C190 Unit 1 Module 1-3

Noise pollution can also affect other organisms, such as marine mammals. Researchers have noticed that loud noises from sonar in the oceans can affect the ability of whales to hunt or find mates. Which level of biological association involves the whales, their prey, and noise in the ocean?

Communities and ecosystems

Covalent bond-

Covalent bonds represent the sharing of the electrons (negatively charged subatomic particles between atoms). The number of covalent bonds that can form is dictated by the number of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom.

Abundant data have been collected on hearing and hearing loss in teens. Researchers have also used surveys to find out about the level of noise exposure among teens, including use of personal listening devices, attendance at concerts, and time spent in nightclubs. A researcher thinks there probably is a cause-effect relationship between noise exposure and hearing loss in teens. If the researcher is interested in analyzing data to test this idea, what would be a logical next step?

Find out if teens with higher exposures to noise also have higher rates of hearing loss.

Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond (H-bond) is an interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom with an unshared (lone) pair of electrons. In order for hydrogen to have a sufficient partial positive charge, hydrogen must be covalently attached to a very electronegative atom (O, N, P). A partially negative atom with a lone pair of electrons must also be a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

Ionic bond attributes

Moderately strong Occurs between charged atoms (ions) Electron transfer from one atom to another, resulting in a moderately strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Scientists like to know not simply that one variable causes a change in another, but exactly how this occurs, step by step. How does noise damage hair cells? To figure this out, at which levels will scientists probably need to seek answers?

Molecules and organelles

Are viruses alive?

No! Viruses lack some of the characteristics of life. For example, they do not directly use raw materials to replicate, and they do not grow at all. They also are not composed of cells. Because there are some characteristics of life they do not possess, viruses are generally not considered to be alive

The ear consists of many tissues working together to carry out a task and is best described as a(n) __________.

Organ

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle that is contained in the nucleus and has a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit.

Describe what an atom is and the subatomic particles of which it is comprised

All living and nonliving things are composed of matter. Matter can be defined as anything that occupies space and has mass

Ionic bond

An attractive force generated by the interactions between ions of opposite charges. An ionic bond forms due to an attraction between a positive and a negative ion. No electron sharing occurs in the ionic bond. In the formation of an ionic bond, electrons are said to be transferred from one atom to another.

Biome

Areas of the Earth with similar characteristics of living and nonliving things are called

Chemical bond

Attractions between atoms that hold atoms and molecules together. There are three major types of chemical bonds that are important in biology: i) covalent, ii) ionic, and iii) hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons. Ionic bonds occur when two oppositely charged ions stick together.

Covalent bond attributes

Strong Occurs between atoms in the same molecule Electron pairs shared, creating a strong bond between atoms

Neutron

Subatomic particle with a neutral charge that is contained in the nucleus and has a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit.

Electronegativity

The tendancy of an atom to hold shared electrons more close to its nucleus. Atoms like oxygen have a high electronegativity. This means when oxygen forms a covalent bond with an atom of lower electronegativity, the shared electrons will stay closer to the oxygen atom than to the other atom. Strongly electronegative atoms bonded to weakly electronegative hydrogen atoms, in a molecule, result in hydrogen bonding. The most important strongly electronegative elements in biological systems are oxygen and nitrogen.

Hydrogen bond attributes

Weak Occurs between atoms in different molecules or parts of molecules Weak electrostatic attraction between areas of molecules with opposite partial charge

Molecule

a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond

Organ system

a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Mammals have many organ systems. For example, the circulatory system transports blood through the body and includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels.

Sound waves would be considered

abiotic

Scientific Inquiry-

an approach to asking and answering questions and is the best approach we have to understanding the natural world and predicting natural phenomena. Evidence for this claim can be found in the successes of science-based technologies.

Macromolecule

are biologically important molecules that are technically polymers. Polymers are made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler macromolecules. An example of a macromolecule is the genetic molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains the instructions for the development of all living organisms.

Organ

are collections of tissues that work together to carry out a common general function. Organs are present not only in higher level animals but also in plants.

Tissue

are formed when similar cells work together to fulfill the same detailed function.

Organism

are individual living entities that survive and reproduce as a unit. For example, each tree in a forest is usually an individual organism.

Hair cells in the ear would be considered

biotic

Organelle

compartments inside the cell that contain specific groups of macromolecules and carry out specific cellular functions. One of these organelles is the nucleus; it encloses the DNA within the cell.

Population

consists of all the individuals of a species living within a specific area. For example, a forest may include many pine trees. All those pine trees represent the population of pine trees in that forest.

Ecosystem

consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or nonliving, parts of that environment. The pine forest ecosystem includes not just plants, animals, and microbes but also rocks, water, temperature changes, air chemistry, and other abiotic factors that interact with living organisms in the area.system

Biotic (living) items

dead human buried underground, the wood used to make the coffin, bacteria, yogurt

Electron

have a negative charge designated by the negative sign (-). Electrons have almost no mass and are found outside of the nucleus, in zones that are called shells.

The smallest unit of matter

is the atom the building blocks of all matter

Biology

is the scientific study of life and is the branch of science that studies living organisms and the way organisms interact with their environments

Biotic

living or having lived, Matter is considered biotic if it was ever alive at some point in time.

Community

many different populations can live in any specific area. All of these populations can interact with each other in positive and negative ways, and together they form a

The cells of eukaryotes

membrane-bound organelles: compartments inside the cell that contain specific groups of macromolecules and carry out specific cellular functions.One of these organelles is the nucleus; it encloses the DNA within the cell.

Abiotic

nonliving and never having been alive

there are two main types of cells

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

The cells of prokaryotes

relatively small and simple; they do not have any clearly defined compartments inside of them.

Atom

the basic unit of matter. The atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms join together to form molecules.

Biosphere

the highest level of organization in living systems is the biosphere, which is the collection of all ecosystems on Earth. The biosphere includes all habitable zones on the planet, including land, soil, and rocks to a great depth in the Earth's crust; water and ice; and the atmosphere to a great height.

Cell

the smallest unit that displays all of these characteristics

Abiotic (non-living) items

urea, water, DNA, protein, viruses, carbon dioxide, gluclose

A human

· an organism that has a circulatory system (organ system) that transports blood through the body. It is made up of organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Each of the organs, in turn, is made of more specific tissues. Your heart, for example, has muscle tissue for pumping and nerve tissue that helps coordinate each heartbeat.