The Art of Public Speaking: MIDTERM

What are the 6 demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

1. Age 2. Gender 3. Religion 4. Sexual orientation 5. Racial, ethnic, and cultural background 6. Group membership

What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

1. Size of the audience 2. Physical settings 3. Disposition toward the; Topic 4. Speaker 5. Occasion

How many main points should most speeches contain?

2 to 5

Attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Comparative advantages order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Problem-Cause-Solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Problem-Solution order

A method or organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main points presents a solution to the problem.

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speeches to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Identification

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Questions of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. (usually include the word "should")

The goal of persuasive speaking

Any movement by a listener from left to right

How can you get info about an audience?

Ask questions or by relying on a third party professional pollsters.

Monroe's 5 Steps

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.

Demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Situational Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

Before: Pregame how they will re-act to your info and adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible. During: Adapting to your surrounding is key.

Stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Standards

Established rules of why you are making a certain decision.

What are 3 kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

Fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended questions/ To limit the disadvantages and to increase the advantages.

Value judgments

Judgments based on what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair.

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Open-ended Questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Fixed-alternative Questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives.

Scale Questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Spatial Organization

Speech is organized into reasons geographically.

Topical Organization

Speech is organized into reasons with specific purpose, central idea, and main points.

Justify

Support your claim of value.

Which of the following are some of the positive effects of stategic organization?

The audience believes the speaker is more confident, the audience better understands the speech, and the speaker has more confidence.

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem.

Nonpartisan

The speaker acts as a lecturer or teacher. The aim is to give information as impartially as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view.

Partisan

The speaker acts as an advocate. His or her aim is to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible.

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Because main points are the central features of your speech, you should select them carefully, phrase them precisely , and

arrange them strategically

A speech about the causes and effects of earthquakes would most likely be organized in __________ order.

causal

What type of organizational pattern would you be using if you presented a speech in which the first main point covers those things that lead to diabetes and the second and final main point descrives the nature of the disease?

causal

When the speaker wants to let the audience know what topic will be discussed next in the speech, what type of connective would likely be used?

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points is called a(n)

internal summary

While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the process you have just discussed is complex, so you decide to review the steps of the process before going to your next point. What type of connective would you likely add?

internal summary

Supporting materials should be well-organized and directly relevant to the __________ that they are supporting.

main points

When a set of main points follows a consistent pattern of wording throughout, it can be described as __________.

parallel

The problem-solution pattern of organization for ordering main points is primarily used for __________ speeches.

persuasive

A connective statement in the middle of a speech that explains what you are about to discuss is called an internal

preview

When deciding the order of main points in your speech you should consider 3 thing: your topic, your audience, and your

purpose

A speaker who combines two ideas into one main point is not following the guidelines for keeping main points

separate

When you are giving a speech and say, "My first point is," which of the following are you using?

signpost

If you are giving a speech whose specific purpose is "to inform my audience how to travel from region to region," which organizational pattern would you likely use?

spatial

The order of main points that follows a directional pattern is callled

spatial order

If you decide to use a chronological order of main points in your speech, you are using an arrangement based on a(n) __________ pattern.

time

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

to figure out common bonds and to make sure you don't say something out of ignorance.

A speech about the 4 major factors to consider when choosing a cell phone would most likely be arranged in __________ order.

topical

Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech that describes the events in a gymnastics competition?

topical

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship betweent them are called __________.

transitions