The Cell: Structure and Function

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Carboxyl

-COOH, acid

Peptide bond

A _____ is a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A coenzyme found in all living cells that is a carrier in the electron transport chain.

Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Arachidonic acid

Eicosanoids are derived from _____.

Prostaglandins

Modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells.

Disulfide bridge

The _____ is the covalent bond responsible for the tertiary structure of proteins.

Deoxyribose

The carbohydrate in DNA is _____.

RNA

The carbohydrate in RNA is _____.

Tryglicerides, Ketones, Phospholipids, Eicosanoids, Steroids

The five classes of lipids are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

The four level of protein structure from most simple to most complex is: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Ionic bonds, Van der Waals forces, Hydrogen bonds, Covalent bonds, disruption of bonds

The interactions causing tertiary structure are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

The three types of carbohydrates are _____, _____, and _____.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino acids and proteins, and nucleotides

There are four basic types of biomolecules: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Triglyceride

_____ = glycerol + three fatty acids

Fatty acid

_____ = long carbon acid chain

Glycerol

_____ = three-carbon alcohol

Phospholipids

_____ are amphipathic molecules. Polar head Nonpolar tail

Amino acids

_____ are building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different kinds.

Carbohydrates

_____ are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Cn(H20)n = (CH2O)n

Lipids

_____ are composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Nonpolar covalent bonds Hydrophobic

Saturated fatty acids

_____ are fatty acids that contain only sigma bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids

_____ are fatty acids that contain pi bonds, they are either trans or cis.

Peptides

_____ are generally 2-50 amino acids.

Eicosanoids

_____ are modified fatty acids that function in intracellular communication.

Biomolecules

_____ are molecules synthesized by living things. They contain carbon.

Proteins

_____ are more than 50 amino acids.

Fatty acid chains

_____ are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Proteins

_____ are polymers of amino acids.

Nucleic acids

_____ are polymers of nucleotides

Cyclic nucelotides

_____ forma ring with the phosphate group cAMP and cGMP

DNA

_____ is a double-standed helix that has base pairs that follow the law of complementary base pairing.

Secondary protein structure

_____ is hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another amino acid.

Condensation

_____ is joining monosaccharides together.

RNA

_____ is needed for expression of genetic code

RNA

_____ is single stranded and can bond with itself. It also contains uracil instead of thymine.

Hydrolysis

_____ is splitting of larger saccharide into smaller components by water.

Denaturation

_____ is the disruption of bonds.

Tertiary protein structure

_____ is the formation of bends and loops in a polypeptide chain die to interactions between R groups.

Quaternary protein structure

_____ is the formation of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Ex: hemoglobin

Globular

_____ proteins function as intracellular chemical messengers, receptors, carrier proteins, enzymes, and transport proteins.

Fibrous

_____ proteins tend to function in support.

DNA

_____ stores genetic code

Nucleotide

_____ structure is a phosphate group(s), a five carbon ring (deoxyribose or ribose) adn a base-containing carbon-nitrogen ring (pyramidines and purines)

Monosaccharides

_____: Hydroxyl groups make them polar

Micelle

an aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution, such as those formed by detergents.

Pyramidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Phosphate

-HPO4, polar

Amino

-NH2, base

Hydroxyl

-OH , polar

Sulfhydryl

-SH, polar

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Steroids

All _____ are derived from cholesterol. Ex. Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

An energy carrier that accepts electrons and feeds them into the electron transport chain

Thromboxanes

Biologically active substances produced in platelets that increase platelet aggregation (and therefore promote blood clotting), constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure.

Ketones

Fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood.

REVISIT SLIDE 14

REVISIT SLIDE 14

Covalent bonds

Saccharides must be linked by _____ bonds.