Enviormental Science Study Guide MERCIER CCA

About how much energy in one trophic level transfers to the trophic level above it?

10%

So far, scientists have identified and described 1.7 to 2 million species. The best-educated guesses estimate that the total number of species on Earth is between h 5 to 30 million h 3 to 100 million h 17 to 22 million

5-30

The human population today is approximately h 300 million h 1.3 billion h 10 billion h 7.5 billion

7.5

Which of the following are considered part of the enviorment? Buildings, People, Forests

All of the above

A person holding a sign during a protest against cutting down trees in a forest would be concidered an? enviromentalist h ecological footprint h peer reviewer h environmental scientist

Enviormentalist

In a controlled study, all variables are controlled except two.

False

In the last several hundred years, human population has decreased dramatically

False

The community is the simplest level of organization that the ecologist studies. h True h False

False

A caribou is adapted to live in cold tundra environments. It would not be able to survive in a tropical forest because the tropical forest does not provide a suitable h community h habitat h population

Habitat

The variable a scientist manipulates in an experiment is called the? controlled variable, observation variable, dependent variable, independent variable

Independant variable

Why was minimata significant?

Mercury from the factory was polluting the fish, it was the first time there was a connection between pollution and health

What is true about energy transfer in communities?

Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as heat

Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable natural resource? h wind energy h sunlight h natural gas h geothermal energy

Natural Gas

Any of the natural materials and energy sources provided by nature that humans need to survive h theory h natural resources h data h ecological footprint

Natural Resources

Which steps are usually near the beginning of a scientific investigation? h hypothesizing and theorizing h observing and questioning h predicting and modeling h gathering and interpreting data

Observing and questioning

2. Which of the following is an interaction in which both organisms are harmed (-/-)? h parasitism h predation h commensalism

Parasitism

When glaciers retreated from North American, they left a bare landscape that then underwent h primary succession h secondary sucession h aquatic succession h a climax community

Primary succession

Natural resources that are naturally replenished over short periods are called h nonrenewable resources h fossil fuels h sustainable resources h renewable resources

Renewabile resources

Which of the following is an example of a method for managing whole ecosystems and habitats? h captive breeding h cloning h Species Survival Plans h mapping biodiversity hotspots

Species Survival Plans

Environmentalism is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment.

True

Hot glass looks the same as cold glass. 1. T 2. F

True

The ecosystem is the most complex level of organization that an ecologist studies. h True h False

True

Which of the following describes a population that is distributed evenly across an area? h random h uniform h clumped h crowded

Uniform

Which of the following best describes a successful individual in evolutionary terms? h a sucessful individual possess traits that are different from the traits of the rest of the population h a successful individual produces many offspring that possess unique traits h a succesful individual is well-adapted to its environment and produces offspring that survive to pass on genes

a succesful individual is well-adapted to its environment and produces offspring that survive to pass on genes

Which of the following will result in secondary succession? h hurricanes wipe out substantial portions of the New England forests every 80 years. h a volcanic eruption destroys every living thing on the volcano's slopes h a massive landslide leaves bare rock cliffs on a mountain slope

a volcanic eruption destroys every living thing on the volcano's slopes

How individuals of different ages are distributed in a population is called the population's h age ratio h age structure h sex ratio

age ratio

. What are the benefits of ecotourism? h helps people appreciate nature h promotes wildlife and habitat conservation h provides economic benefits to local people h all of these

all of above

Why don't scientists know exactly how many species are on earth? h many species are tiny and easily overlooked. h many organisms are hard to tell apart h some areas remain relatively unexplored h all of these

all of the aboce

A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment is known as h biocentrism h ecocentrism h anthropocentrism h environmentalism

anthropocentrism

Ants eat an apple. An ant-eater consumes the ants. A lion eats the ant-eater. Which of the following food chains represents this series of feeding relationships? h Ants-->apple-->ant-eater-->lion h apple-->ants-->ant-eater--->lion h lion-->ant-eater-->ants--->apple

apple-->ants-->ant-eater--->lion

You are heating a substance in a test tube. Always point the open end of the tube

away from all people

Which of the following gives value to all living things, both human and nonhuman? h biocentrism h ecocentrism h anthropocentrism h environmental justice

biocentrism

The following footwear is best in the lab h sandals h open-toed shoes h closed-toe shoes h shoes appropriate for th

closed toed shoes

Many conservation biologists support the idea of prioritizing habitat preservation is special areas of the world that possess exceptionally high numbers of species found nowhere else. These areas are called h conservation concessions h biodiversity hotspots h wildlife corridors

conservation concessions

Relieving a nation from repaying some of the money it owes other nations in exchange for protecting its biodiversity is called a h debt-for-nature swap h conservation concession h Species Survival Plan h wildlife corridor

debt-for-nature-swap

Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution? h decreased infant mortality h decreased food production h decreased levels of sanitation h decreased life expectancy

decreased infant mortality

The model that describes how industrialized nations undergo a large drop in birthrates and death rates is called h life expectancy h demography h the fertility rate transition h the demographic transition

demography

In an experiment, a scientist adds fertilizer to one pond to compare the algae growth to a pond that does not receive fertilizer. The amount of algae that grows would represent a(n)

dependant variable

All living things and their physical environment within a given area best defines

ecosystem

Giraffes, lions, zebras, hyenas, and all other living things of the Serengeti make up a(n)

ecosystem

Tigers living in warm climates have thinner coats of fur than tigers living in cool climates. This is a result of h genetic diversity h species diversity h ecosystem diversity

ecosystem diversity

What type of biodiversity is demonstrated by a seashore of rocky and sandy beaches, forested cliffs and ocean waters? h taxonomic diversity h ecosystem diversity h genetic diversity

ecosystem diversity

A wetland naturally purifying water is an example of a(n)

ecosystem service

Which is the most direct way in which biodiversity can provide a source of income? h medicines h ecotourism h research h agriculture

ecotourism

. Travelers visiting the Everglades National Park to picnic, camp and view the alligators and cypress trees would be best described as h subspecies h taxonomers h ecotourists

ecotourists

All the living and nonliving things with which an organism interacts

environment

When the environment changes too quickly for an organism to adapt, what will occur? h evolution h speciation h extinction

extinction

. A dead tree is an example of a biotic factor in a forest ecosystem. h True h False

false

. Competition describes an interaction in which both organisms benefit. h True h False

false

. You have many species of bacteria living in your gut and helping you with digestion. This relationship is best defined as commensalism. h True h False

false

An organism that depends on another without killing it is a predator. h True h False

false

It's ok to pick up broken glass with you bare hands as long as the glass is placed in the trash.

false

Mass extinctions occur gradually, one species at a time

false

Return all unused chemicals to their original containers.

false

Secondary succession begins with bare rock. h True h False

false

The US and Canada are in a Stage 3 or 4 of the Industrial demographic transition. h True h False

false stage 2

. Exponential growth curves are generally S shaped. h True h False

false,

What is the correct hierarchy of taxonomic groups, from largest to smallest? h family, genus, species, subspecies h genus, family, subspecies, species h family, genus, subspecies, species

family, genus, species, subspecies

What was the Torrey Canyon?

first masive oil spill in the ocean

What is the term scientists use to describe how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment? h adaptation h fitness h speciation

fitness

Wildlife corridors can help solve and prevent h habitat fragmentation h pollution h cloning h overharvesting

habitat fragmentation

. A deer browsing/munching on a shrub is an example of

herbivorism

A population's growth rate is determined by births, deaths, ______ and _____ h immigration and emigration h immigration and migration h migration and biotic potential h immigration and biotic potential

immigration and emigration

The replacement fertility rate for most countries is about 2.1. In the U.S., the total fertility rate has fallen to about 1.8. The likely result is that population will h increase and decrease randomly h grow h shrink h stay constant

increase and decrease randomly

Recently, the size of the human population has been h decreasing slowly h decreasing exponentially h increasing slowly h increasing exponentially

increasing slowly

. In order of smallest to largest, an ecologist studies life at these scales: h biosphere; ecosystem; population; individual; community h individual; community; population; ecosystem; biosphere h ecosystem; community; population; individual; biosphere h individual; population; community; ecosystem; biosphere

individual; community; population; ecosystem; biosphere

The country of Surinam is part of an agreement that has earned it about $15 million in exchange for preserving extensive areas of rain forest. This agreement is an example of a(n) h wildlife corridor h international biodiversity treaty h conservation concession

international biodiversity treaty

Competition between 2 individuals of the same species is h interspecific competition h intraspecific competition h niche

interspecific competition

What has happened to resource consumption in the last several hundred years?

it has increased dramaticly

Which is most important in allowing a species to become invasive?

lack of limiting factors

The largest population size a given environment can sustainably support is known as its h limiting capacity h logistic limit h carrying capacity h biotic potential

limiting

The main goal of Species Survival Plans is to h increase the number of biodiversity hotspots h create more laws regulating the treatment of wildlife h punish people and businesses that harm plants and animals h manage, protect, and reintroduce threatened and endangered species

manage, protect, and reintroduce threatened and endangered species

___ is an example of a primary producer, while a _____ is an example of an herbivore h Mango tree; caterpillar h caterpillar; grass h sunflower; shark

mango tree

Evolution = natural selection + mutations. The major problem with this is that h mutations are rarely beneficial and our genome is actually degrading h mutations don't exist h natural selection doesn't happen

mutations are rarely beneficial and our genome is actually degrading

A beehive depends on pollen from flowers to survive. Flowers depend on bees to pllinate them. Humans tend bee hives, offering the bees a place to live in exchange for some of their honey. The relationship amon these three sets of organisms is h parasitic h commensalist h symbiotic h mutualistic

mutualistic

In the Western US, at the southern edge of their range, moose are sometimes severely infested with ticks. The tick/moose relationship is best described as h predatory h parasitic h mutualistic

parasitic

What was the 1st evidence that Rachel Carson's theory about pesticides and DDT was correct? h the people of the bay became sick w/ Mercury poisoning h more fruit and vegetables were grown than ever before h pelican eggshells were softening and breaking before they were hatched, lowering the number of pelican

pelican eggshells were softening and breaking before they were hatched, lowering the number of pelican

In some areas, biodiversity is reduced by ______, the illegal capture or killing of an organism. h fragmenting h poaching h extirpating h extinction

poaching

Which of the following includes only biotic factors? h ecosystem h habitat h biosphere h population

population

. A niche restricted by competition is a h fundamental niche h realized niche h resource partitioned niche h displace niche

realized niche

A niche restricted by competition is a h fundamental niche h realized niche h displaced niche

realized niche

One of the final goals of a captive breeding program is to h reintroduce the organisms to the wild h bring nations together to promote biodiversity h reconnect fragmented habitats

reintroduce the organisms to the wild

You will be conducting a study of the interactions of vegetation, animals, mineral composition of the soil, and water levels in a saltmarsh. You are studying the

saltmarsh ecosystem

In Madagascar, several species of lemur eat bamboo, but each species specializes in one part of the bamboo - one species eats mature bamboo stalks, one species eats bamboo shoots, and one species eats leaves. This is an example of h speciation h resource partitioning h competition

speciation

The easiest component of biodiversity to measure is h ecosystem diversity h species diversity h genetic diversity h none can be measured

species

The Living Planet Index tracks h species decline h global climate trends h habitat improvement h past mass extinctions

species decline

Able to meet the current demand for a resource without depleting the future supply h sustainable h data h ethics h fossil fuel

sustainable

Where 2 different species live together best describes h symbiosis h predation

symbiosis

What has caused the carrying capacity of the human species to increase rapidly in recent years? h political changes h technology h animal population changes h climate

technology

What is shown by an age structure diagram? h where people of different ages are located in an area h the death rates for males and females in each age group h how many males and females there are in each age group h the total fertility rates for each age group

the death rates for males and females in each age group

In order for natural selection to occur a population must 1. produce many offspring, 2. the offspring must have inheritable characteristics and 3.

those characteristics must allow the organism to be fit

. A species that is likely to become endangered throughout all or part of its range is called a(n) h extirpated species h threatened species h invasive species h poached species

threatened species

Which fertility rate keeps the population size stable? h replacement fertility h stable fertility h balanced sex ratio h total fertility rate

total fertility rate

. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) and the Convention on Biological Diversity are examples of h organizations that promote poaching h polls measuring American opinion about biodiversity h treaties to protect biodiversity

treaties to protect biodiversity

. An ecosystem is considered stable if it is both resistant and resilient.

true

A trait that is passed to the next generations and promotes an individual's survival and reproduction is called an adaptation. h True h False

true

Animals gathering around a water hole in a drought prone area and estabolishing hierarchies of access to the water is an example of competition. h True h False

true

At the international level, the United Nations has facilitated several treaties to promot biodiversity.

true

Catastrophic events like floods are density-dependent factors that affect population growth. h True h False

true

Most scientists agree that cloning provides much help to prevent biodiversity loss compared to focusing on the ecosystem.

true

Photosynthesis is the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert oxygen and water into sugars. h True h False

true

Threatened species are at the highest risk of extinction. h True h False

true

Two populations of a deer species are separated when a glacier forms. After the glacier melts, the two populations have become different species. This is an example of allopatric selection h True h False

true

Which of the following is an example of a renewable natural resource? h crude oil h coal h wave energy h cooper

wave energy