The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 14-20

Object

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Concept

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Pie graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Line graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time and space

Bar graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Problem-cause-solution-order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third point presents a solution to the problem

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization , and action

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Question of policy

A question of whether a specific course of action should or should or be taken

Informative speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Acceptance speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

Speech of introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

Commemorative speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

Speech of presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

Contrast

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Comparison

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, or ideas, etc.

Description

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Process

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

Creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

Chart

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

Graph

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

Event

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

Terminal credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

Derived credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech

Initial credibility

The credibility of speaker before he or she starts to speak

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are logic and reasoning

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Personalize

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience