The French Revolution and Napoleon
What did Napoleon do when he was becoming emperor why
He was very confident so he took the crown from the pope (he usual places the crown on peoples heads) and placed it on his own head
Who were enemies of the state/ revolution
People who still supported the king and queen (even by having kings and queens in a deck of cards)
What was a result of the middle class's of Enlightenment ideas
They realized and no longer accepted they were not equal in government = rebellion
How did the bourgeoisie want the government to be changed and what resulted of it
They thought their stay in the Estates- General was unfair and they wanted to vote by population and as a result they formed a group called the National Assembly
Did the people of France know him
Yes because he was the hero of battles of the Revolution against Austria and other countries
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
A constitution for France that limited the king's power and gave more rights to people. It was created by the National Assembly
Who wrote the 1812 Overture honoring Napoleon's loss?
Tchaikovsky
What is the National Assembly
A group of only third estate members with the goals of making fairer laws for the people of France
What time period was known as the Great Fear
The summer of 1789
How many votes does each group get in the Estates General
1 per group
When was the Napoleonic code introduced
1804
Who were in each estate
1st- Clergy 2nd- nobility 3rd- everyone else (including bourgeoisie, workers, peasants, etc)
Population breakdown of the third estate
98% of people in third estate including the bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants who made up 80% of the population
What was st Helena like
A barren wood swept rock in the South Atlantic
What resulted of the Constitution made by the National Assembly
A constitutional monarchy where the king exists and has power to veto (cancel) laws Also, there was a set voting age at 25 for only men owning land (no land = no vote)
What was the Battle of Trafalgar and why was it important
A naval (sea) battle against Britain that Napoleon lost Important because it showed Napoleon if he wanted to defeat Britain, he needed new tactics
What did Napoleon do that included the people in him being chosen to rule
A plebiscite was held in which Napoleon was the only candidate but still have the people the belief they chose him
Who was Maximilien Robespierre
A radical member of the bourgeoisie who gains power and gets rid of the National Assembly and constitution. Took power 1792
What did France need instead of the Directory
A strong leader to take charge of the country
What is a coup d'etat?
A sudden change in the government by a small group of people
Where did Napoleon live on st Helena
A tiny hovel with no furniture, curtains, bed/dressing/dining room
When did the empire start falling
After Napoleon lost in Russia, the Third Coalition came after him and he tried to fight back but his army was weak and the generals refused to continue fighting
What are some of the laws in the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
All men are born equal and distinctions are made on if they're good The main point of politics is to preserve natural rights liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression No one should have authority over the nation
What happened during the Battle of Waterloo
At the beginning there were about equal deaths on each side The British were in the shape of squares and acting defensively by lying on the ground when the French shot at them and standing up to receive cavalry The French charged at the British so the Duke of Wellington told the British to put up their bayonets and charge agains them The Prussians also came and united with and supported the British
What else was he opening during the Reign of Terror
Austria declared war in France for killing Marie Antionette
Why did the king and queens attempted escape to work
Because people recognized him from his face being in the money
Why was voting not fair
Because the third estate made up of 98% of the population and it wasn't fair that their vote was worth the same as the 1%s who always voted together against the third estate
Who wrote symphonie number 3 honoring Napoleon
Beethoven
Who tried to stop Napoleon from expanding French and how
Britain made the Third Coalition where they convinced other European countries to join an alliance of fight Napoleon
What two armies were most opposed to Napoleon's return
British and Prussian
How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution
Citizens of France saw the success of the American Revolution - many ideas of the Declaration of Independence were Enlightenment ideas - inspiring to see these ideas put into action
Population to land
Clergy- 1% pop 10% land Nobles- 1-2% pop 35% land Middle class- 97-98% pop 55% land
What were the different types of bourgeoisie
Conservative, moderate, and radical
What did Napoleon declare himself relating to the Church
Consul for life
How did Napoleon improve the French people's lives for education
Created lycees- state schools where people trained to be government employees These schools were open to boys of any social class which made Napoleon more popular
What did the Concordat of 1801 do?
Declared peace with the Pope after the pope had denounced the revolution. Declared Catholicism the majority religion of France, but NOT the official religion.
Who were the bourgeoisie?
Educated citizens who believe in the ideas of the Enlightenment Also they were artisans and merchants and things like that
How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution
Enlightenment ideas were spreading and people began to question whether the current system was the best approach for France Bourgeoisie knew about the Enlightenment ideas and wanted more freedoms and more of a say in government
What were some of the laws in the Napoleonic code
Exercise of civil rights is independently the quality of citizens according to the constitutional law Every Frenchman has civil rights A husband has to protect his wife as she has to be obedient to him A wife has to live with her husband and follow him everywhere when convenient but he has to give her everything he wants according to means The court will take care of the defendant
Why did Napoleon want to escape the island of Elba
He believed he could've been emperor again because king Louis XVIII was not an effective king and the people didn't like that
What did Louis XVI do when he thought he was in danger and why did this backfire
He brought in the Swiss Guard for protection but people saw the soldiers and thought that Louis XVI was going to massacre them so on July 14, 1789, angry citizens storm the Bastille (a prison in France) to get gunpowder ad supplies
How did Napoleon improve the French people's lives for laws
He created the Napoleonic code- a new set of laws that attempted to treat everyone equally
How did Napoleon improve the French people's lives for religion
He made an agreement with the Catholic Church called the Concordat which brought the French back into the Church's good graces
How did Napoleon make the lives of the French better
He made equality with the Napoleonic code and made state schools called lycées
How did Napoleon reform religion in France and how does he feel about religion
He made it return to being part of the government and made Catholicism one of the main religions of France. Napoleon thinks religion is important
What additional reforms did Napoleon make
He made trade more efficient for France and he reconnected with places that France had not traded with for a while
How did Napoleon reform education and how did he feel about that
He opened schools called lycées for all boys ages 10- 16. This allowed boys to learn things they had not previously been able to learn. He thought education was important for making good citizens, workers, and soldiers
What does Napoleon do when he returns from war
He realizes how bad things had gotten under the Directory and he was very popular with French people so he overthrew the Directory and created his own government
How does Napoleon help the Directory
He restores order then fixes other problems France is having in Europe
What did Napoleon do relating to other countries when he took control
He started taking over other European countries
Why did Napoleon think he could defeat the armies allied against him
He thought that if he had enough supporters and could work quick enough, he could stop his enemies from uniting against him
What did Maximilian Robespierre want relating to voting and why wasn't this happening
He wanted to give more men the right to vote but as the National Assembly kept trying to pass new laws, the kin kept vetoing them
What did the king want to do to fix his lack of money problems? Why?
He wanted to tax the second estates more because he knew they had money
What happens to Napoleon after losing the battle of waterloo
He was banished to the island if st Helena and lives there for 6 years until his death in 1821
When Napoleon was defeated what happened to him
He was banished to the island of Elba as a punishment
How did the people feel when Napoleon came back
His troops welcomed him and were ready to fight the British and Prussian troops. He also gained many followers on his way to fighting these armies
How does Robespierre's policy of voting change
His- all men vote Change- only men with land vote
What happened with some women during the Great Fear and when
In October 1789, approximately 60000 Parisian Women rioted over rising bread price
What did Napoleon say about his treatment on st Helena
Infamous treatment Injustice, violence, insult, torment They should've killed him with musketballs to the head or heart- that has more energy Complaints are beneath his dignity. He must command or be silent
How did the Great Fear impact the first and second estates
It caused many members of the first and second estates to leave the country in fear
How did the Directory impact the radical part of the French Revolution
It slowed it down
What was the Napoleonic code
It was a a clear set of laws applicable to all members of French society that fulfilled expectations of the public, all citizens acquainted with it and serves as there guide for transactions and is a benefaction
How were the British ships arranged in the Battle of Trafalgar because the British won
It was a pell mell "divide and conquer" where one fleet of ships divided the enemies down the middle so the two sides of ship could not help one another out while the two other lines of ship went on the outsides. This was effective because it also allowed the British to use both sides of canons, not just one
Why did voting never work out for the third estate
It's vote was equal to the other groups and the other two groups always voted together against the third
What did Napoleon along with others do to gain control
Launched a coup d'etat
What was the Estates- General, who called it, how did the voting work, and how long had it been since it had met
Louis needed to raise money so he tried to tax the second estate but people protested and insisted he called a meeting of the Estates-General Estates- General - an assembly of representatives from all three estates to decide what to do on the issue It hadn't met in 175 years It voted by estate so each estate got one vote
Who did Robespierre kill in the reign of terror
Marie Antoinette, king Louis XVI and anyone else he expected of being an enemy which little or no evidence
Who kills Marie Antionette and King Louis XVI and how
Maximilian Robespierre by guillotine
What was one o the only successful part of the French government
Napoleon
Who was ready to lead France
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who won battles and what resulted of it
Napoleon did and got more land as a result for France
What happened after Napoleon was sent to Elba
Napoleon escaped and returned to France so the Third Coalition prépares to fight him
Whose idea was it to arrange the British ships differently
Nelson
Was the Directory making people happy
No
Did the slowing of the Radicals by the Directory last
No because many members of the Directory were corrupt and self serving
Did women's rights change either he Napoleonic code
Not really
Was Napoleon influenced by the Enlightenment
Partially because he believed in Civil Rights which are similar to Natural Rights
Mistake deux
Portugal refuses to participate in continental system Napoleon sent troops through Spain to attack Portugal Peninsular war: 1808-1813- Spanish attacked French stationed there Napoleon had to send extra men to help and 300,000 mes died
Committee of Public Safety
Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution. They tried to fix bread prices and stuff like that also but as a result of them there were many wars
Marie Antoinette: who was she and how did the people feel about her and why
Princess from Austria forced to marry Lois at the age of 14 for political reasons She was out of touch with the French people and they hated her She spent lots of money on clothes and her fake peasant village
What was the National Assembly doing while the Great Fear was happening
Putting finishing touches on the Declaration of the Rights if Man and Citizen
Mistake trois
Russia also didn't participate in the Continental system When the Napoleon's army arrived in Russia Russians had done the scorched earth policy- abandoned their towns and burned everything owned Napoleon's troops continued advancing in Russia but people kept using the scorched earth policy which left his troop with no supplies or shelter for the army No choice but to turns around and return to France
Napoleon Bonaparte description and where he's from
Short and stubborn. From island of Corsica
What did Robespierre not do like he said he would
Solve food shortages and make lower prices
What were different beliefs of how Frances government should be
Some supported monarchy and wanted Louis XVI's oldest son to be king of France under a constitutional monarchy Others wanted France to be like Great Britain where wealthy businessmen and bourgeoisie have real power because prices are rising and people have fewer and fewer jobs
What battle happened and who won
The Battle of Waterloo was only 2 days because Napoleon's troops were weak and unprepared
What was the agreement Napoleon made with the Catholic Church? When?
The Concordat of 1801
What was done with the land Napoleon won
The Directory sent unemployed people to live there
What problem is the Directory having because of the Committee of Public Safety
They have to keep fighting wars the Committee of Public Safety started under control of Maximilian Robespierre
What happened 3 days after the National Assembly was formed and what happened as a result of this.
The National Assembly was locked out of the meeting hall and as a result, they formed the tennis court oath
France and the Old Regime
The Old Regime is the system that France has before the revolution. It consisted of an absolute monarch with complete control over the government, 3 estates (social classes) and a system called Estates- General that gave people a say in government at the monarch's request
Louis XVI: who was he, what was his relation to the government and money
The absolute monarch from 1774-1793 He didn't want people to have a say in government Didn't make major changes to the system of government put in place by his great great grandfather Inherited lots of debt but kept spending
Third Coalition
The alliance between the countries of Austria, Russia, and Great Britain against the forces of Napoleon.
Mistake une
The continental system- a blockade Napoleon used to try to weaken Britain Countries in Europe weren't supposed to trade with Britain
Where did Napoleon go to school
The finest military schools in France
What influenced the French Revolution among other things
The ideas of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
What were three demands the third estate made about the French government
The monarch could not be and abusive tyrant Tailles needed to be equal Votes by third estate should be counted by heads
What is the Directory
The new government in place after the Reign of Terror and Robespierre's death. It consisted of an executive branch of 5 men that enforced the new constitution and rule the government together but they were very corrupt and unpopular with the people. They appointed a young military general named Napoleon Bonaparte to restore order in Paris.
Who was most frightened during the Great Fear?
The nobles that had land were the most scared because the peasants weren't scared and wanted food and money, which the nobles and clergy had. They could take the food and money from them
How was texting unfair
The taille (tax on land) was different. Nobles land had little taxes while commoners land had heavy taxes This along with feudal dues (rent given to lords) made commoners very poor Bread price rose leaving people unable to have that
What was the reign of terror
The time period (1793) that Robespierre controlled the committee of public safety. It was known as the Reign of Terror because so many people were killed based on the suspicion that they were enemies of him or loyal to the king and others were afraid they were going to be caught or accused of being a spy or enemy and executed by guillotine
What did the conservative bourgeoisie believe
They did not want to make major changes to the government. They wanted the king to stay in power and even in some cases for things to go back to the way they were before
What do the men who can vote do and how does this impact everyone
They eliminate price controls that keep costs down and then they print money for themselves. The new money makes prices rise and riots resulted of it because the men who could vote got money so they could pay the higher prices but those who couldn't vote were still poor and couldn't pay high prices
What did the radical bourgeoisie believe
They wanted major changes to the government. They wanted to get rid of the king and monarchy completely. They thought the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen did not go far enough and many more changes needed to be made to France
What did the moderate bourgeoisie believe
They wanted some changes to the government. The National Assembly was made up of moderates. They wanted the king to stay in power, but they wanted him to have limited power. Moderates liked the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Why did the British soldiers have the courage to make a final charge
They were honoring the lives of their friends and fellow soldiers that had just been killed by the French
Who were the workers
They weren't paid as much as the bourgeoisie and were less educated Servants, cooks, etc
Who were the peasants
They worked directly for a noble doing farming or other manual labor Not educated
What was the goal of the Revolution
To fix problems: - an absolute monarchy and people want a say in government because the Estates General is not enough - tax system unfair - food shortages and cost of living = too high - most dont have meant rights and freedoms
What did the Napoleonic code do negatively
Took away some rights the French people had been given by the National Assembly
France's Economy: what were it's major causes of struggle
Used to be economically stable and prosperous but struggled Several causes of struggle: 1. Heavy taxes made it nearly impossible for other countries to do business with France because it wasn't worth it 2. Cost of living rose for everyone 3. Bad weather in 1780s = food shortages 4. Price of bread doubled in 1789 and lots of people starved 5. King Louis XVI and wife Marie Antoinette were very extravagant and spent lots of money. Also spent money to help Americans during the Revolution but bankers refused to loan him more money = trouble
What was the Great Fear
What spread throughout Europe during the summer of 1789 when the peasants went wild - the peasants rebelled and the bourgeoisie can't control them because they think now that they're free, they can do whatever they want. They don't know the difference between good and bad Rights and don't understand the social contract. It's looking more like the state of nature (Hobbes)
What was the Great Fear
When peasants throughout the country rebelled and began killing members of the second estate= France in complet chaos
What is the tennis court oath
When the National Assembly broke into a local tennis court, they stay in there until a new constitution was created National Assembly members of the bourgeoisie of the third estate vowed to creat a new constitution for France that would create liberty, equality, and fraternity for ALL of France
What does Napoleon eat on st Helena
Wretched meals the servers do t even want to touch that are way below his usual standards
Consul for Life
title taken by Napoleon in 1802