t/f

Students who are gifted are often underchallenged and may become disruptive, skip classes, and lose interest in achieving.

True

The chronosystem refers to a student's sociohistorical conditions, such as whether he or she attended preschool.

True

The cognitive information-processing approach emphasizes that children manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.

True

The conditioned response is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the UCS-CS pairing.

True

The impulsive student has trouble locating relevant information from a field of irrelevant information.

True

The more extensively a student processes new information, the more likely it is that the student will remember it.

True

Network theories describe how information is transformed from short-term to long-term memory.

False

People who have general intelligence do not have specific intellectual abilities.

False

Recent research supports the idea that the brains of males and females are far more different in structure than they are similar.

False

Regardless of his or her field of expertise, an expert has a better memory than a novice when presented with a new and unfamiliar topic.

False

A person's intelligence can be evaluated directly when a variety of intelligence tests are used.

False

Ineffective teachers possess commitment and motivation.

False

A student's style of learning is typically consistent across schools, grades, and subjects.

False

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, for an individual at the conventional level, morality is completely internalized and not based on external standards.

False

According to Vygotsky's theory, the culture in which a student lives has minimal influence on the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of students.

False

According to a recent survey, the "best teachers" expect too much from students

False

An efficient use of peer tutoring is to have tutors assess the tutee's improvement so that the tutor can accurately target remedial help.

False

An example of relational aggression would be one child yelling at his/her friend.

False

Applied behavior analysis involves applying the principles of classical conditioning to change human behavior.

False

As long as a teacher possesses expert knowledge in a particular subject area, she will be an effective teacher in transferring content information.

False

Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed that the length of time that information is held in the short-term memory has little influence on the chance that this information will make it into long-term memory.

False

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is five times more common in girls than in boys.

False

Case studies are typically used when controlled research is conducted in the laboratory

False

Classroom fears can develop when a child associates the classroom with being criticized. In such a situation, the classroom itself is the unconditioned stimulus

False

Constructivist teaching in science emphasizes the learning of facts and concepts.

False

Critics of learner-centered instruction argue that it gives insufficient attention to the process of learning and too much attention to academic content.

False

Discrimination refers to one's ability to distinguish between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.

False

Dyscalculia is a learning disability that involves a difficulty in expressing thoughts in writing composition.

False

Early adulthood involves the transition from childhood to adulthood.

False

Effective teachers only use assessment to document their students' performance after instruction.

False

Effective teachers tend to be critical, aggressive, and manipulative when interacting with students.

False

For most students, discovery learning is least effective when guided.

False

Girls are equally likely as boys to be classified as having a learning disability.

False

Grade level and age tend to be good predictors of children's development

False

If the results of correlational research indicate that two traits are highly correlated, then one trait most likely is the cause of the other.

False

In 1954, Leta Hollingworth developed the concept of programmed learning, which involved reinforcing the student after a series of steps until the student reached a learning goal.

False

In promoting concept formation it is more effective to present the entire concept map to students than to risk students making errors by completing one on their own.

False

Individuals in collectivistic cultures typically develop successfully even if they lack a positive sense of self and a sense of connectedness to others.

False

Inductive reasoning involves reasoning from the general to the specific.

False

Low-road transfer occurs most often with novel skills.

False

Metacognitive functioning in mathematics is facilitated when the focus is on whether students' answers are right or wrong.

False

Most experts agree that genetics (rather than environment) determines a child's intelligence.

False

Network theories assume that long-term memories are not very exact, while schema theories assume specific facts can be retrieved quite accurately.

False

Pedagogical content knowledge refers to comprehensive knowledge about content of a particular discipline.

False

Phonology, the sound system of a language, plays a minor role in the early development of reading skills.

False

Piaget believed that children who engage in "private speech" are more socially competent than children who do not.

False

Researchers have found that it takes English-language learners approximately three years to develop speaking and reading proficiency, and most bilingual programs last this long.

False

Seatwork refers to the practice of having students work together in small groups at their seats.

False

Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control the student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

False

Since the turn of the 20th century, children's scores on IQ tests have decreased dramatically

False

Social constructivist approaches to writing emphasize that writing is best understood as being internally generated rather than culturally embedded.

False

Teachers can safely assume that students who show creative thinking skills in mathematics will also exhibit these skills in language and art.

False

The cells in the brain responsible for processing information stop dividing early in childhood. Brain development is not influenced by outside experiences or actions.

False

The first step in solving a problem is to develop good problem-solving strategies.

False

Thinking about personal associations with information can be distracting, thus making it more difficult for students to remember.

False

Vygotsky believed that the child's development is independent of social and cultural activities.

False

When a student creates a poster, we can observe his or her mental processes.

False

When implementing peer tutoring in the classroom, it is best to assign students to a single role as either tutor or tutee.

False

When using the "direct instruction" approach, teachers are encouraged to criticize students who are unable or unwilling to keep an academic focus.

False

A low-achieving older student typically benefits when asked to tutor a younger student because teaching someone else is one of the best ways to learn.

True

A metacognitive activity occurs when students use self-awareness to adapt and manage strategies during actual problem solving and thinking.

True

A prompt is an added stimulus that increases the likelihood that a discriminative stimulus will produce a desired response.

True

A teaching implication of brain science is that children will be better able to focus and maintain attention as myelination progresses.

True

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the preconventional level, moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishments.

True

According to both Piaget and Vygotsky, teachers should play the role of facilitator rather than director.

True

According to recent research, students with older friends are more likely to engage in deviant behavior than their counterparts who have same-age friends.

True

Adolescents are more skillful at many aspects of inductive reasoning than are children, including analogies, but not as good as young adults.

True

An individual's attention span typically increases as he or she progresses from early childhood through middle and late childhood. Children typically have more trouble focusing their attention and maintaining it during early childhood than they do during middle and late childhood.

True

As children grow, their capacity for self-regulation increases.

True

As compared to individuals of middle- and upper-socioeconomic status, individuals of low-socioeconomic status often have less power to influence a community's institutions.

True

Being an effective teacher means paying attention to goal setting and planning.

True

By age 8, a child should be able to articulate words correctly.

True

Children benefit when their parents and teachers actively engage them in conversation, ask questions, and emphasize interactive rather than directive language.

True

Children with disabilities must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have the disability are educated.

True

Children's ability to control and direct their attention increases as they get older.

True

Compared to children without a learning disability, children with a learning disability are more likely to show poor academic performance and are more likely to drop out of school.

True

Complaints of earaches, colds, and allergies could be a sign that the child has a hearing

True

Dejohn is a high-achieving student who is also a self-regulatory learner. Dejohn most likely sets specific learning goals and uses more learning strategies as compared to his low-achieving peers.

True

Emotional and behavioral disorders may involve relationships, aggression, depression, or fears associated with personal or school matters.

True

Episodic memory is the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings, such as students' first day of school or where they went on their first date.

True

From the social constructivist perspective, it is important that students participate in a writing community to understand author/reader relationships.

True

Gender bias is present in classrooms, as evidenced by boys being more likely than girls to be identified as having learning problems and problem behavior.

True

Good interviews and surveys involve concrete, specific, and unambiguous questions

True

Good tutoring involves scaffolding by providing students only the assistance they need given their level of performance at the time.

True

Historically, in a traditional classroom, students are receivers of information that is dispensed by teachers and textbooks.

True

Individuals with mild mental retardation can be expected to develop academic skills at approximately the sixth-grade level.

True

Kohlberg believed that a child's moral thinking can be advanced through discussions with others who reason at the next higher stage.

True

Memory and thinking are central to the cognitive information-processing approach.

True

Most persons who are avid readers indicate that they have at least one other person to talk with about reading and what to read next.

True

Motivation and emotion are also important aspects of learning.

True

One message conveyed by self-regulatory learning is that learning is a personal experience that requires active and dedicated participation on the part of the student.

True

One of the major figures in shaping the field of educational psychology was E. L. Thorndike.

True

One strategy for helping students form concepts is to encourage them to develop hierarchical arrangements of a concept's characteristics.

True

One way to improve transfer is to give students representations or models, such as matrices or checklists that help them structure a problem-solving activity.

True

Piaget believed that children construct knowledge by transforming, organizing, and reorganizing previous knowledge.

True

Planning, problem solving, revising, and metacognitive strategies are important to enhancing students' writing skills according to the cognitive approach to writing.

True

Recent research (Chiu, 2007) shows that science achievement is linked to a student's family support and access to resources.

True

Rehearsal works best for students when they need to remember a list of items over a brief period of time.

True

Relationships among students from different cultural backgrounds typically improve when students share personal worries, successes, failures, interests, and other information about themselves.

True

Researchers have found that collaborative teaming often results in gains for children, as well as improved skills and attitudes for teachers.

True

Response cost refers to taking away a certain positive reinforcer when a student displays an undesirable behavior. It usually involves some type of penalty or fine.

True

Semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

True

Situated cognition refers to the idea that a student's thinking is embedded in social and physical contexts.

True

Social cognitive theory states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.

True

Social views of gender argue that children's gender development is shaped by families, schools, peers, and the media.

True

Students show improved achievement when a framework is established for new material. This helps orient students toward learning the material.

True

The concept of person-situation interaction states that the best way to characterize an individual's personality is not in terms of personal traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation involved.

True

The pattern of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begins at conception and continues through the life span is called development.

True

The term "handicapping conditions" is used to describe impediments imposed by society to the learning and functioning of individuals with a disability.

True

The whole-language approach to reading focuses on becoming immersed in the natural world of print and should be integrated with other skills and subjects.

True

Though teachers cannot think for their students, teachers can help guide students to construct their own thinking.

True

Though, on average, white American school children score 10 to 15 points higher on IQ tests than African American children, approximately 20 percent of African American children score higher than do half of all white school children.

True

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development has stimulated considerable interest in the view that knowledge is situated and collaborative.

True

When assigning children to groups, it is best to have approximately equal numbers of boys and girls.

True

When students teach something to others, such as during cooperative learning or peer tutoring, they tend to learn it more deeply.

True

When they are not having a seizure, children with epilepsy exhibit normal behavior.

True

When they are presenting lectures, it is recommended that teachers keep them short and intersperse them with questions and activities.

True

William James is responsible for writing the first psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology, in 1890.

True