The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 14-20
Object
Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
Target audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants to persuade
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Concept
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
Pie graph
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
Line graph
A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time and space
Bar graph
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
Problem-cause-solution-order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third point presents a solution to the problem
Monroe's motivated sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization , and action
Speech to gain passive agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
Speech to gain immediate action
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
Question of fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
Question of value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
Question of policy
A question of whether a specific course of action should or should or be taken
Informative speech
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
Acceptance speech
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Speech of introduction
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
Commemorative speech
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
Speech of presentation
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Contrast
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Comparison
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, or ideas, etc.
Description
A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
Process
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
Creating common ground
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
Chart
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
Graph
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.
Event
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening
Credibility
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
Terminal credibility
The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech
Derived credibility
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech
Initial credibility
The credibility of speaker before he or she starts to speak
Mental dialogue with the audience
The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
Logos
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are logic and reasoning
Ethos
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
Pathos
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
Burden of proof
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
Practicality
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
Personalize
To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience