The American Pageant Study Guide Chapter 12 APUSH

infrastructure

the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

turning point during War of 1812 when General Andrew Jackson defeated 1,000 Red Sticks, killing 800

What was the peculiar institution?

"(Our) peculiar institution" was a euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American South. "Peculiar", in this expression, means "one's own", that is, it refers to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular place or people. The proper use of the expression is always as a possessive, e.g., "our peculiar institution" or "the South's peculiar institution". It was in popular use during the first half of the 19th century, especially in legislative bodies, as the word slavery was deemed "improper", and was actually banned in certain areas. Some (e.g., Kenneth M. Stampp) see this expression as specifically intended to gloss over the apparent contradiction between lawful slavery and the statement in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal". But, in fact, at the time this expression became popular, it was used in association with a vigorous defense of slavery as a good thing. One of the leaders in using the phrase, and in advancing the argument that slavery was a "positive good", establishing the proper relation between the races, was John C. Calhoun, most notably in his Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions.[citation needed] In his March 1861 "Cornerstone Speech", Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens even argued that Jefferson's words in the Declaration were mistaken, and that the Confederacy's new Constitution, establishing "our peculiar institution", had rectified the error.

What is Stephen Decateur's most famous quote?

"Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong."

Who was Thomas MacDonough?

(December 31, 1783 - November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century American naval officer noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near Middletown, Delaware.

Fort McHenry

-during this battle of the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key composed the "Star-Spangled Banner"

Fletcher vs. Peck

-reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

War of 1812

1812-1814, Britain and US; fought over freedom of the sea, impressment

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837, 7th President

"Not one inch of Territory Lost or Ceded" v. "On to Canada" Explain.

6k Americans will be killed Americans were unified adn feeling good about themselves

What did Gibbons vs. Ogden decide?

A New York state law gave to individuals the exclusive right to operate steamboats on waters within state jurisdiction. Laws like this one were duplicated elsewhere which led to friction as some states would require foreign (out-of-state) boats to pay substantial fees for navigation privileges. In this case Thomas Gibbons -- a steamboat owner who did business between New York and New Jersey under a federal coastal license -- challenged the monopoly license granted by New York to Aaron Ogden. New York courts consistently upheld the state monopoly.

Tariff of 1816

A protective tariff designed to help American industries

What happened at the Battle of the Thames?

After the U.S. naval triumph in the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, the British commander at Detroit, Brigadier General Henry A. Procter, found his position untenable and began a hasty retreat across the Ontario peninsula. He was pursued by about 3,500 U.S. troops under Major General William Henry Harrison, who was supported by the U.S. fleet in command of Lake Erie. The forces met near Moraviantown on the Thames River, a few miles east of what is now Thamesville. The British, with about 600 regulars and 1,000 Indian allies under Tecumseh, the Shawnee intertribal leader, were greatly outnumbered and quickly defeated. Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed, destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories. After this battle, most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British. After destroying Moraviantown, a village of Christian Indians, the U.S. troops returned to Detroit. The U.S. victory helped catapult Harrison into the national limelight and eventually the presidency.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Agreement that limited naval power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada.

Why by 1814 were veteran Redcoats ready to pour into America from Canada?

American attempts to invade Canada in 1813 were again mostly unsuccessful. There was a standoff at Niagara, and an elaborate attempt to attack Montreal by a combined operation involving one force advancing along Lake Champlain and another sailing down the Saint Lawrence River from Lake Ontario failed at the end of the year. The only success was in the West. The Americans won control of the Detroit frontier region when Oliver Hazard PERRY's ships destroyed the British fleet on Lake Erie (Sept. 10, 1813). This victory forced the British to retreat eastward from the Detroit region, and on Oct. 5, 1813, they were overtaken and defeated at the battle of the Thames (Moraviantown) by an American army under the command of Gen. William Henry HARRISON. In this battle the great Shawnee chief TECUMSEH, who had harassed the northwestern frontier since 1811, was killed while fighting on the British side.

Hudson River School

American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects

Stephen Decatur

American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, "...our country, right or wrong!"

What beliefs did Daniel Webster argue in the Senate and before the Supreme Court?

American statesman Daniel Webster (1782-1852) earned fame for his staunch support of the federal government and his skills as an orator. Originally a lawyer, Webster was elected a New Hampshire congressman in 1813. He later served as a Massachusetts congressman and senator, becoming a leading proponent of federal action to stimulate the economy through protective tariffs, transportation improvements and a national bank. As U.S. secretary of state, he helped ease border tensions with Britain through negotiations of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842. Despite his standing as a Whig leader, Webster was never able to secure his party's nomination for the U.S. presidency. Webster gained fame for his championship of a strong federal government, though he had been a rather extreme advocate of states' rights at the beginning of his forty years in public life. As a congressman (1813-1817) from New Hampshire, he opposed the War of 1812 and hinted at nullification. As a congressman (1823-1827) and a senator (1827-1841, 1845-1850) from Massachusetts, he became a leading proponent of federal action to stimulate the economy through protective tariffs, transportation improvements, and a national bank. He won renown as the defender of the Constitution by denouncing nullification when South Carolina adopted it. Long an opponent of slavery extension, he spoke against annexing Texas and against going to war with Mexico. He held, however, that no law was needed to prevent the further extension of slavery when he urged the Compromise of 1850 as a Union-saving measure. As secretary of state (1841-1843, 1850-1852), Webster earned a reputation as one of the greatest ever to hold the office. His most notable achievement was the negotiation of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which settled a long-standing dispute over the Maine and New Brunswick boundary and ended a threat of war between Great Britain and the United States. The most highly paid attorney of his time, Webster exerted considerable influence on the development of constitutional law. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall adopted Webster's arguments in a number of significant cases, among them Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden. These decisions strengthened the federal government as against the state governments, the judiciary as against the legislative and executive branches, and commercial and industrial as against agricultural interests. As an orator, Webster had no equal among his American contemporaries. With the magic of the spoken word he moved judges and juries, visitors and colleagues in Congress, and vast audiences gathered for special occasions. His great occasional addresses, commemorating such historic events as the landing of the Pilgrims and the Battle of Bunker Hill, gave dramatic expression to his nationalism and conservatism. He reached the height of his eloquence in his reply to the nullificationist Robert Y. Hayne, a reply that concluded with the words 'Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!' In politics Webster along with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun formed what was called a 'great triumvirate,' though the three seldom combined except in opposition to President Andrew Jackson. All were ambitious for the presidency. Webster rivaled Clay for leadership of the Whig party but never obtained the party's presidential nomination except in his own state of Massachusetts. Whigs generally considered him unavailable because of his close association with the Bank of the United States and with Boston and New York businessmen, from whom he received generous subsidies. Although identified with the Boston aristocracy, Webster had come from a plain New Hampshire farm background. A college education, at Dartmouth, helped him to rise in the world. Despite his large income he remained constantly in debt as a result of high living, unfortunate land speculations, and expenses as a gentleman farmer.

What two military hero generals emerged from the War of 1812?

Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison

Land Act of 1820

Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash.

Panic of 1819

Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

What happened at the Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburg?

Battle of Plattsburgh, also called the Battle of Lake Champlain, (6-11 September 1814), battle during the War of 1812 that resulted in an important American victory on Lake Champlain that saved New York from possible British invasion via the Hudson River valley. In sum, a British army of some 14,000 troops under Sir George Prevost reached Plattsburgh in a joint land and sea operation. The American defenders included 1,500 regulars and about 2,500 militia commanded by Gen. Alexander Macomb, supported by a 14-ship American naval squadron under Commodore Thomas Macdonough. The outcome of the battle was determined on water when the British fleet was decisively defeated on 11 September. Deprived of naval support, the invading army was forced to retreat. The victory at Plattsburgh influenced the terms of the December peace drawn at the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. With fresh reinforcements from Britain, Lieutenant General George Prevost, governor general of Canada, initiated his plan to seize the American base at Plattsburg, New York, and destroy the American fleet on Lake Champlain. Prevost's objective was uncontested control of the lake. To accomplish this, Prevost planned a joint land and lake attack. He advanced a British force of 10,350 along Lake Champlain's south shore and on 6 September occupied Plattsburg, west of the Saranac River. Across the river were American defensive positions guarding the bridges. Offshore on the lake was anchored the American flotilla, commanded by Captain Thomas Macdonough: USS Saratoga (twenty-six guns), Eagle, Ticonderoga, and Preble, plus ten gunboats. Prevost's assault was to be coordinated with an attack on Macdonough by Captain George Downie's naval squadron: HMS Confidence (thirty-seven guns), Linnet, Chubb, and Finch, plus twelve gunboats. Downie arrived on 11 September. He ordered his four ships abreast and sailed directly at the American line, firing his long-range guns. Macdonough's guns were shorter range but heavier carronades. The wind died, disrupting Downie's formation. When the starboard batteries of Saratoga and Eagle were damaged, Macdonough used anchors to swing the ships so that their port guns could fire broadsides. Downie was crushed and killed by a cannon, and the Confidence, badly hurt, soon surrendered. Ticonderoga and Preble forced Finch to beach, but Preble was heavily damaged. Chubb and Linnet did little and both struck their colors after being hit by several broadsides. Prevost watched the naval disaster and revoked his already on-going attack. The next day he withdrew his army back to Canada. Losses: U.S., some 100 dead, 120 wounded; British, some 380 killed or wounded, more than 300 captured or deserted.

Who was Francis Scott Key and why is he significant?

Born on August 1, 1779, in Frederick County, Maryland, Francis Scott Key became a lawyer who witnessed the British attack on Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The fort withstood the day-long assault, inspiring Key to write a poem that would become the future U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." Key later served as a district attorney for Washington, D.C. He died on January 11, 1843.

What did the Jefferson Republicans say about Clay's system?

Clay's American System was one of his greatest contributions to American society. Clay presented it as a key aspect of his Whig Party's political platform, characterizing it as a plan for uniting the country economically and permitting the growth of a domestic manufacturing base. He explained it at length in a two-day speech to the House of Representatives in March of 1824, and again in a three-day speech to the United States Senate in February of 1832. The American System had four components: (1) federal aid for internal improvements, principally a system of canals and roads which would unite the country from the Canadian border to New Orleans, and permit easy shipment of products within an expanded home market; (2) a protective tariff, which would insulate domestic businesses from foreign competition, and raise funds for the internal improvements; (3) rechartering of the Bank of the United States, a national bank which would assure a stable currency; and (4) sale of public lands at prices high enough to serve as a supplemental source of financing for the internal improvements. Unlike Hamilton and Gallatin, Clay was able to get components of his plans enacted under the presidencies of James Madison and James Monroe. The tariff of 1816, for example, was protective and consistent with his System. The System began to crumble, however, after the Nullification Crisis caused by South Carolina's attack on the so-called Tariff of Abominations — the high protective tariffs which were an integral part of Clay's American System. Ever the compromiser, Clay cobbled together the Compromise of 1833 which ended the crisis and established tariffs for revenue only. The opposition which emerged to the American System had several foundations. The South opposed federal financing of internal improvements because of the power that would be vested in the federal government, a power which could lead to that government abolishing slavery. As one North Carolinian put it, "If Congress can make canals, they can with more propriety, emancipate." It also opposed protective tariffs because they assisted business growth in the North, while making products needed in the South more expensive to import.

What did Cohens vs. Virginia decide? Who was aghast by the decision?

Cohens v. Virginia, (1821), U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court reaffirmed its right to review all state court judgments in cases arising under the federal Constitution or a law of the United States. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for mandatory Supreme Court review of the final judgments of the highest court of any state in cases "where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of the United States and the decision is against its validity" or "where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of any state on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States, and the decision is in favor of its validity." In a case involving a dispute over extensive lands, Fairfax's Devisee v. Hunter's Lessee (1813), the Supreme Court had reversed Virginia's highest court and commanded it to enter a judgment in favour of the party originally ruled against. The Virginia court refused to obey the Supreme Court's mandate, declaring that "the appellate power of the Supreme Court of the United States does not extend to this court." As a result, the Supreme Court in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) affirmed the constitutionality of the Judiciary Act, thus asserting its right to appellate jurisdiction. Chief Justice John Marshall did not participate in either decision because he and his brother had contracted to purchase part of the land. Thus, the Cohens case presented him with his first opportunity to express himself on appellate jurisdiction. Two brothers named Cohen had been convicted in a Norfolk, Vir., court for selling District of Columbia lottery tickets in violation of Virginia law. The Cohens claimed they were immune from state laws because the lottery tickets had been authorized by Congress. Although the U.S. Supreme Court decided against them on the merits of the case, an opinion by Marshall reasserted the Supreme Court's jurisdiction over state courts and took a harsh view of the reliability of state courts. Marshall wrote, "In many states, the judges are dependent for office and for salary on the will of the legislature. [When] we observe the importance which [the Constitution] attaches to the independence of judges, we are the less inclined to suppose that it can have intended to leave these constitutional questions to tribunals where this independence may not exist, in all cases where a state shall prosecute an individual who claims the protection of an act of Congress." States' rights Proponents

What did Dartmouth vs. Woodward argue?

Contracts are important. They are legally-binding documents which are so powerful they can either grant you rights not specifically listed in the Constitution, or take them away. That's why it's so important to read them carefully. It is also important to note that contracts come in various forms. This became an issue in the 1819 Supreme Court case involving contracts of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. At the time, the American people were still figuring out exactly which powers were held by the state versus federal governments. They were also attempting to determine how governments relate to institutions that were older than their still-young nation. With Dartmouth College v. Woodward, the country was about to get some answers. The Case Background Dartmouth College is one of America's oldest institutions of higher education, created by a charter from King George III of England in 1769. A charter is a type of contract, outlining the rights and responsibilities of the institution being created. This charter established Dartmouth College, outlined its purpose and structure, and established that it was to be a private, not public, school of higher education. Fast-forward a few years. The American colonies had fought the Revolutionary War, won, and set about building their new nation. In 1816, the state government of New Hampshire decided that Dartmouth should be a public school and rewrote the school's charter. The new charter also changed how the trustees of the school were selected and what their powers entailed. The Case Lawsuit The trustees who were in charge of Dartmouth in 1816 were enraged by the changes to the charter made by the state government. They claimed that New Hampshire was overstepping its legal authority by interfering with the contract of a private institution. So, the former trustees got a lawyer, the famous New Hampshire statesman Daniel Webster, and filed a lawsuit against William Woodward, the state-appointed secretary of the board of Dartmouth under the new charter. Dartmouth College v. Woodward made it to the Supreme Court in 1819. The Case Decision The Supreme Court, then under Chief Justice John Marshall, heard all of the arguments, and in the end, ruled 5-1 in favor of the former trustees. The new charter was invalid. But why? According to Article 1, Section 10 of the United States Constitution, state governments may not impair, weaken, or cancel a contract. This is sometimes referred to as the contract clause of the Constitution, for obvious reasons. Since the charter that established Dartmouth was a contract, the state of New Hampshire could not revise it. It didn't matter that the contract was made while New Hampshire was still a colony of England. It didn't matter that Dartmouth was established before the Constitution was written, and it didn't matter that the English king had created the contract. The charter was representative of a valid contract, and therefore, the state could not cancel it. The Case Impact The ruling of Dartmouth v. Woodward had several implications. For one, it obviously meant that the new charter was invalid, and that the state government of New Hampshire could not force Dartmouth to become a public college. Incidentally, Dartmouth is still a private institution to this day. However, there was another impact as well. Schools are not the only institutions with charters. In the United States, when someone wants to form a corporation, they must create a corporate charter, which is a layout of the structure, goals, and purpose of the corporation that has to be approved by the state. This is true of both for-profit and nonprofit corporations. When the Supreme Court ruled that the royal charter that created Dartmouth College could not be impaired by the state government, people logically concluded that this ruling extended to corporate charters as well. Once the state accepted a corporate charter and the corporation was created, a contract had been formed. The state couldn't impair that contract.

Hartfort Convention

Crippled the federalist party

death of the Federalist Party

Especially important in the collapse of the Fedaralist party was the Hartford Convention of 1814-1815. This mostly Federalist convention in New England ended up suggesting some constitutional amendments but was alleged to consider the secession of New England from the Union and a separate peace with Britain. After the war the convention was widely viewed as an act of treason and a black mark on the reputation of the Federalist party. An under-appreciated reason for the collapse of the Federalists is that they were, essentially, a neo-mercantalist party. Hamilton and others were pro-industrialization not so much because they wanted to see individuals get rich through manufacturing, but because industrialization made the United States a more powerful nation in the international system. Yes, we tend to think of the Federalists as the "conservative" party, and yes, Hamilton was pro-bank and pro-business, but he was foremost a state builder. In this sense, the Federalists (and later the Whigs) are better thought of as ancestors to New Deal Democrats than to 20th Century Republicans. Like FDR, the Federalists and Whigs believed in a positive role for the state. What does this have to do with the Federalist Party's collapse? The War of 1812 disrupted manufacturing imports to the United States, which led even the Jeffersonian Republican Party to relax its policies toward industrialization. Henceforward, up-and-coming manufacturers found the laissez-faire Republican Party to be a more congenial home than the business-in-service-to-the-state Federalists. A surprising number of industrialists in the 1810s and 1820s were Republicans, not Federalists. Deprived of the industrialists who should have been the party's power base, the Federalists in the 1820s began to look increasingly hollow.

What were the fifth President's two terms in office called?

Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote and becoming the last president during the First Party System era of American politics. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was well received. With the ratification of the Treaty of 1818, under the successful diplomacy of his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the United States extended its reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, by acquiring harbor and fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest; the United States and Britain jointly occupied the Oregon Country. In addition to the acquisition of Florida, the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty secured the westernmost section of the southern border of the United States along the 42nd Parallel to the Pacific Ocean and represented America's first determined attempt at creating an "American global empire".[4] As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided, and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued, until the Panic of 1819 struck, and a dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection.

Battle of the Thames

Fight in which General Harrison defeated British forces in the Northwest

Who wrote the Missouri compromise?

For his work on the Missouri Compromise, Senator Henry Clay became known as the "Great Pacificator." The extraordinarily bitter debate over Missouri's application for admission ran from December 1819 to March 1820.

Were the American army and militia ready for the war of 1812?

For its part, the United States was far from ready to fight. The United States had not fought a war, or needed an army, for a long time. There were only 8,000 American soldiers. The soldiers who were young knew little about war. And the officers who knew about war were old enough to have led troops in the American Revolution. President James Madison named two top generals: 62-year-old Henry Dearborn and 63-year-old Thomas Pinckney. The United States had only a few warships and gunboats with which to face the British navy—the most powerful naval force in the world. Historian and professor Alan Taylor says the American people were divided about the war. "A majority of them supported the Madison administration, and agreed that they tried the embargo and it failed, and that something had to be done because national honor, they felt, was at stake. And that they needed to stop the British practice of impressment. And they were also upset about the British military aid to these Indian peoples who were restricting American expansion."

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress (1824)

What happened at the Battle of Fort McHenry?

In August 1814, British forces marched on Washington, defeated U.S. forces, and burned the Capitol. Then, on September 13-14, the British attacked Fort McHenry. The failure of the bombardment and sight of the American flag inspired Francis Scott Key to compose "The Star-Spangled Banner."

What was the Cumberland Road? Where did it begin and end? Importance?

The Cumberland Road, also called National Road, stretched along 600 miles and was the first federal highway in the United States of America and originally served as the main route to the Northwest Territory. The Cumberland Road was built between 1811-1837 and served as a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers Potomac and Ohio Rivers

Andrew Jackson vs. Indians of Florida

In the next few years, Jackson continued to serve as Major General over much of the south-east, with a salary of $2,400 a year and $1,652 in expenses. His staff lived with him, including Sam Houston, the future hero of Texas, and John Eaton (to be heard from later). The main military activity at that time was the driving of Indians out of lands which white Americans were pouring into, or were about to pour into. Sometimes there was the justification of Indian raids and massacres; sometimes not. One such affair, the First Seminole War, resulted in U.S. acquisition of Florida. Spain was fighting a losing battle against revolutions in South America. Florida was mostly a vast swampland, and, being separated from the rest of the Spanish territory, it just caused a dispersal of military manpower. Added to the U.S. however, it would make borders tidier and more defensible, largely preventing, for example, the sort of north-south pincer movement the British tried in 1814. Also the Seminole Indians straddled the Florida-Georgia border, and they could and did make crossbred raids, retreating to the other side when pursued. Another reason Spanish Florida was seen as a danger by the U.S. was that it contained a fort, inhabited by escaped slaves who, it was felt, encouraged other slaves to run away to its safety. The fort was blown up in 1816, killing 270. In late 1817, in response to the burning of an Indian village on U.S. territory, Seminoles massacred virtually all on board a transport. (4 men out of 40 escaped, one woman out of seven was spared, and the 4 children on board were all killed). It appears, in hindsight, that President Monroe (1817-25) somewhat expected Jackson to occupy Florida, and gave him ambiguous signals to that effect - the sort of signals that executives sometimes give their charges when they don't want to be blamed for an action. Jackson, went into Florida with a couple of thousand men and occupied the fort at St. Marks, in the East, and the fortified town of Pensacola, the center of Spanish rule in Florida. He also had two British subjects (allies of the Indians) hanged. The Spanish minister demanded evacuation and "suitable punishment" for Jackson. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams' reply berated the Spanish for not restraining the Indians, and included the following: "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory, ... or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact, ... a post of annoyance to them." This in effect said "Keep the inhabitants of Florida in line, or we'll do it for you." Behind the scenes, Secretary of War John C. CalhounSecretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, and Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky were perturbed. Calhoun was angry over Jackson's communications with the President, bypassing him. All three men had presidential ambitions, and Jackson's popularity threatened their hopes. Adams, however, backed Jackson up. Since Jackson was eventually sustained, he attributed it somewhat to his Secretary of War, Calhoun. Jackson had to put up with being called before Congress and berated - particularly by Henry Clay (whom Jackson was coming to hate). Four resolutions to censure Jackson failed, however. Adams negotiated a treaty buying Florida for five million dollars, and also giving the U.S. a very wide corridor in the West to the Pacific. Jackson then received the military governorship of Florida while it was being integrated as a U.S. territory. He did a good job, while there, of shaping new institutions compatible with integration in the U.S. He did however, as in New Orleans, use some heavy-handed tactics at times

When Missouri wanted to enter the union what issues arose?

In the years leading up to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, tensions began to rise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions within the U.S. Congress and across the country. They reached a boiling point after Missouri's 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state, which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states.

Gen. William Henry Harrison

Indiana territory gov; defeated Shawnee at Tippecanoe

Who was elected President in 1820?

James Monroe

Who was elected the fifth President of the United States in 1816?

James Monroe

What were the three parts of the compromise? How long did the Compromise last?

Missouri admitted as a slave state. Maine admitted as a free state. Slavery disallowed in future territories north of 36°30' except within Missouri itself. Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished.

What did the case McCulloch vs. Maryland ultimately decide? What theory did Chief Justice John Marshall use to issue his verdict?

McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819)[1], was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval officer who led the US victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813

What did Old Ironsides do?

On the afternoon of August 19, 1812 a mortal combat took place between the USS Constitution and the British frigate Guerriere 750 miles off the coast of Massachusetts. Barely fifty yards apart; each ship fired its twenty-two cannon point-blank into its opponent. The barrage from the British frigate seemed to be having little effect, however, as its cannon balls bounced off the Constitution's rugged oak sides. Seeing this, one of the Constitution's crewmen shouted: "Huzza, her sides are made of iron!" The Constitution's nickname was born.

Francis Scott Key's The Star Spangled Banner

O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there, O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream, 'Tis the star-spangled banner - O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion A home and a Country should leave us no more? Their blood has wash'd out their foul footstep's pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave, And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation! Blest with vict'ry and peace may the heav'n rescued land Praise the power that hath made and preserv'd us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto - "In God is our trust," And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812?

On December 24, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.

What effect did the new nation-consciousness have on its finances?

On July 4, 1788, Philadelphians turned out for a "grand federal procession" in honor of the new national constitution. Workers in various trades and professions demonstrated. Blacksmiths carted around a working forge, on which they symbolically beat swords into farm tools. Potters proudly carried a sign paraphrasing from the Bible, "The potter hath power over his clay," linking God's power with an artisan's work and a citizen's control over the country. Christian clergymen meanwhile marched arm-in-arm with Jewish rabbis. The grand procession represented what many Americans hoped the United States would become: a diverse but cohesive, prosperous nation.1 Over the next few years, Americans would celebrate more of these patriotic holidays. In April 1789, for example, thousands gathered in New York to see George Washington take the presidential oath of office. That November, Washington called his fellow citizens to celebrate with a day of thanksgiving, particularly for "the peaceable and rational manner" in which the government had been established.2 But the new nation was never as cohesive as its champions had hoped. Although the officials of the new federal government—and the people who supported it—placed great emphasis on unity and cooperation, the country was often anything but unified. The Constitution itself had been a controversial document adopted to strengthen the government so that it could withstand internal conflicts. Whatever the later celebrations, the new nation had looked to the future with uncertainty. Less than two years before the national celebrations of 1788 and 1789, the United States had faced the threat of collapse.

What happened to the Americans at Fort Michilimackinac?

On June 2, 1763, as part of the larger movement known as Pontiac's Rebellion, a group of Ojibwe staged a game of baaga'adowe (a forerunner of modern lacrosse) outside the fort as a ruse to gain entrance. After entering the fort, they killed most of the British inhabitants.

What was sectional disunity?

Rampant in US, military scrambled

Missouri Compromise

Settled the conflict that had arisen from Missouri's application for statehood

Economically, after the war, how did British industries aim to hurt American manufacturing?

Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-1815, involved with no geographical changes. The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain. All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest. American fears of the Native Americans ended, as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state. The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied. The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an "Era of good feelings" with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit. The British paid little attention to the war, concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America, contrary to many American politicians' hopes and expectations, but it did gain land from Spain. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors, and never resumed it, but they insisted they still had the right to resume it. Americans regained their honor and proclaimed victory in what they called a "second war of independence" for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America, and the threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention. In Britain, the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs: Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815, and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later. Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire. Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions. Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war.

What effect did the new nation-consciousness have on its military?

Spent a huge budget on the Military

What six issues did exist during President Madison's term of office that negated the popular name for that time-period?

The Articles of Confederation established the United States as an association of sovereign states with a weak central government. This arrangement was met with disapproval, and was most unsuccessful after the war. Congress had no power to tax, and was unable to pay debts from the Revolution, which concerned Madison and other nationalists, such as Washington and Alexander Hamilton, who feared national bankruptcy and disunion. The historian Gordon S. Wood has noted that many leaders, including Madison and Washington, feared more that the revolution had not fixed the social problems that had triggered it and that the excesses ascribed to the King were being seen in the state legislatures. Shays' Rebellion is often cited as the event that forced the issue; Wood argues that many at the time saw it as only the most extreme example of democratic excess. As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired." Partly at Madison's initiative, a national convention was called in 1787. Madison was pivotal in persuading Washington to attend the convention—he knew how instrumental the general would be to the adoption of a constitution. Years earlier Madison had pored over crates of books that Jefferson sent him from France on various forms of government. The historian Douglas Adair called Madison's work "probably the most fruitful piece of scholarly research ever carried out by an American." Many have argued that this study helped prepare him for the convention.[citation needed] As a quorum was being reached for the convention to begin, the 36 year old-Madison wrote what became known as the Virginia Plan, and the work of the convention quickly became to amend the Virginia Plan and to fill in the gaps. Though the Virginia Plan was an outline rather than a draft of a possible constitution, and though it was extensively changed during the debate (especially by John Rutledge and James Wilson in the Committee of Detail), its use at the convention led many to call Madison the "Father of the Constitution". During the course of the Convention, Madison spoke over two hundred times, and his fellow delegates rated him highly. William Pierce wrote that "... every Person seems to acknowledge his greatness. In the management of every great question he evidently took the lead in the Convention ... he always comes forward as the best informed Man of any point in debate." Madison recorded the unofficial minutes of the convention, and these have become the only comprehensive record of what occurred.

Why did America's manufacturing improve during the war?

The British government did not let them do this because it wanted to be able... Americans saw an increase in manufacturing during the War of 1812 because the war cut them off from their previous supply of imported manufactured goods. With imports cut off, the Americans had to make their own manufactured goods.

burning of the Capitol and White House

The Burning of Washington was a British attack against Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. It marks the only time in U.S. history that Washington, D.C. has been occupied by a foreign force. President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the "United States Capital for a Day." President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville. Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden, very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away, killing British troops and American civilians alike. Following the storm, the British returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. After the "Storm that saved Washington", as it soon came to be called, the Americans were able to regain control of the city.[3]

What were the reasons for the explosion of westward expansion?

The California Gold Rush was a major factor in expansion west of the Mississippi. That westward expansion was greatly aided by the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, and passage of the Homestead Act in 1862.

Treaty/Convention of 1818

The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, was an international treaty signed in 1818 between the above parties. Signed during the presidency of James Monroe, it resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia. The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' only permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power. Britain ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the U.S. ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory above the 49th parallel.

Knickerboxer group

The Knickerbocker Group was a somewhat indistinct group" of writers, notably Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant, who were American pioneers in the literary fields of general literature, novels, and poetry and journalism, respectively. Other talented poets, playwrights, writers, novelists, journalists, and editors joined this writer's club, dubbed the "Knickerbocker Group" after Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York and pen name, "Diedrich Knickerbocker."

What happened at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend? Who was the person in charge for the Americans?

The Shawnee leader Tecumseh visited Creek and other Southeast Indian towns in 1811-1812 to recruit warriors to join his war against American territorial encroachment. The Red Sticks, young men who wanted to revive traditional religious and cultural practices, were already forming, resisting assimilation. They began to raid American frontier settlements. When the Lower Creek helped U.S. forces to capture and punish leading raiders, the Lower Creek were punished in turn by the Red Sticks. In 1813, militia troops intercepted a Red Stick party returning from obtaining arms in (Spanish colonial) Pensacola. While they were looting the material, the Red Sticks returned and defeated them, at what became known as the Battle of Burnt Corn. Red Sticks' raiding of enemy settlements continued; and in August 1813 they attacked an American outpost at Fort Mims. After the Fort Mims massacre, frontier settlers appealed to the government for help. Since Federal military forces were committed to waging the War of 1812 against Great Britain, the governments of Tennessee, Georgia, and the Mississippi Territory organized militia forces, which together with Lower Creek and Cherokee allies, fought against the Red Sticks. After leaving Fort Williams in the spring of 1814, Jackson's army cut its way through the forest to within six miles (10 km) of Chief Menawa's Red Stick camp Tehopeka, near a bend in the Tallapoosa River called "Horseshoe Bend"—located in what is now central Alabama, 12 miles (19 km) east of present-day Alexander City. Jackson sent General John Coffee with the mounted infantry and the Indian allies south across the river to surround the Red Sticks' camp, while Jackson stayed with the rest of the 2,000 infantry north of the camp. Added to the militia units were the 39th United States Infantry and about 600 Cherokee, Choctaw, and Lower Creek, fighting against the Red Stick Creek warriors.

What did the British set fire to in the Washington D.C. area?

The United States capital of Washington, D.C., burned 203 years ago today, but it may have been an act of nature that forced the British from the besieged city. The story of the brief British occupation of an undefended Washington, D.C., in 1814 is well-known.Aug 24, 2017

The Supreme lesson of the War of 1822 was?

The War of 1812 gave the young nation a lasting appreciation for the role of military strength in preserving the liberty of its citizens. The war might have continued to the utter ruin of the country and possibly the loss of American independence—certainly the destruction of American prosperity. Despite hopes to the contrary, the military disasters of this war made it clear that the U.S. could not rely on its geography as a national defense nor on strictly defensive armaments and troops; America would have to maintain an increased standing army and construct a blue-water navy, capable of both offensive and defensive action on a large scale. Most Americans recognized this fact and committed themselves to a stronger military. In the following decades, average federal defense spending remained much higher, as Congress and the American people kept in mind the unacceptable cost of failing to provide for the common defense of the United States.

What three things did the nationalism created by the war of 1812 inspire?

The War of 1812 inspired American nationalism for many reasons, one of which being that it was the first war that the country fought as an independent nation against a foreign enemy. In this case, the enemy was Great Britain, its North American colonies in what is now Canada and many Native American nations.

What did Fletcher vs. Peck decide? The decision was a clear assertion of what?

The case was initiated when Robert Fletcher of New Hampshire sued John Peck of Massachusetts for a broken covenant. Fletcher claimed that Peck had sold him something that he (Peck) did not rightfully possess: 15,000 acres of land in western Georgia (part of the Yazoo territory occupied by the Muskogee Indians). Fletcher claimed that the sale was not good because: 1. Georgia never had title to the land and thus could not transfer it to Peck (who subsequently sold it to Fletcher). 2. The sale in 1795 by Georgia to Peck was not good because of fraud on the part of Peck in obtaining the land. 3. The sale from Peck to Fletcher was not good because the Georgia legislature had repealed the act that gave Peck title. Note the order of the activities in the case: Georgia claimed the land; in 1795, they sold the land to speculators, among whom was John Peck; in 1796 a "new" Georgia legislature repeals the act under which the land has been sold to Peck; Peck, nevertheless, sold his land to Fletcher; Fletcher "discovered" that the sale is not what he thought it was and that Peck does not have a clear title; Fletcher went to court to invalidate the sale based on the three arguments above. The suit was filed in June of 1803 in the U.S. Circuit Court of Massachusetts. In 1807 the circuit judges upheld Peck on every point. (Note: the case came within federal judicial power because Fletcher and Peck were from different states.) Fletcher, who lost in the circuit court, carried an appeal to the US Supreme Court. In the Supreme Court the case was argued by Joseph Story for Peck (Story was a friend of Marshall's and would later serve with him and later with Taney on the Supreme Court). Fletcher's position was argued by Luther Martin of Maryland, and the Court had to adjourn several times because Martin came drunk. This points to the collusive nature of the suit: both Fletcher and Peck wanted the suit decided in Peck's favor because both wanted to establish that validity of the original land titles (such as Peck) held under the act of the first Georgia legislature. Fletcher, like Peck, was a land speculator who stood to profit from Peck winning the case. Fletcher v. Peck: The Opinion 1. Issue: did Peck have title to the land and could he sell the land to Fletcher? 2. Marshall's decision: Yes. 3. Marshall's reasoning: a. nothing in the state constitution prohibited the sale in 1795 of land to Peck (note this is a US court deciding a problem of state law in a case where the state is not a party). b. that the sale can not be overturned because of fraud. The court will not look at the "motives" of legislation, especially in a case where the state is not a party. c. if the sale was legal and not voided by fraud, then did the repeal act invalidate the sale? Marshall says no, because: i. acts done under law can not be repealed even if the law itself can be repealed ii. no state has the right to take (or take back) property without compensation. Marshall does not fine this in the Constitution (the Vth Amendment does not apply to the States) but does suggest this is a fundamental principle of all governments (a "natural law"). iii. even if not a fundamental value protected implicitly by all governments, the contract clause specifically prohibits the state from abridging contract obligations. 4. Problems with the Marshall opinion: a. Does the contract clause of the Constitution apply to this type of transaction? The original intent was only that it apply to transactions between private parties. This decision seems to place private property rights above the ultimate right of the state to work for the public good. b. Should a collusive suit in which one party does not argue the case strongly be used to decide a case? c. Did Georgia really have title in the first place? If the lands belonged to the Muskogee Indians, could Georgia claim and sell these lands? Fletcher v. Peck: Implications Marshall justified his opinion, in part, by suggesting the implications of deciding the case for Fletcher. If, Marshall argued, Fletcher had prevailed, such a decision would have given states complete freedom to abrogate private property rights. Moreover, such a decision, he stated, would make all property transactions risky because no one would ever be sure if fraud at some previous point in a string of transactions had occurred (which could void a subsequent sale). His opinion protected investment, decreased risk, and this encouraged economic development.

Why was the Hartford Convention the death knell for the Federalist Party?

The end of the Federalist Party also came about because of the War of 1812. In this war, the US fought Great Britain. The Federalists opposed this war for two main reasons. First, they approved of the British form of government because it was set up to reduce the power wielded by ordinary people.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.

Cohens vs. Virginia

court case that concluded that the court can invalidate state law and call them unconstitutional

From 1791-1819 how many new states joined the union? Why did people move west?

The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which doubled the country's territory, but brought it into minor conflict with the colonies of Spain which eventually resulted in the acquisition of Spanish Florida. The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean, though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom. The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican-American War, after which the victorious United States obtained Mexico's northwestern quarter, including what was quickly made the state of California. However, as the development of the country moved west, the question of slavery became too much to ignore, as there was a struggle to keep the number of northern abolitionist states equal to the number of southern slave states, with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas. This came to a head in 1860 and 1861, when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War led to the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress.

What did the Land Act of 1820 do?

enacted April 24, 1820, is the United States federal law that ended the ability to purchase the United States' public domain lands on a credit or installment system over four years, as previously established.

In what sense was the war a second war for independence?

The war was fought on land and on the sea and lasted almost three years. One of the biggest offensives was the British attack on the capital city of Washington, D.C. British soldiers landed on the East Coast on August 19, 1814, and stormed Washington on August 24. The 63-year-old Madison barely escaped capture as British soldiers burned Washington -- including the White House and the Capitol building (which housed the 3,000-volume Library of Congress at the time) -- before quickly moving on to Baltimore, Maryland. The United States and Britain each won several important battles. They eventually grew weary of warfare and signed a peace treaty in Belgium on December 24, 1814. The treaty recognized previous existing boundaries between American and British territory in North America.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

USSC ruled that states must abide to contracts and cannot interfere in them

What was the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans?

Under the command of General Andrew Jackson, American forces successfully repelled the invading British army (led by General Edward Pakenham)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

What did the tariff of 1816 do?

the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from overseas competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government.

Battle of New Orleans

War of 1812 battle when the United States defeated the British in January

Was the attempt to take Canada successful?

When U.S. General William Hull assembled a force of about 2,000 men and led them to Detroit, the jumping-off point for an intended assault on nearby Fort Malden in Upper Canada, the British found out about his plans by seizing a schooner with his baggage and papers on it. To make matters worse for Hull, about 200 Ohio militiamen refused to go beyond American territory. The general nonetheless remained confident. On July 12, 1812, he took his men across the Detroit River and into Canada, where he immediately issued a written proclamation telling inhabitants that they would "be emancipated from tyranny and oppression." "Had I any doubt of eventual success I might ask your assistance, but I do not," Hull declared. "I come prepared for every contingency." These words proved immediately laughable. Hull briefly laid siege to Fort Malden but soon withdrew after warriors under the leadership of Shawnee chief Tecumseh intercepted his supply train. British commander Isaac Brock then chased the Americans back across the river and began launching cannon fire at Fort Detroit from the Canadian side. Brock arranged for a bogus document to reach the Americans that told of large numbers of Native Americans approaching Detroit. He also mentioned to Hull that he would be unable to control his Native American allies once the fighting started. An intimidated Hull ended up surrendering his entire army and the city that August after a cannonball smashed into his officers' mess, killing four. At around that same time, the British captured Fort Dearborn in present-day Chicago, along with an American outpost on Mackinac Island between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. Hull was later court-martialed and convicted of cowardice and neglect of duty.

Monroe Doctrine

a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in The Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States."[1] At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued on December 2, 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved or were at the point of gaining independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850.[2] By the end of the 19th century, Monroe's declaration was seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets. It would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan. The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only small variations for more than a century. Its stated objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations which could make the New World a battleground for the Old World powers, so that the U.S. could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations. After 1898, Latin American lawyers and intellectuals reinterpreted the Monroe doctrine in terms of multilateralism and non-intervention. In 1933, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. went along with the new reinterpretation, especially in terms of the Organization of American States

Who were the Blue Light Federalists?

a derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners, the specific event supposedly happening in 1813, in New London, Connecticut, when Commodore Stephen Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the New London river in sight of the British blockaders. He was convinced that these were signals to betray his plans. The Federalist Party had many members who pushed for peace with Britain and the portion of the Party which opposed further prosecution of the war was styled as the "blue light" faction by their enemies

McCullotch vs. Maryland

a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

What was the Tallmadge amendment?

a proposed amendment to a bill requesting the Territory of Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a free state. This amendment was submitted on February 13, 1819, by James Tallmadge, Jr., a Democratic-Republican from New York, and Charles Baumgardner.

What was the Hartford Convention? What seven things did the delegates propose?

a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government. Prohibiting any trade embargo lasting over 60 days; Requiring a two-thirds Congressional majority for declaration of offensive war, admission of a new state, or interdiction of foreign commerce; Removing the three-fifths representation advantage of the South; Limiting future Presidents to one term; Requiring each President to be from a different state than his predecessor. (This provision was aimed directly at the dominance of Virginia in the presidency since 1800.)

What were the three parts of Henry Clay's American System?

a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

What is the Virginia Dynasty?

a term sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia. ... The first five presidents were, in order, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.

What caused the Panic of 1819?

the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The treaty remained in full effect for only 183 days: from 22 February 1821 to 24 August 1821 when Spain signed the Treaty of Córdoba acknowledging the independence of Mexico. The Treaty of Limits, signed in 1828 and effective in 1832, recognized the border defined by the Adams-Onís Treaty as the boundary between the United States and Mexico.

What did the Rush-Bagot agreement do?

a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812. It was ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818,[1] and was confirmed by Canada, following Confederation, in 1867. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of lakes along the international boundary, where many British naval arrangements and forts remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted the United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818, laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America

three-pronged attack

an attack in three separate places against an enemy

Cumberland/National Road

built by the federal gov' in 1811

What were the Bladensburg races?

commonly viewed as a rout of American troops. The battle was referred to at the time as the "Bladensburg Races," after men were seen dropping their weapons and running from the field of battle. ... They burned the U.S. Capitol and other government buildings before abandoning the city the following day.Aug 22, 2004

effects of the War of 1812

increase in nationalism star spangled banner-Monroe Doctrine

Chief Justice John Marshall

insisted that federal laws were superior to state laws.

Monroe's Era of Good Feelings

marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System. President James Monroe strove to downplay partisan affiliation in making his nominations, with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from national politics. The period is so closely associated with Monroe's presidency (1817-1825) and his administrative goals that his name and the era are virtually synonymous. The designation of the period by historians as one of good feelings is often conveyed with irony or skepticism, as the history of the era was one in which the political atmosphere was strained and divisive, especially among factions within the Monroe administration and the Republican Party

What was revived by Congress in 1816?

nation-consciousness

Tallmadge Amendment

no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

What happened at the Battle of Lake Erie? Who led the Americans? What famous quote was he known for?

ought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812. Oliver Hazard Perry (August 23, 1785 - August 23, 1819) was an American naval commander, born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He was the son of United States Navy Captain Christopher Raymond Perry and of Sarah Wallace Alexander, and the older brother of Commodore Matthew C. Perry. Perry served in the West Indies during the Quasi War of 1798-1800 against France, in the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars of 1801-1815, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade, but is most noted for his heroic role in the War of 1812 during the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie.[1] During the war against Britain, Perry supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress.[2][3] His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war.[3] He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, "Don't Give Up the Ship" and his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, "We have met the enemy and they are ours; ..."

What is nationalism?

patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

American System

policies devised by Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of industry

Russo-American treaty of 1824

signed in St. Petersburg between representatives of Russia and the United States on April 17, 1824, ratified by both nations on January 11, 1825 and went into effect on January 12, 1825. The accord contained six articles. It gave Russian claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America south of parallel 54°40′ north over what Americans had known as the Oregon Country to the United States. The Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825 between Russia and Great Britain then fixed the Russian Tsar's southernmost boundary of Alaska at the line of 54°40′N — the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle — but Russian rights to trade in the area south of that Iattitude remained. The Oregon dispute between the United States and Britain over jurisdiction in the region was already underway as a result of the Adams-Onís Treaty between the U.S. and Spain over the latter's former claims north of the 42nd Parallel (today's Oregon-California boundary)