that nation became more powerful in that market, other countries would have less and less ability to enter that market.

What was trade like between Europeans and Africans before the 1800s?

European nations had mainly traded with the kingdoms on the African coasts.

True or False: Archbishop Desmond Tutu was held in a high-security prison for nearly 27 years.

False. Nelson Mandela was the national leader held in high-security prisons for nearly 27 years.

How did feudalism work in Japan?

Feudalism in Japan was a system where powerful families of nobles hired peasants to work on their large estates. Also, nobles hired their own armies of samurai warriors for protection.

Buddhism

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Geographic Origin: India Sacred Text: none Place of Worship: Monastery Key Ideas: - One reaches enlightenment on the meaning of life through meditation

Hinduism

Founder: has no specific founder Geographic Origin: India Sacred Text: none Place of Worship: Temple Key Ideas: - Reincarnation based on karm - Polytheistic

Who developed the scientific method, and what is it?

Francis Bacon developed the scientific method, which is a set of instructions for how people should collect and analyze evidence. The scientific method means using a step-by-step process to conduct experiments.

How was Francisco Pizarro to conquer the Incan Empire?

Francisco Pizarro was able to conquer the Incan Empire in the 1530s with horses, iron, and weapons that the Incas had never seen. They also brought disease that quickly made the Incas sick, which weakened them.

What theory did Galileo prove to be right?

Galileo Galilei confirmed that the heliocentric theory (that the earth moves around the sun) is right and that the geocentric theory (the earth is the center of the universe) was wrong.

How did Great Britain attempt to combat the Great Depression?

Great Britain tried to combat the Great Depression by using economic retrenchment policies, which cut down unnecessary spending and expenses. They also balanced budgets and imposed protective tariffs.

Geographically, what is Greece like? How did geography affect the way its people lived?

Greece is made up of islands and peninsulas, which made it hard for people from different islands to meet or mingle their cultures.

What are the two major religions that originated in India?

Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India.

Briefly describe how Hinduism and Buddhism were formed. What are the major texts and principles each religion is founded upon?

Hinduism was formed by blending Aryan beliefs with the cultures of India's original settlers. Hindus believe in one spiritual power that lives in everything and also believe in many gods and goddesses, reincarnation, and karma. Their sacred text is the Upanishads. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism's Eightfold Path says that people must overcome selfish desires and learn to be wise so that they can reach nirvana.

history

Historians typically mark the invention of writing as the start of history as this is the point at which historians have written records to work with and interpret

What groups of people did this figure blame for Germany's many social and economic problems during this time?

Hitler blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems.

Define "humanism." How did it change educational approaches?

Humanism is the study of people. It changed education by dividing the world into subjects that today are called "the humanities," such as grammar, poetry, philosophy, history, and rhetoric.

What are some examples of things suffragists did to campaign for their rights?

In Britain, some suffragists went on hunger strikes and chained themselves to the prime minister's house/

Who were the "elect" and "reprobates" in Calvin's views?

In Calvin's view, the "elect" were people predestined to be saved, and the "reprobates" were predestined to be damned.

Describe working conditions for many factory workers during the Industrial Revolution? Why were they so miserable?

In factories, men, women, and children worked long hours for little money. Each person did the same task over and over again. People often worked in places that damaged their health - the factories were cramped, humid spaces with loud machines, and they were full of dust. There were many injuries, as well as sickness and disease, at the factories.

Explain the results of the Treaty of Nanjing.

In the Treaty of Nanjing, China was help responsible for the costs of the Opium War and was forced to open five coastal ports to British trade. Also, the Chinese had to limit taxes on imported British goods, exempt the British traders from local laws (extraterritoriality), and give Hong Kong to the British.

Why were India's earliest civilizations formed alongside rivers? How were they laid out?

India's early civilization were formed alongside rivers in order to take advantage of the fertile soil for farming. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were laid out in grids.

What are the major features of Judaism?

Judaism is characterized by monotheism, a contract between the Israelites and God, the Ten Commandments, and prophets.

Who was king Sargon I of Akkadia, and why was he so important?

King Sargon I was the leader of Akkadia for over 50 years and united the Sumerian city-states.

Who was responsible for unifying Germany?

King Wilhelm (William I) and Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck. (Prussia took control of northern Germany and the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine - renaming the region Alsace-Lorraine - and convinced the southern German states to unite with the North German Confederation).

monarchs

Kings or queens who rule a kingdom, they're job was to keep the kingdom in order through lawmaking

How did having leisure time advance civilizations?

Leisure time advanced civilizations because people had time to explore ideas and be creative.

Paleolithic Period

Literally "old stone age", refers to the time period when hunting, foraging, and fishing were the primary means of humans obtaining food and stone tools were widely used

Who was the "Sun King"?

Louis XIV called himself the Sun King

Queen Cleopatra VII

Macedonian queen who ruled Egypt from 51 to 30 B.C., waged war with factions of the Roman Empire, after her Egypt would not be independent for nearly 2,000 years

Who was Mansa Musa? List some of his achievements.

Mansa Musa was a rule of Mali. He invited scholars to Mali to teach religion, law, math, and medicine. He made Islam Mali's official religion and built mosques and libraries in the city of Timnuktu. He also went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and spent so much gold on gifts for his hosts that gold lost its value.

__________________ was responsible for China's failed Great Leap Forward.

Mao Zedong (Chairman Mao)

What one practice of the church put Martin Luther over the edge?

Martin Luther criticized the church's sale of indulgences. He didn't think it was right that people could pay their way out of punishment for sin.

Who was Matthew Perry?

Matthew Perry was an American naval officer sent in 1853 to get Japan to open its ports to trade with Americans

According to mercantilism, what does a nation's wealth depend on?

Mercantilism said that a nation's wealth is based on it supply of gold and silver.

One of the earliest civilizations in Southwest Asia:

Mesopotamia

What movement did Mohandas Gandhi begin?

Mohandas Gandhi began a movement of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience in India.

What happened to Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo?

Napoleon was defeated and sent into permanent exile after the Battle of Waterloo.

Define "nationalism".

Nationalism is the feeling that the people in each country are connected to each other through their common culture (not through loyalty to a king or queen). Nationalism can also mean that you're proud of your nation.

The Berlin Wall was built by ____________________ in 1961 to divide the city.

Nikita Khrushchev

What did North Korea claim it had in its country in 2005?

North Korea announced it had nuclear weapons in 2005.

Who took over after Caesar died and how was this person's fate different from Caesar's?

Octavian ( Caesar's adopted son) took over after Caesar died. He respected the senate (to avoid getting stabbed like Caesar), and he ruled for many years

What happened on July 14, 1789?

On July 14, 1789, French citizens stormed the Bastille, the prison in Paris, in search of weapons and ammunition and destroyed the prison one brick at a time.

What happened on September 11, 2001?

On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack on the US occurred: Two planes were flown intentionally into New York's World Trade Center and a third plane was flown into the Pentagon. The terrorists on a fourth plane failed when passengers crashed the plane in a field in Pennsylvania.

Oral histories are stories of the past that people pass down by word of mouth. Why are oral histories more important in understanding ancient Africa than in understanding some other civilizations?

Oral histories are important in understanding ancient African history because they are very few written records for many ancient African cultures. Some other ancient civilizations had written records, so historians could use those records instead.

What sorts of objects did Paleolithic people make?

Paleolithic people made simple tools, such as hand axes, stone spearheads, bows, arrows, harpoons, bone fishhooks, baskets, rope, statues, and flutes.

What is Pan-Africanism?

Pan-Africanism is the concept of uniting all black Africans regardless of national boundaries.

hunter-forager

Person who gets their food primarily by hunting or fishing animals and gathering plants

What advancements did Peter and Catherine of Russia make to earn "the Great" after their names?

Peter earned his name by building a strong Russian navy, enlarging Russia, and building the city of St. Petersburg. Catherine earned her name by expanding Russia, encouraging education, and modernizing farming.

Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus were three major ____________.

Playwrights

What sort of weapons did President Bush claim Saddam Hussein had hidden away in Iraq?

President Bush claimed Saddam Hussein had hidden weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq.

Which US president authorized the dropping of atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

President Harry S. Truman authorized dropping the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What marked the start of the Arab Spring?

Protests in Tunisia that began on December 18, 2010, marked the start of the Arab Spring.

Who funded Columbus's infamous journey west? Where did Columbus wind up?

Queen Isabella of Spain funded Christopher Columbus's voyages. Columbus ended up in the Americas. He explored Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, Jamaica, and the coasts of Central and South America.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. Acted as regent for her stepson Thutmose III as he was only three when he became pharaoh.

Who was Quetzalcoatl?

Quetzalcoatl was an Aztec god. According to legend, Montezuma believed that Cortes was the return of Quetzalcoatl.

Assyria

Rose around 1400 BCE and was one of the first new empires in Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq), the land was easy for outsiders to get into and attack, so they became skilled warriors and decided to strike instead of waiting to be attacked, conquered lands from the Nile River to the Persian Gulf, developed a system of communication, with riders on horses delivering messages across the empire within a week, kept king and his governors in contact, also developed trade networks as far as the Mediterranean, its capital, Nineveh, became a center of learning and housed the world's first library. Defeated by the Medes, the Persians, and the Scythians in 612 BCE

How do scientists learn about things that happened in prehistory?

Scientists learn about prehistory through artifacts, which are objects such as tools, instruments, buildings, pottery or anything else made by humans. They use these objects to find clues about prehistoric life.

How did secularism contribute to the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy?

Secularism allowed people to study humans (humanism) and things apart from religion. It introduced new points of view and led to the belief that humans are unique and capable of great things.

What is secularism?

Secularism is an attention to things and ideas not connected with religion.

The British East India Company hired Indian soldiers called __________.

Sepoys

Shah Jahan built an expensive and impressive building. What is it called and why did he build it?

Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in the city of Agra as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal

What were two major issues that caused so much conflict between the Northern and Southern states?

Slavery and states' rights divided America. (In the South, where the economy was based on tobacco and cotton, plantation owners wanted slavery. Northern states had little need for slave labor).

Name some of the downsides of all our rapid improvements in technology.

Some of the downsides of rapidly improving technology are that cities have grown too fast and products were being created without understanding their effects on the planet. Now there is desertification and deforestation, as well as smog, acid rain, and climate change.

How was the Aztec Empire conquered?

Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his men conquered the Aztec Empire by using guns and with the help of the people who had been dominated by the Aztecs. European disease probably also weakened the Aztec people.

Who was Tamerlane, and what is he known for?

Tamerlane was a Turkish Mongol who conquered lands in Russia and the Mediterranean and then invaded northern India. His Mongolian fighters captured Delhi, stole treasure, took slaves, and killed roughly 100,000 Hindu prisoners.

Why are Confucianism and Taoism considered philosophies rather than religions?

Taoism and Confucianism are considered philosophies because they analyze human behavior instead of search for a holy meaning to life.

What major threat did global policy leaders have to deal with in the early 2000s?

Terrorism was the major issue that global policy leaders dealt with in the early 2000s.

Who were some of the first rulers of ancient Rome?

The Etruscans, who came to power and ruled Rome in 600 BCE

What is the name of the first civilization in Mesopotamia?

The first civilization in Mesopotamia was Sumeria.

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture,began in 1500 BCE

Lower Egypt

The northern part of ancient Egypt at the Nile delta

Why were the residents of Saint-Domingue unhappy? Who led them to independence?

The people of Saint-Domingue were unhappy because they were enslaved. Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture led over 100,000 slaves to revolt. (In 1804, the western part of the island declared itself free and is now called Haiti).

prehistory

The period of human activity that occurred before the invention of writing; this varies across societies based on when written records first appeared

Name the two forms of Christianity that emerged during this time.

The two forms of Christianity were called the Roman Catholic Church (the Christian Church in the West) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (the Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire).

Who outlawed Christianity and trade with foreigners in Japan? Why?

Tokugawa Ieyasu outlawed Christianity and trade with foreigners because he was worried that Europeans would take over Japanese trade routes.

How did totalitarian governments influence their citizens? Give an example.

Totalitarian governments controlled all parts of their citizens' lives. For example, Mussolini controlled newspapers, radio, and film and spread only the information, ideas, and rumors he wanted people to know.

The Dutch created two republics in southern Africa in 1806, __________________ and ________________.

Transvaal; Orange Free State

True or False? By 1929, Joseph Stalin had taken over the Communist Party and begun his campaign to transform Russia into an industrial society.

True

First places where evidence of animal and plant domestication has been found are sites in modern-day:

Turkey, Palestine, and southern Syria

Name two leading figures in the fight for women's suffrage.

Two leading figures in women's rights are Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who gave lectures and spoke at ralliers. (Frederick Douglass was also a supporter).

Who came up with the idea of the League of Nations, and what were its core goals?

US President Woodrow Wilson came up with the idea for the League of Nations. Its goals were to prevent wars, promote democracy, and keep the peace.

The ______ army represented the Northern states, while the ______ army represented the Southern states.

Union; Confederate

What leaders created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and when?

Vladimir Lenon and Leon Trotsky led the Russian Revolution that led to the USSR in 1922.

What happened to American banks when European countries were unable to pay off their debts?

When Europeans had trouble paying their debt, American banks fell apart, and the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929.

The Spanish-American War occurred under the leadership of which US president?

William McKinley

When was women's suffrage made official across America?

Women's suffrage was made official across America in 1920 through the Nineteenth Amendment.

What was the first place in the US to grant women the right to vote?

Wyoming became the first US territory to grant the right to vote to women, in 1869 (it did not officially become a state until 1890).

Were any women powerful in Egyptian society? Give an example.

Yes, some were. Hatshepsut and Cleopatra ruled Egypt, and many Egyptian gods were female.

Who was the "king" of the Greek gods? Who was the "queen"? What did the Greeks call this family of gods?

Zeus was the king of the Greek gods, and Hera was the queen. The family of gods was called the Olympians.

Petroglyph

a carving or inscription on a rock

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority

Irrigation systems

a series of canals to bring water to the land

Great Migration

a time of vast movement and long-distance travel for humans, who were beginning to explore other continents. Most humans followed the animals they hunted across the continents, often moving toward we climates with lakes and fertile lands.

Papyrus

a type of paper made from the papyrus plant in Egypt, was also popular in ancient Greece, Rome, and various Arabic regions

Regent

an adult who rules in the place of a ruler who is a child and inherited a kingdom too young, a ruler who is absent, or a ruler who is disabled

Homo sapiens

anatomically modern humans

animal domestication

began when humans tamed wild animals like sheep, goats, and pigs for meat, milk, and wool.

King Menes

created the first united Egyptian dynasty when he joined Upper and Lower Egypt. He built his capital city of Memphis near modern-day Cairo.

deity

god, goddess, or divine being

oral tradition

passing down information from generation to generation through spoken word and memorization instead of writing it down

Polytheism

the belief in many gods

Upper Egypt

the southern part of ancient Egypt

Ziggurats

were temples shaped like pyramids. In Sumeria, they were massive towers made of clay bricks, with steps leading to the top

absolute power

whatever the king decided became the law

The first civilization to emerge in Southern Mesopotamia:

Sumer

Anthromorphic

human in form and psychology, though immortal and gifted with superhuman powers

What does "no taxation without representation" mean?

"No taxation without representation" was a phrase that colonists used to protest the fact that they had no choice in electing governors or any of the people in Parliament yet still had to pay taxes to Great Britain

What does the term "Reniassance" refer to? Why was it used to describe this time?

"Renaissance" literally means "rebirth." "Renaissance" was used to describe this time because there was a rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman culture.

Agricultural Revolution

(sometimes called the Neolithic Revolution) refers to the period when humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture. This shift led to sedentary communities, the establishment of social classes, and the rise of civilizations

Origins of Judaism

- monotheistic faith - faith in orally transmitted narratives, that became the Torah, which was comprised of the first five books of the Tanakh, or Hebrew scriptures - one true God who had chosen the Hebrew people

What is a caste system? Who was at the top of the caste system and who was at the bottom?

A caste system is a social system that separates people into different classes according to the families they were born into. A person born to servant parents must be a servant, and people can't change the class that they were born into. The Brahmans were at the top of the caste system, and the untouchables were at the bottom.

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates. It had rich soil and produced abundant crops.

What is a laissez-faire government?

A laissez-faire government does not interrupt economic development or regulate the economy, but it does protect and defend citizens as well as take care of public works necessary for trade.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies as it could support large populations because its location was ideal for both trade and agriculture. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

The Romans are famous for founding the first republic. So what is a republic, anyways?

A republic is a form of government where citizens vote for their leader, who then represents the people. The Roman Republic had a senate to create new laws, consuls to enforce laws, and praetors to act as judges.

What is a surplus, and why was it so important for the development of civilizations?

A surplus is an excess of food, and it is important because that is what created leisure time. It also meant that populations could expand and that people did not have to follow a herd for food anymore.

Which of the following is one of the principles of the Napoleonic code? A) All citizens are equal before the law B) Women's rights are recognized C) Rights of the military are most important D Individual liberty is not allowed

A) All citizens are equal before the law

Match the colonizer to the colony: A) Dutch 1. Jamestown B) French 2. New Netherland C) British 3. Quebec

A) Dutch 2. New Netherland B) French 3. Quebec C) British 1. Jamestown

What is the significance of Tiananmen Square? A) It was the site of a major protest against Communist Party corruption. B) It marked the end of Deng Xiaoping's Four Modernizations C) It was the site of a major protest against democracy D) It marked the beginning of the Vietnam War.

A) It was the site of a major protest against Communist Party corruption

Philosophy can be defined as a major system of beliefs and values. Who were two famous Greek philosophers and what were they known for?

A) Socrates taught people how to think and figure things out by asking questions (The Socratic Method) B) Plato taught his students about ethical living that would lead them to moral, happy lives. He wrote The Republic and founded an Athenian school called the Academy. C) Aristotle studied under Plato. Aristotle believed people's happiness was connected to their behavior; worked to define categories of logic, biology, and physics; wrote about politics; and founded his own school, the Lyceum

Which of the following leaders sought to end the NEP, industrialize Russia, and spread communism abroad after Lenin's death? A) Trotsky B) Stalin C) Politburo D) Mussolini

A) Trotsky

Germany's first major defeat came because of: A) a fierce Russian winter B) fierce Russian warriors C) the destruction of a crucial land bridge D) lack of food

A) a fierce Russian winter

The Nuremberg laws of 1935: A) effectively stripped Jews of their German citizenship B) required all Jews to be sent to concentration camps C) joined Hitler and Mussolini in political power D) gave Hitler free rein to ignore both the president and the Reichstag

A) effectively stripped Jews of their German citizenship

Between 1192 and 1333, the Japanese military leader with greater power than the emperor was called the: A) shogun B) samurai C) bushido D) nara

A) shogun

The European Union stems from: A) the EC B) the WTO C) NAFTA D) the UN

A) the EC

What program did FDR create to combat the Great Depression? A) the New Deal B) the Open Door Policy C) the Works Progress Administration D) the League of Nations

A) the New Deal

The Grand Canal was a major achievement of: A) the Sui dynasty B) the Tang dynasty C) the Song dynasty D) the Huang dynasty

A) the Sui dynasty

Which of the following contributed aid toward rebuilding Greece and Turkey in 1947? A) the Truman Doctrine B) the Marshall Plan C) the European Economic Community D) the Warsaw Pact

A) the Truman Doctirne

What class grew in response to the new market economy? A) the middle class B) the upper class C) the lower class D) slaves

A) the middle class

What does it mean for a leader to use absolute rule? Give an example of using this power.

Absolute rule means the leader has complete and ultimate control over the government and its people. Philip II of Spain used absolute rule to hold trials for people accused of "false" religious beliefs and remove many Protestants, Jews, and Muslims from Spain.

Who was Muhammad and what is he known for?

According to Islamic belief, Muhammad was a prophet who heard a message from God. God told him to spread the teachings of a new religion, Islam.

What are the Shinto religion's main beliefs?

According to the Shinto religion, spirits of nature and ancestors are always near

What major historical figure came to power in Germany during this time of economic crisis?

Adolf Hitler came to power as the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (the Nazis).

Following India's independence from Great Britain, two countries were formed. Name them and the religions they follow.

After independence from Great Britain, India was partitioned into two countries: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim).

What happened to African nations and groups after the Berlin Conference?

After the Berlin Conference, African nations were divided and taken over by European nations. The preexisting African groups, tribes, and nations were arbitrarily divided, even if the divisions didn't make any sense according to the indigenous peoples' history.

What is the principal reason why the state of Israel was formed?

After the devastation of the Holocaust and WWII, the state of Israel was formed so that Jews could have an official homeland of their own.

Akbar is often referred to as "Akbar the Great." Why do you think he had this nickname?

Akbar was called Akbar the Great because he came to power at age fourteen and ruled peacefully for 49 years. He also supported painters, poets, and scholars of different religions. He was Muslim but practiced tolerance and allowed Hindus to practice their religion freely. He also hired people for government jobs based on merit instead of religion or caste.

Imagine you are a Mayan farmer. Explain how your special farming technique works. What kind of crops do you grow?

As a Mayan farmer, I would use a slash-and-burn technique of cutting down trees and setting the tree stumps on fire. I would then use the ashes as fertilizer. I would grow beans, papayas, avocados, and maize.

Explain the relevance of America's victory over Spain in terms of trade.

America's victory over Spain meant that the Philippines became an American colony, so the US was in a better position to trade with China. This new relationship also prevented the Japanese from expanding into China.

What was apartheid?

Apartheid was the policy in South Africa of segregating whites and blacks, and allowing only the small white minority to vote.

Athens and Sparta can be described as oil and water. Explain this comparison. In what ways were these two city-states so different?

Athens was characterized by the arts and trade, while Sparta was characterized by its warring culture. Athenians wrote plays, sold goods, talked about philosophy, and were wealthy. Spartans lived for war - boys became soldiers, and girls exercised to be strong enough to produce strong offspring.

Why was the Battle of Saratoga such a decisive one? A) It was the first battle of the American Revolution B) It led to British victory over New York and Philadelphia C) It prompted French participation and the support of the colonists D) It marked the decisive victory of the colonists over the British

C) It prompted French participation and the support of the colonists

The spinning jenny was invented in 1764 by: A) Edmund Cartwright B) James Watt C) James Hargreaves D) Eli Whitney

C) James Hargreaves

Under which US president did Matthew Perry's actions come about? A) Theodore Roosevelt B) Woodrow Wilson C) Millard Fillmore D) Herbert Hoover

C) Millard Fillmore

Britain and France first declared war on Germany following Hitler's invasion of which country in 1939? A) the Sudetenland B) Czechoslovakia C) Poland D) Austria

C) Poland

Samuel de Champlain established which of the following settlements? A) Plymouth B) Louisiana C) Quebec D) Montreal

C) Quebec

The treaty between King Richard and Saladin was signed during the: A) First Crusade, in 1099 B) Second Crusade, in the 1140s C) Third Crusade, in 1187 D) Fourth Crusade, in 1204

C) Third Crusade, in 1187

China had to pay ________ at the end of the Boxer Rebellion. A) an invoice B) foreign missionaries C) an indemnity D) an armistice

C) an indemnity

What do many believe was Henry VIII's primary motivation in breaking with the Roman Catholic Church? A) to separate church and state B) to promote his religious views C) to marry Anne Boleyn D) to gain power over the pope

C) to marry Anne Boleyn

"Czar" is the Russian way of saying __________.

Caesar

Three separate regions of the Americas independently developed sedentary agriculture:

Central Mexico, the high plateaus of the Andes mountains, and the tropical lowlands of South America

How did Constantinople become a wealthy capital?

Constantinople became wealthy through its trade power. The Byzantines became rich by charging taxes on all goods that went through the city.

_____________________ was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. What is this city called today?

Constantinople. It is called Istanbul today.

___________ became a protectorate of the U.S. at the end of the Spanish-American War; _____________________ became an American colony. A) Guam; Puerto Rico B) Cuba; Haiti C) the Philippines; Guam D) Cuba; the Philippines

D) Cuba; the Philippines

Who said, "I think, therefore I am?" A) Locke B) Smith C) Voltaire D) Descartes

D) Descartes

Queen Victoria considered which of the following colonies the "jewel" in her crown? A) New England B) South Africa C) Thailand D) India

D) India

Which of the following was a result of the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961? A) The Viet Cong gained a major advantage over American troops. B) General Douglas MacArthur advanced into South Korea C) Fidel Castro was removed from power D) The exiled fighters surrendered to communist forces

D) The exiled fighters surrendered to communist forces

___________ is a military alliance that formed between the Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe in 1955. A) the Truman Pact B) NATO C) NAFTA D) the Warsaw Pact

D) the Warsaw Pact

What political system took hold in many countries following WWI? A) absolutism B) communism C) anarchism D) totalitarianism

D) totalitarianism

Origins of Agriculture: North America

Date: 2000 BCE Staple Crops: squash, sunflower Domesticated Animals: none

Origins of Agriculture: Sub-Saharan Africa

Date: 3000 BCE Staple Crops: sorghum, millet, rice Domesticated Animals: cattle

Origins of Agriculture: South America

Date: 3000-2000 BCE Staple Crops: potato, sweet potato, manioc, quinoa Domesticated Animals: llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs

Origins of Agriculture: Mesoamerica

Date: 5000 BCE Staple Crops: squash, maize, beans Domesticated Animals: none

Origins of Agriculture: China

Date: 7000 BCE Staple Crops: rice, millet, soybeans Domesticated Animals: pigs, chickens, water buffalo

Origins of Agriculture: Southwest Asia

Date: 9000 BCE Staple Crops: barley, wheat, lentils Domesticated Animals: goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, donkeys, camels, horses

Origins of Agriculture: Southeast Asia and New Guinea

Date: Uncertain Staple Crops: taro, yams, sugar cane, coconut, citrus fruits, rice Domesticated Animals: pigs, chickens

What are some reasons why early humans made cave paintings?

Early humans used cave paintings to communicate and probably to tell stories and some myths. They also drew hunting strategies and probably used the paintings as part of rituals they hoped would guarantee a good hunt.

King Tutankhamen (King Tut)

Egyptian pharaoh, he died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 has taught archaeologists much about Egyptian culture.

The Egyptians started out writing on clay, but eventually switched to a different material. What was it?

Egyptians switched to papyrus, which is a type of paper that is made from grass.

Confucianism

Founder: Confucius Geographic Origin: China Sacred Text: None Place of Worship: None Key Ideas: - Confucianism is a philosophy, not a religion - Peace and order in society begin with peace and order in the individual - Teachings later became part of training system for the Chinese government

Christianity

Founder: Jesus Geographic Origin: Israel Sacred Text: The Bible Place of Worship: Church Key Ideas: - Love God and live responsibly to gain everlasting life through grace - Monotheistic

Taoism

Founder: Laozi Geographic Origin: China Sacred Text: None Place of Worship: None Key Ideas: - Taoism is a philosophy, not a religion - Living a selfless, balanced life in harmony with nature leads to happiness

Judaism

Founder: Prophet Abraham Geographic Origin: Israel Sacred Text: The Torah Place of Worship: Synagogue Key Ideas: - Prophets - Monotheism

Islam

Founder: Prophet Muhammad Geographic Origin: Mecca Sacred Text: The Quran Place of Worship: Mosque Key Ideas: - The Five Pillars of Islam: declaration of faith, praying five times a day, giving alms, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca - Monotheistic

Who was Frederick Douglass and what did he influence Lincoln to do?

Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave who wrote several autobiographies and traveled around the nation to educate people about his horrible experiences as a slave. He also advised President Lincoln on the issue of slavery and influenced him to let African American men fight in the Northern army.

Name the three major kingdoms of West Africa.

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

Who was responsible for unifying Italy?

Giuseppe Garibaldi and the "red shirts" were responsible for liberating Italy from the Austrians. (In 1861, a new united state of Italy was declared under King Victor Emmanuel II).

What is globalization?

Globalization is the process of making something worldwide, or global.

What did the French learn from the Hurons?

Guerrilla warfare

The first independent state in Latin America was __________. It was originally a ________ colony.

Haiti; French

Who was Hammurabi, and what was his contribution to the Babylonian Empire?

Hammurabi was the leader of Babylon who conquered northern Sumerian cities to create the Babylonian Empire. He is most famous for his list of 282 laws, called Hammurabi's Code. This was the first time laws were written down.

Define "imperialism".

Imperialism is the act of extending rule over a foreign country or territory and/or holding colonies.

One of the most important innovations of the ancient world was:

Iron metallurgy. Iron ore is found in abundance across the planet and once the knowledge of smelting iron was understood, the technique was widely diffused.

Explain why Martin Luther's teachings may have been so appealing to peasants.

Martin Luther's teachings were appealing to peasants because he taught about equality. He thought that faith alone - not doing a lot of good works or paying for indulgences - could bring about a person's salvation.

In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), what did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?

Mary Wollstonecraft argued for equal rights for men and women by comparing the power of men over women to the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects. She also argued for equality in education and in economic and political life.

What group did Maximilien Robespierre lead during the Reign of Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre led the Jacobins. They ruled as dictators and called themselves the Committee of Public Safety.

What was the role of monarchs in these new Neolithic societies?

Monarchs were the new leaders of towns and cities. They used laws to keep order, and many claimed to have power based on "divine right".

How was the Delhi Sultanate eventually overthrown, and by whom?

Mongol prince Babur brought an army and cannons to overthrow the Delhi Sultanate.

Monsoons occur every season in China and parts of India. What are they?

Monsoons are seasonal winds causing heavy rains and floods. They can destroy lands surrounding rivers.

The Muslim house of worship is called a ______________.

Mosque

Kingdom of Kush

Most powerful between around 2000 BCE to 1500 BCE. Also called Nubia, it was an African civilization located on the Nile River south of Egypt. Its major city was Meroe, which was the main residences of the rulers. They made iron weapons and tools, they trade ivory, gold, ebony, and slaves to India, Arabia, and the Roman Empire.

What happened on the Ides of March?

On the Ides of March, Julius Caesar was killed by a group of angry senators, and a civil war followed for thirteen years.

What is an example of a democratic reform practiced in ancient Greece?

One example is how the Greek leader Pericles encouraged direct democracy. Direct democracy was a policy that said that citizens could participate in the government by giving their opinions at assemblies, electing public officials, and helping make decisions about war and foreign policy.

Egypt

One of the first river-valley civilizations nestled on the banks of the Nile River

Who was Justinian, and what great contribution did he make to the Byzantine Empire?

One of the greatest Byzantine emperors was Justinian, because he put together a team to develop the Justinian Code, which was an organized collection of laws with explanations. The laws were derived from ancient Roman laws.

Under the Roman Empire, architecture and engineering flourished. Describe some important things the Romans created during this time?

One of the most famous Roman buildings is the Colosseum, an amphitheater for gladiatorial spectacles. The Romans also built statues and buildings with arches, used concrete, built roads to spread trade and move armies, and built aqueducts to move water. They also had public toilets and a lot of baths.

Reichstag is the German word for _____________________.

Parliament

Name the explorer who colonized the South American country of Brazil.

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

What new farming techniques did the Neolithic people use?

People began picking and choosing the seeds from the biggest, best plants, and planting only those in order to grow even bigger crops (this is called the domestication of plants). Farmers also used an irrigation system to control the flow of water to different areas of land by using canals.

Why did people abandon their nomadic lifestyle during the Neolithic era?

People stopped being nomadic because they developed systematic agriculture. During the Neolithic era, people began farming and could settle down in one place rather than chase animals for food.

What happened to people who openly disobeyed the church?

People who didn't obey the church could be excommunicated. People believed that meant they wouldn't go to heaven when they died.

What prompted the Europeans to pick up and set sail?

Short answer: "Gold, Glory, and God." After the Crusades, Europeans were more interested in foreign goods, and merchants wanted to find more profitable trade routes. Rulers across Europe also sought fame, power, and glory, often claiming new lands in the name of God.

___________________________________ convinced King Leopold II of Belgium to invest in Africa.

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

What sorts of ideas did Sir Isaac Newton come up with?

Sir Isaac Newton presented a set of laws that mathematically explained motion and explained that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

The NEP was abandoned in favor of a plan calling for rapid industrialization and rapid collectivization of agriculture. Name this plan.

Stalin's plan for rapid industrialization and collectivization was called the Five-Year Plan.

What led to the "scramble for Africa"?

The "scramble for Africa" was started by the new settlements in the Congo and the new trade routes through Africa that King Leopold II of Belgium set up. After Belgium began staking its claims, other countries like France, Germany, Britain, Spain, Italy, and Portugal wanted to get a piece of Africa for themselves.

Why did the Aztecs build their capital in the middle of a swamp?

The Aztecs built their capital in the middle of a swamp because they believed they were following their god's orders, which said an eagle would perch on a cactus growing out of a rock in the place where they had to build.

What were some of the accomplishments of the Babylonians?

The Babylonians built roads to encourage travel and trade goods from India and Egypt. Merchants and traders ran their own businesses.

When was the Battle of the Bulge, and which side was victorious?

The Battle of the Bulge was in 1944, and the Allies defeated the Germans.

Whose rights were not included in the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Rights didn't include rights for women, African Americans, or Native Americans

Who were the Boxers, and what did they stand for?

The Boxers were members of a secret organization that was against the foreign imperialist takeovers of Chinese lands.

Explain the difference between direct and indirect rule in the case of Great Britain.

The British government established direct rule by sending officials to control certain parts of India. In other pats of the country, they set up indirect rule, which used local leaders to control the people.

Describe some elements, besides laws, that the Byzantine Empire retained from Greek and Roman culture.

The Byzantines continued Greek and Roman cultural traditions by decorating churches with frescoes, paintings, and mosaics. They also preserved ancient texts in libraries.

Name the two major European alliances of WWI that had formed by August 1914 and the countries belonging to each side.

The Central powers included Austria-Hugnary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Allied Powers (the Allies) included Serbia, Russia, France, Britain, and later Japan and Italy.

What did the Chinese typically accept when trading their goods?

The Chinese accepted silver when trading.

What was the Cold War really about? Was it a war in the traditional sense?

The Cold War was a war of ideologies between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries over communism versus capitalism. It wasn't war in the traditional sense because it wasn't primarily fought on battlefields.

List the countries that were involved in the Common Market.

The Common Market countries included France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, and Portugal.

Explain the significance of this economic plan.

The Common Market encouraged economic cooperation among the nations that were members and was later called the European Community, or EC. It also gave rise to the European Union.

How did the Crusades positively affect life in Europe? How did they negatively affect life in Europe?

The Crusades brought new trade with, and advances in mathematics, technology, and medicine from the Arabs. Europeans learned to make better maps and ships. However, the Crusades also caused the deaths of many, bred religious intolerance, and created a permanent split between Eastern and Western Christianity.

What was the effect of the Crusades in terms of trade?

The Crusades helped Italian port cities prosper and increased trade with the East, which introduced new types of goods, like rugs, jewelry, glass, and spices

How did the Crusades affect the division of power in medieval society?

The Crusades helped break down feudalism because many vassals sold their land to pay war taxes and freed their serfs to fight in the Crusades. Kings also created stronger central governments by amassing new wealth through the claimed land of the nobles and trade with the East.

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of military expeditions that lasted more than 150 years in which Europeans tried to get control of the Holy Land of Jerusalem.

When were the Dark Ages of Greece, and what happened during these times?

The Dark Ages lasted from the 1100s BCE to 750 BCE. It is believed that during this time, trading ended, poverty spread, and people forgot how to write. However, some epic poems were created during this time, including Homer's poems.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jeffereson

What was the East India Company?

The East India Company was a British company created in 1600 that held a monopoly on trade with India.

Describe the beginnings of the European slave trade. How did it start?

The European slave trade began when the Portuguese returned from their explorations with African captives.

French society was divided into three classes prior to the Revolution. What were they called and who was in each class?

The First Estate was made up of the clergy. The Second Estate were the nobility. The Third Estate were peasants, craft-workers, and middle-class people.

What was the French version of the Declaration of Independence called? What did it say?

The French version of the Declaration of Independence was called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It granted basic rights to individuals, such as "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression."

It's pretty obvious how long the Seven Years' War lasted. What factors led up to it? Who were the key players, and what were they fighting for?

The Seven Years' War happened because both the French and the English wanted to control fur trade and the waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Ohio River Valley. Also, French trade activity was holding back the British from expanding.

What was one way the Song improved the Chinese system of government?

The Song improved the government by hiring government workers based on merit and test scores instead of family connections.

When did the Soviet Union dissolve?

The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991

What was the Spanish Armada, and why was it used to attack England?

The Spanish Armada was King Philip II's fleet of ships. He sent the Spanish Armada to overthrow Protestantism (and the queen) in England, but the English ships destroyed the Spanish fleet.

What amendment made the end of slavery in the US official?

The Thirteenth Amendment officially abolished slavery.

American independence came through which 1783 Treaty?

The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally recognized the American colonists' independence from the British.

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty that was signed in 1919 that forced Germany to accept full responsibility for the war, reduce its military, give up its foreign colonies, return Alsace-Lorraine to France, turn over land along the Rhine River to the allies so it could be made into a demilitarized area, and pay a large compensations to other countries in the war.

Name the countries that belonged to the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.

The Triple Alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente included Russia, Britain, and France.

Discuss why the US became involved in the conflicts between North Korea and South Korea and between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

The US became involved in both conflicts because it was afraid that if the communists took over non-communist countries, other Asian countries might also become communist.

What is the full name of the Western military pact, and what is the abbreviation?

The Western military pact is called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

What did the agreement between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin state?

The agreement between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin stated that Christian pilgrims could visit Jerusalem

What was the arms race? Who was involved?

The arms race was a period when the US and the Soviet Union built up their armies and weapons just in case a war was declared.

What was the code of the bushido?

The code of the bushido was a set of rules that samurai took an oath to follow. Samurai were expected to act honorably, follow the code, be fearless in the face of the enemy, and to commit suicide instead of ever surrending

What effect did the Ice Age have on the planet?

The cold weather of the Ice Age pushed humans toward warmer regions. Also, sea levels were lower, so land bridges connected continents, and humans used these to travel to distant places.

What was the controversy when California wanted to join the Union?

The controversy was that California wanted to be a free state, but this would have made an unequal number of free and slave states.

What was the encomienda system and how did the Spaniards benefit from it?

The encomienda system allowed Spaniards to force Native Americans to work on Spanish-held plantations. Native Americans were supposed to get food and other care for their work but were treated poorly. The Spaniards profited greatly from the free labor.

What was the first Industrial Revolution? Be sure to note the time period in your answer.

The first Industrial Revolution began in the 1760s and lasted until about the mid-1800s. It was a time when new technology changed the way products were made, how farming was done, and the way people lived.

How might the first Industrial Revolution have led to the women's rights movement?

The first Industrial Revolution created a demand for even more workers, so women began taking jobs in factories and later on as secretaries, salesclerks, and typists. Some women became teachers and nurses. Therefore, the Industrial Revolution encouraged an expanded role for women outside of the home.

He did geography help civilizations develop in Mesopotamia?

The first civilizations started in the Fertile Crescent, where the rich soil produced abundant crops for people to grow food and thrive.

Where were the first civilizations mostly found?

The first civilizations were mostly found around Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, China, and Central America

What were the first modern computers like?

The first modern computers were huge and weighed around thirty tons.

Germany was divided into four zones after WWII. Who controlled these zones?

The four zones were controlled by Great Britain, France, the US, and the USSR

How long did the golden age of Indian culture last, and what was invented during this time?

The golden age lasted about 200 years. It started when the Gupta dynasty took over and lasted until the Huns invaded. During this time, Indians invented a technique for printing on cloth, the decimal system, and the concept of zero.

When and why did the golden age of China come to an end?

The golden age of China lasted until the Mongols came to power in the late 1200s and got rid of the last Song emperor by 1279.

What was so "golden" about the "golden age of China"? Why did it earn this nickname?

The golden age of China was "golden" because many important inventions and advancements were made. The Song improved the government by hiring based on merit. New technology with irrigation improved food cultivation and created food surpluses. Therefore, there was leisure time and the Chinese created new music and art, and painted landscapes on silks. The Chinese invented gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and movable type to print books, which allowed more people to learn to read, including women. More books helped educate more people.

What was the "golden age of Greece"? When was it and what was produced during this time?

The golden age of Greece was from 479 BCE to 431 BCE. Athens grew wealthy from silver and trade and achieved a great deal in religion, philosophy, art, and architecture.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the warming of the earth due to carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect contributes to global warming and climate change.

What is the main difference between the Sunnis and the Shiites?

The main difference between the Sunnis and Shiites is that the Sunnis believed that any religious Muslim man could lead the community. However, the Shiites believed the next ruler should be a descendant of Muhammad.

What was the major factor contributing to the decline of the world economy?

The major factor that harmed the world economy was WWI, because the countries that had been involved were broke by the time it ended. Overall, wages went down, sales went down, and the agricultural market went down.

What was the principal idea of the Enlightenment?

The principal idea of the Enlightenment was that science, reason, and natural laws of behavior would help people better understand the world and brin them to a more enlightened state.

What was the purpose of the feudal system? How did it work?

The purpose of the feudal system was to organize the economy, politics, and military. Kings and nobles owned land but gave pieces to the lesser nobles (vassals). In turn, vassals had to follow the landowners rules and fight for him. Serfs farmed the land and lived on a lord's manor.

What event in particular caused the Indian soldiers to revolt against the British?

The revolt against the British started when some sepoys refused to load their rifles because of religious objections. When the British put these soldiers in prison, an all-out mutiny began, and the remaining sepoys freed the jailed soldiers.

Under which dynasty were the teachings of Confucius used to create political peace between northern and southern China?

The ruler Tang Taizong of the Tang dynasty used the teachings of Confucius to strengthen political peace between northern and southern China.

Describe ancient Chinese rulers' relationship to power. Was power something they gained over a lifetime or something they were born with?

The rulers of ancient China believed in the Mandate of Heaven, which was a command from heaven that destined them to rule. Therefore, they were born with power, and the king was considered the link between heaven and earth.

What is the sacred text of the Israelites, and what does it say about Abraham and Moses?

The sacred text of the Israelites is the Torah. According to the Torah, Abraham taught the Israelites monotheism and was commanded by God to leave Mesopotamia and lead them to Canaan. The Torah says that when the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, Moses led them out of Egypt in the Great Exodus and gave them the Ten Commandments, which were divine laws.

The Declaration of Independence calls for three inalienable rights. What are they? Who influenced the writing of the Declaration?

The three inalienable rights are "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The Declaration was influences by the French Enlightenment thinkers and John Locke

What did the winner gain from the Russo-Japanese War?

The winner of the Russo-Japanese War was Japan. Russia had to hand over control of Port Arthur, the Russian rail system in Manchuria, and part of the island of Sakhalin. Japan's victory also gave it a different reputation - it was now seen as a major power in the world.

Why do you think Buddhism became such a popular religion in so many countries outside of India?

There are lots of possible reasons, but some might be because of Buddhism's focus on personal enlightenment, giving up selfishness to end suffering, finding inner peace, and practicing yoga and other exercises to free the mind and soul.

How many constitutional amendments are in the Bill of Rights?

There are ten amendments in the Bill of Rights

Until the 1800s, how many trading partners did Japan have? Who were they?

There was only one main trading power in Japan until the 1800s - the Dutch

What group was responsible for events that occurred on September 11, 2001?

These attacks were carried out by Al-Qaeda, a radical Islamist terrorist group.

human migration

When people move from one place to another, usually over a long distance, with the plan to settle in the new area for a long period of time

What did the Persians do when they conquered the Chaldeans?

When the Persians conquered the Chaldeans, they allowed the Israelites to return to Israel and rebuild Jerusalem and its temple.

What happened after the colonists decided not to pay taxes?

When the colonists refused to pay taxes, King George III sent troops to Boston and there was a confrontation called the Boston Massacre in which Redcoats killed five colonists.

Theocracy

a form of government in which God or a deity is the supreme ruler; priests often have authoritative power and kings rule by divine right and live in large palaces

Vizier

a high-ranking official or counselor

Empire

a large area of many territories and peoples, all controlled by one government

epic

a long poem, usually centered around a hero

The Old Kingdom

a period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC, saw the construction of the great pyramids of Egypt, the largest of which was the Great Pyramid of Giza, and the Great Sphinx was built to protect it.

The Middle Kingdom

a period of order and stability that lasted until from 2200 BCE to about 1750 BCE, Kush, or Nubia, an area south of Egypt was conquered

Nomad

a person who has no permanent home and travels to find food

The fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 can be attributed to: A) attacks from the Christian crusaders B) attacks from the Turks C) both D) neither

c) both (attacks from the Christian crusaders and the Turks)

divine right

belief that the right to rule comes directly from god, not from the consent of the people

city-states

cities that also acted as politically independent states, they have their own government, army, and king. Trade between city-states was regulated through religious temples, which also functioned as storage units for surplus goods. Priests often collected rent from farmers and acted as tax collectors in each city-state

staple crops

crops people would rely on most for food

Akhenaten

early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with a monotheistic religion around the worship of Aten, the sun god, his wife was Nefertiti, considered one of the most beautiful queens of Egypt

social class

groupings of people ranked by social status; kings and queens were at the top, with priests and religious authorities beneath them, next in line were government and military officials, then came artisans, merchants, and small traders, farmers were below them and at the bottom were slaves.

Clans/tribes

groups of families who lived together

Prehistory

history before written records

Sargon

leader of the Akkadians, that conquered the Sumerian city-states and established an empire that lasted from 2370 BCE to about 2125 BCE

Hammurabi's Code

list of 282 laws; first time laws were written out, and therefore the first time people could know who they would be punished if they committed a crime, laws were based on the idea of an "eye for an eye", meaning that the punishment should be equally as bad as the crime, however it varied based according to the class of the victim and the lawbreaker, covered all aspects of daily life

slaves

people owned as though they were property

division of labor

people specializing in different roles within a society

Hieroglyphics

picture-like symbols used for writing

Delta

plain at the mouth of a river

Kemet

rich, dark soil that was deposited on the riverbanks after the Nile's annual flood, "black land", perfect for farming, leading to a surplus of food and well-fed people

Civilization

society organized around a centralized government, a means of food production, a system of writing, art and architecture, and job specialization

Hieratic script

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

Dynasty

succession of rulers from the same family

Explain the details of the New Deal program?

the New Deal set up agencies to help people through the financial crisis, such as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to help the unemployed, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to raise food prices to help farmers, and the Public Works Administration (PWA) to sponsor public works projects and create new jobs.

Sumeria

the first civilization in Mesopotamia and developed around 4000 BCE, because of the flash floods that washed entire areas out the inhabitants were convinced that other forces were at work and turned to religion to explain the destructive floods

The New Kingdom

the period from about 1550 to 1070 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory

Pharaoh

the title given to ancient Egyptian kings

archeology

the study of human history and prehistory through things people made, used, and left behind

Sumer developed

the wheel, the potter's wheel, glass, a type of seed drill to plant grain crops, and cuneiform writing

Artifacts

they can be tools, instruments, or anything made by humans in past civilizations

Akkadia

this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

barter

to exchange one good for another, exchanged without money

Domesticate

to tame or adapt for your own use