The Progressive Era Chapter 9 Vocabulary Terms

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. ~first of the two key antitrust measures ~prohibited corporations from acquiring stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly ~specified that labor unions and farm organizations had right to exist and would no longer be subject to antitrust laws---strikes, boycotts, riots became legal ~Samuel Gompers (president of AFL) saw great value to workers in this act--called it Magna Carta for labor

William McKinley

25th president ~responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism ~assassinated by an anarchist in 1901 ~served barely six months of his second term before assassination ~made Roosevelt most powerful person in government.

William Howard Taft

27th Republican president of the U.S ~family had nicknamed him "Big Lub" ~won an easy victory against William Jennings Bryan ~accomplished 90 trusts in a four-year term ~sought to consolidate instead of expanding Roosevelt's reforms ~received little credit for accomplishments ~campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs ~angered progressives by supporting Payne-Aldrich Tariff ~angered conservationists by appointing secretary Richard A. Ballinger ~lost Roosevelt's support, defeated for second term ~sided with letting Ballinger when he accused of letting commercial interests exploit natural resources that rightfully belonged to public ~his cautious nature made it impossible for him to hold together the progressives who sought change and conservatives who did not (Republican Party) ~voters believed him to be against conservation ~split him and Roosevelt went ugly during fall campaign

Woodrow Wilson

28th Democratic President of the United States. ~AS GOVERNOR-- reform measures from previously conservative NJ legislatures ~AS PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE--->endorsed progressive platform the New Freedom (demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs) ~Distanced himself from Roosevelt and Taft's feud ~ELECTION OFFERED: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party policies of Eugene V. Debs ~supported stronger government role ~supported small business and free-market competition ~characterized all business monopolies as evil ~captured only 42% of the popular vote ~won electoral victory, Democratic majority in Congress ~75% of vote went to reform candidates ~could claim mandate to break up trusts and expand government's role in social reform ~supported suffrage of women cautiously ~prejudices of his Southern background prevented him from using federal power to fight off civil rights attacks on African Americans ~TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVELEGE: trusts, tariffs, and high finance ~lower tariff rates-1913 Underwood Act would reduce tariff rates, because of Wilson's bully pulpit, Senate voted for it more than House ~appeased conservative Southern Democratic voters but disappointed Northern white and black supporters ~opposed federal antilynching legislation

Yosemite National Park

A national park in California famous for its waterfalls and rock formations. ~John Muir was the first to suggest that Yosemite's spectacular land formations were shaped by glaciers

Oswald Garrison Villard

Grandson of William Lloyd Garrison ~co-founder of the NAACP with WEB Dubois ~wrote to Wilson in dismay, "The colored men who voted and worked for you in the belief that their status as American citizens was safe in your hands are deeply cast down."

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote. ~won final ratification in 1920, 72 years after Seneca Falls convention in 1848

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted sale of contaminated foods and medicines, called for truth in labeling. ~did not ban harmful products outright ~reflected progressive belief that given accurate information, people would act wisely

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union ~founded in Cleveland in 1874 ~spearheaded the crusade for prohibition ~members entered saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol ~Union was transformed by Frances Willard from a small midwestern religious group in 1879 to a national organization ~245,000 members by 1911 ~became largest women's group in nation's history ~members followed Willard's "do everything" slogan ~began opening kindergartens for immigrants, visiting inmates in prisons and asylums, and working for suffrage ~reform activities provided women with expanded public roles, used to justify giving women voting rights ~efforts at prohibition led to trouble with immigrant groups

Bunting v. Oregon

case that persuaded the Court to uphold a ten-hour workday for men

Garment Trade

claimed about half of all women industrial workers

Niagara Falls Convention

Where WEB Dubois created the NAACP in 1905 ~at a Canadian Hotel

Robert La Follette

Wisconsin progressive republican governor who led way in regulating big business ~served three terms as governor before entering Senate in 1906 ~did not want to smash corporations, but drive them out of politics and treat them the same as people ~targeted railroad industry ~taxed railroad property at same rate as other property ~set up commission to regulate taxes ~forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials

Dayton Ohio Flood 1913

led to the widespread adoption of the council-manager form of government ~people elected a city council to make laws, council in turn appointed a manager to run the city's departments ~By 1925, managers were administering nearly 250 cities

Aldrich Bill

made fewer cuts and increased many rates

arbitration commission

third party that works with both sides to mediate disputes

Galveston Texas Hurricane 1900

~than 8,000 people killed ~people started to realize that the political machine did not know how to handle situation ~Replaced mayor and city council with five-person commission ~people in city realized political machine was corrupt ~prompted city to adopt commission idea as a form of government ~by 1917, 500 cities had followed Galveston's example

Payne Bill

Lowered rates on imported manufactured goods. ~When House passed it, Senate proposed Aldrich Bill

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919 26th President ~born into wealthy family in NY in 1858, drove himself to accomplish demanding physical feats ~served 3 terms in NY State Assembly, became NYC's police commissioner, then assistant secretary of U.S. Navy, advocated war against Spain in 1898 ~volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for role in battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba ~nauseated by Sinclair's account, appointed a commission of experts to investigate ~was urged to run as McKinley's vice president by state's political bosses who found Roosevelt uncontrollable---took him out of state office ~became president after McKinley's assassination, youngest president at 42 years old ~dominated news with his many exploits ~create the modern presidency, model for future presidents ~thought government should assume control whenever states proved incapable ~failed to support civil rights for African Americans

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses. ~prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding to fix high prices by dividing the business in a given area

W.E.B. Du Bois

A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. ~entered into forefront of U.S. civil rights movement ~founded NAACP in 1909 to help African Americans improve ~criticized Washington's ideas ~wrote of his opposition to Washington's position in 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk ~faced struggle with NAACP's executive secretary, Walter White in 1920s--argued for separate economy for African Americans, he made a rejected distinction---dangerously close to that of Booker T. Washington ---between enforced and voluntary segregation. ~went outside mainstream of civil rights movement, work remained ignored until death

initiative

A bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers ~gave citizens power to create laws ~citizens could petition to place on the ballot ~William S. U'Ren prompted Oregon to adopt it

Federal Trade Commission

A federal agency established in 1914 that investigated possible violations of regulatory states, require periodic reports from corporations, and put end to unfair business practices. ~second of the two key antitrust measures ~Under Wilson, it administered almost 400 cease-and-desist orders to companies engaged in illegal activity

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor. ~exposed corruption of oil industry and ruthlessness with which John D. Rockefeller had turned his oil business into an all-powerful monopoly with her 1904 work "The History of the Standard Oil Company" ~added force to trustbusting reforms of early 20th century ~"Mr. Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice," Tarbell charged, "and it is doubtful if there has been a time since 1872 when he has run a race with a competitor and started fair."

Susan B. Anthony

A leading proponent of woman suffrage ~born to strict Quaker family, not allowed to enjoy typical childhood entertainment ~developed positive view of womanhood home school teacher Mary Perkins ~said "[I] would sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for women." ~tested question of whether women are citizens by attempting to vote at least 150 times in ten states and the District of Columbia ~voted illegally in presidential election of 1872, fined $100 at trial ~Carrie Chapman Catt was her successor--organized New York's Women Suffrage Party, concentrated on painstaking organization, close ties between local, state, and national workers, establishing wide base of support, cautious lobbying, and ladylike behavior

Telephone Operators

A person who connected wires through a switchboard to answer a telephone. ~the way department stores advertised shopping ~young males tended to be unsatisfactory--lack of patience, profanity ~Women soon largely replaced men, were willing to accept the ten-dollar weekly wage

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society ~community centers, churches, and social services ~continued during the Progressive Era ~inspired even more reform activities

referendum

A vote on the initiative ~voters, instead of the legislature, accepted or rejected it ~gave citizens power to create laws ~William S. U'Ren prompted Oregon to adopt it

National Reclamation Act of 1902

A.K.A. Newlands Act, provided for federal irrigation projects by using money from the sale of public lands ~ex. Roosevelt Dam in Arizona and Shoshone Dam in Wyoming ~established precedent that federal government would manage the precious water resources of the West

Keating-Owen Act of 1916

Act that prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor. ~2 years later the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional due to interference with states' rights to regulate labor ~Reformers succeeded by effecting legislation that banned child labor and set maximum hours

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. ~first African-American leader most respected by powerful whites ~head of Tuskegee Institute ~faced opposition from other African Americans, such as W. E. B. Du Bois, for his accommodation of segregationists and for blaming black poverty on blacks and urging them to accept discrimination ~Roosevelt invited him to dinner--symbolic gesture

Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute

Aimed to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work. ~Booker T. Washington

Dawes Act of 1887

Allowed individual Native Americans to claim reservation land and citizenship rights

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. ~known as the father of scientific management ~began using time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts---"Taylorism" became a management fad

Julia Ward Howe

Author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" ~communicated the righteousness of the Northern, and especially the abolitionist, cause

The Souls of Black Folk

Book written by WEB DuBois in 1903 ~talked about the need for blacks to get equality ~expressed opposition to Booker T. Washington

Louis D. Brandeis

Brilliant lawyer and later a justice of the Supreme court spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness." ~thought the government should help small businesses ~focused on data produced by social scientists documenting high costs of long working hours for both the individual and society--the "Brandeis brief", became a model for later reform litigation--defended Oregon law establishing wages and hours for women laborers, went beyond legal predicament to consider various economic and social factors which led legislators to pass the law ~took part in effort to bring legal protections to industrial labors ~contributed a major concept to Supreme Court litigation

Emmeline Pankhurst

British suffragist ~engaged in ~founded the Women's Social and Political Union ~British suffragists used increasingly radical and bold tactics to advance their cause

Muller v. Oregon

Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness ~Louis D. Brandeis, assisted by Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark ~persuasively argued that poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations ~Asserted that women required the state's protection against powerful employers ~convinced the Court to uphold Oregon law limiting women to ten-hour workday ~Other states responded by enacting or strengthening laws to reduce women's hours of work

Salvation Army

Charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless ~fed poor people in soup kitchens ~cared for children in nurseries ~sent "slum brigades" to instruct poor immigrants in middle-class values of hard work and temperance

Dr. Harvey Washington

Chief chemist at the Department of Agriculture. ~criticized manufacturers for adding harmful preservatives to food and brought needed attention to this issue

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Co-founded National Women Suffrage Association and 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Compromise signed by William Howard Taft that only moderated high rates of the Aldrich Bill, which made fewer cuts and increased many rates, as opposed to the Payne Bill, which lowered rates on imported manufactured goods. ~angered progressives who believed Taft had abandoned progressivism ~Taft called it "the best [tariff] bill the Republican party ever passed."

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. ~studied under Louis Sullivan ~architecture was influenced by progressive movement ~sought to design buildings that were orderly, efficient, and in harmony with the world around them ~"prairie style" design features a low, horizontal, and well-defined structure made predominantly of wood, concrete, brick, and other simple materials--Roble House Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws ~women pursued court cases to test it---women are citizens, too

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver. ~had been nominated by Democrats for the third time ~ran against Taft

Meat Inspection Act

Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created program of federal meat inspection ~left government paying for inspections, did not require companies to label canned goods with date-of-processing information ~gave meat packers right to appeal negative decisions in court.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district--"banker banks" served the other banks within the district. ~federal reserve banks could issue new paper currency in emergency situations ~member banks could use the new currency to make loans to their customers ~.federal reserve banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, saving banks from closing and protecting customers' savings ~By 1923, roughly 70% of the nation's banking resources were part of the Federal Reserve System

Lewis Hine

Documented child labor practices in 1908 ~photographs and descriptions of young laborers were widely distributed and displayed in exhibits ~helped convince public of need for child labor regulations ~devised host of clever tactics to gain access to his subjects

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker. ~exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Early, influential women's rights convention--push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence. ~Leaders: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton ~women split over 14th and 15th amendments- granted equal rights African American men, not women

William Monroe Trotter

Editor-in-chief of the Guardian--African-American Boston newspaper ~led African American delegation on November 12, 1914 brought the confrontation to a bitter climax ~president's reception of brought confrontation to bitter climax ~complained that African Americans from 38 states had asked the president to reverse the segregation of government employees, but that segregation had since increased ~Wilson found his tone infuriating

recall

Enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before end of term if enough voters asked for it ~~William S. U'Ren prompted Oregon to adopt it

17th Amendment 1912

Established direct election of senators ~success of direct primary that paved way for it ~before 1913, each state's legislature chose its own U.S. senators---gave lot of power to party bosses and wealthy corp. heads ~used to force senators to be more responsive to public ~first refused by Senate, but gradually became allowed in many states ~Ratification in 1913 made direct election of senators law of land

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911

Fire in a New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors ~nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory ~led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies ~signed into law by Harrison ~extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting ~initially misused against labor unions ~vague language made enforcement difficult ~nearly all suits filed against the trusts under it were ineffective ~Roosevelt concentrated on filing suits under it

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Roosevelt. ~believed that wilderness areas could be scientifically managed to yield public enjoyment while allowing private development ~Roosevelt favored his multi-use land program

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) ~founded after Niagara Falls civil rights conference in 1905 ~had over 6,000 members by 1914 ~goal found little support in Progressive Movement ~next two presidents after Roosevelt also did little to advance the goal of racial equality

ICC

Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry. ~was set up to enforce Interstate Commerce Act but had little power

Camella Teoli

Italian child working in the Lawrence Mill, testified to Congress about her injuries and poor work conditions ~12 years old, working in Lawrence, Massachusetts, textile mill ~hair and scalp got pulled off by machine ~one step closer to the end of child labor

muckrakers

Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of the business and public life in mass-circulation magazines during the early 20th century. ~established tradition of the investigative reporter uncovering corruption in the early 20th century ~term alludes to English author John Bunyan's famous "The Pilgrim's Progress", which features character busy raking up muck to see a heavenly crown held over him ~originally a negative term, was applied to many writers whose reform efforts Roosevelt supported

Elkins Act of 1903

Law that made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads. ~specified that railroads could not change set rates without notifying the public

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor ~saw great value to workers in the Clayton Act--called it a Magna Carta for labor

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union ~helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901 ~commented on the uneven balance among big business, government, and ordinary people under the free-market system of capitalism ~most progressives saw truth of many of Debs's criticisms ~ran against Taft, Wilson, and Roosevelt in 1912 election as Socialist candidate ~called for an end to capitalism--reform candidate

Frances Willard

Leader of the WCTU ~she worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol ~urged laws banning the sale of liquor ~worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy

Lincoln Steffens

Leading figure of the muckraking movement. ~published exposés of business and government corruption in McClure's Magazine and other magazines---collected in two books: "The Shame of the Cities" and "The Struggle for Self-Government"

16th Amendment

Legalized federal income tax. ~Provided revenue by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits ~larger incomes were taxed at higher rates than smaller incomes ~started with modest tax on family incomes over $4,000, ranged from 1-6% of incomes over $5,000 ~By 1917, government was receiving more $ on income tax than tariffs had before

Collier's Weekly

Magazine written by Department of the Interior official who was fired for protesting Ballinger's actions. ~accused Ballinger of letting commercial interests exploit the natural resources that rightfully belonged to the public ~Gifford Pinchot supported it, Taft and Ballinger fired him from the Forest Service

Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government

Massachusetts organization that used door-to-door campaigns to reach potential supporters ~spread message of suffrage to poor, working-class women ~took trolley tours where crowds would gather to watch the unusual sight of a woman speaking in public

Tom Johnson

Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio ~one of 19 socialist mayors who worked to institute progressive reforms in America's cities ~believed that citizens should play a more active role in city government ~held meetings in a large circus tent and invited them to question officials about how the city was managed ~focused on dismissing corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities—such as gasworks, waterworks, and transit lines—and converting the utilities to publicly owned enterprises

Hazen Pingree

Mayor of Detroit, Michigan ~introduced progressive reforms without changing how government was organized ~concentrated on economics ~instituted a fairer tax structure ~lowered fares for public transportation ~rooted out corruption ~set up a system of work relief for the unemployed ~Detroit city workers built schools, parks, and a municipal lighting plant

First Mandatory Statewide Primary System

Minnesota law in 1899 that enabled voters, instead of political machines, to choose candidates for public office through a special popular election. ~about 2/3 of states had adopted some form of direct primary by 1915

NACW

National Association of Colored Women formed in 1896 ~formed by merging two earlier organizations ~mission was described as "the moral education of the race with which we are identified." ~managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens

John Muir

Naturalist and writer who advocated complete preservation of the wilderness ~persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserve ~he and Roosevelt camped in Yosemite National Park in 1903 ~encouraged Roosevelt to set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land that experts would explore for mineral and water resources, and establish more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks ~made Yosemite National Park his home base for a period of six years while traveling throughout West

Bull Moose Party

Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt for his third-term run in the election of 1912 ~Roosevelt running against Taft--Taft had advantage, but people wanted Roosevelt ~formed when Republican progressives refused to vote ~after Roosevelt's boast that he was "as strong as a bull moose." ~platform called for direct election of senators, adoption in all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall, women's suffrage, workmen's compensation, eight-hour workday, minimum wage for women, federal law against child labor, and federal trade commission to regulate business ~Republican split--->first real chance for Democrats sin since 1892 (Cleveland)

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of NAWSA. ~saw victory on horizon during Wilson's campaign for second term in 1916 ~called emergency suffrage convention in September 1916, invited Wilson ~within 4 years, passage of suffrage amendment became capstone of progressive movement.

Assembly Line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks ~interchangeable parts ~faster and efficient ~workers got exhausted, more injuries ~Henry ford reduced workday to 8 hours, paid $5 a day---attracted thousands of workers, but they got tired

Gifford Pinchot

Professional conservationist, head of the U.S. Forest Service since 1905 under Roosevelt ~believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them ~had administrative skill as well as the latest scientific and technical information ~advised Roosevelt to conserve forest and grazing lands by keeping large tracts of federal land exempt from private sale ~did not share the views of John Muir, who advocated complete preservation of the wilderness ~conservation to him meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. ~to Roosevelt and Pinchot, it meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good ~Roosevelt's federal water projects transformed dry wilderness areas to make agriculture possible ~Under National Reclamation Act of 1902, money from sale of public lands in West funded large-scale irrigation project

James S. Hogg

Reform governor of Texas ~attacked big business interests ~helped to drive illegal insurance companies from the state ~championed antitrust legislation ~chief interest was in regulating the railroads ~pointed out abuses in rates ~a railroad commission, established largely as a result of his efforts, helped increase milling and manufacturing in Texas by lowering freight rates

Progressive Movement

Reformers' effort that aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct American injustices ~not everyone agreed on all the problems and solutions ~4 GOALS: ~protecting social welfare ~promoting moral improvement ~creating economic reform ~fostering efficiency

Josephus Daniels

Secretary of Navy ~proposed to do away with common drinking fountains and towels in his department ~According to an entry in his diary, President Wilson agreed because he had "made no promises in particular to negroes, except to do them justice."

Settlement House Movement

Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together ~located in poorer neighborhoods ~staffed by middle class workers and women ~aimed to help the poor ~inspired even more reform activities

Florence Kelley

Social reformer and advocate for improving lives of women and children -sympathy laid with the powerless ~helped win passage of Illinois Factory Act in 1893---prohibited child labor and limited working hours for women, model for other states ~appointed chief inspector of Illinois factories ~Became general secretary of national Consumers' League in 1899, worked to improve factory conditions

Anti-Saloon League

Sought to close saloons, worked to pass laws to force change and punish drinkers. ~Quietly founded by progressive women in 1895 ~Called itself "the Church in action against the saloon" ~endorsed politicians who opposed "Demon Rum," no matter party or political stance ~organized statewide referendums to ban alcohol ~ From 1900-1917, voters in nearly half the states prohibited sale, production, and use of alcohol. ~Individual towns, city wards, and rural areas voted "dry."

Joseph Cannon

Speaker of the House during Taft's presidency ~most dominant speaker in history ~second longest-serving Republican Speaker ~Called "Uncle Joe" ~often disregarded seniority in filling committee slots ~often contested Taft's attempts at reform ~Taft's refusal to overcome his opposition also led the Progressives to lose faith in him ~Reform-minded Republicans stripped him of his power with the help of Democrats in March 1910 with a resolution that called for the entire House to elect the Committee on Rules and excluded the Speaker from membership in the committee

Hepburn Act of 1906

Strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a common form of bribery. ~gave the ICC power to set maximum railroad rates ~its passage boosted the government's power to regulate the railroads

Coal Strike of 1902

Strike by the United Coal Workers of America, threatening to shut down the winter coal supply ~140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike and demanded a 20% raise, a 9 hour workday, and the right to organize a union ~mine operators refused to bargain ~five months into the strike, coal reserves ran low ~Roosevelt intervened, and eventually settled the strike ~Roosevelt confessed that only the dignity of the presidency had kept him from taking one owner "by the seat of the breeches" and tossing him out of the window ~opposing sides finally agreed to submit their differences to an arbitration commission--In 1903, the commission issued its compromise settlement ~miners won a 10% pay hike and a shorter, 9-hr workday ~had to give up demand for a closed shop and right to strike during the next three years ~From then on, when a strike threatened the public welfare, the federal government was expected to intervene ~Roosevelt's actions showed that disputes could be settled in an orderly way with the help of experts

Underwood Act

Substantially reduced tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War ~Wilson summoned Congress to a special session to plead his case, established a precedent of delivering the State of the Union message in person ~Businesses lobbied, looking to block tariff reductions ~Wilson denounced the lobbyists and urged voters to monitor their senators' votes, because of the new president's use of the bully pulpit, the Senate voted to cut tariff rates even more deeply than the House had done

Richard Ballinger

Taft's Secretary of the Interior ~pressed for private development of wilderness areas ~disapproved of conservationist controls on western lands ~removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands from reserved list and returned it to the public domain ~Department of the Interior official was fired for protesting his actions

NAWSA

The National American Woman Suffrage Association ~In 1869 Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton found National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)--led to NAWSA in 1890 ~other leaders included Lucy Stone, and Julia Ward Howe ~Alice Paul and Lucy Burns led woman suffrage parade on March 4, 1913 during Wilson's inauguration--- formed radical organization called the Congressional Union (successor, the National Woman's Party), which pressured government to pass suffrage amendment

NWSA

The National Woman Suffrage Association ~headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony ~opposed the 15th amendment ~accused abolitionists and Republican supporters of instituting black civil rights at expense of women's rights ~united with another group in 1890 to become NAWSA

prohibition

The banning of alcoholic beverages ~program to uplift and improve personal behavior of immigrants and poor city dwellers---reformers felt that morality held the key to improving lives of poor, not the workplace ~Prohibition groups feared that alcohol was undermining morals ~Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) spearheaded crusade for prohibition--entered saloons, sang, prayed, and urged saloon workers to stop selling alcohol ~WCTU was transformed by Frances Willard to national organization, became largest woman's group ~WCTU members opened kindergartens, visited prisoners, worked for suffrage--provided women with public roles, justified giving women voting rights ~prohibition often led to trouble with immigrants

Federal Reserve System

The central bank of the United States. ~one of Wilson's most enduring achievements ~Wilson's solution to strengthen running of banks was to establish a decentralized private banking system ~Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided nation into 12 districts, established bank in each--served other banks within district, could issue new paper currency in emergency, make loans to customers, transfer funds to member banks in trouble ~by 1913, 70% of nation's banking resources were part of this

Vassar College

The first women's college created in 1865. ~faculty of 8 men and 22 women ~accepted its first students in 1865 ~inspired the creation of other major women's colleges--Smith and Wellesley Colleges followed in 1875 ~sought to grant women an excellent education ~women entered work force or sought higher education ~half of college-educated women in the late 19th century never married ~many of these educated women began to apply their skills to needed social reforms

suffrage

The right to vote in political elections ~campaign achieved only modest success before turn of century ~14th and 15th amendments excluded women from the right to vote but included African American men ~women suffrage faced constant opposition ~liquor industry feared women would vote in support of prohibition ~textile industry worried women would vote for restrictions on child labor ~men feared changing role of women in society ~leaders tried 3 approaches to achieve objective: convince state legislatures to grant women right to vote, pursued court cases to test Fourteenth Amendment, pushed for national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote ~finally saw success as result of increased activism of local groups, use of new strategies to build enthusiasm, and rebirth of national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt

scientific management

Time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts. ~focused on data produced by social scientists documenting high costs of long working hours for both the individual and society ~used by Frederick Winslow Taylor--"Taylorism" ~became a management fad ~used to see just how quickly each task could be performed ~not all workers could work at same rate, but sped up production ~required people to work like machines, caused higher worker turnover--injuries, fatigue ~Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hrs, $5 a day to keep car workers happy and to prevent strikes---attracted thousands of workers, but they exhausted themselves

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles. ~reduced workday at Ford flywheel factory to 8 hours and paid workers $5 a day ~attracted thousands of workers, but they exhausted themselves ~Such efforts at improving efficiency targeted industry and government

Square Deal

Various progressive reforms sponsored by Roosevelt administration. ~If big business victimized workers, Roosevelt would see to it that common people received Square Deal ~Roosevelt's study of history convinced him that modern America required powerful federal government ~As part of Square Deal, Roosevelt aggressively used Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to attack big businesses engaging in unfair practices

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912 ~wanted to improve banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete ~planned his attack on what he called the triple wall of privilege: the trusts, tariffs, and high finance

Carrie Nation

Worked for prohibition in 1890's by walking into saloons, scolding customers, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor.

YMCA

Young Men's Christian Association ~spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities ~opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools and handball courts.

Susette La Flesche

Young Omaha woman, in 1879 traveled east to translate into English the sad words of Chief Standing Bear, whose Ponca people had been forcibly removed from their homeland in Nebraska ~invited with chief to go on a lecture tour to draw attention to the situation, testified before congressional committees and helped win passage of the Dawes Act of 1887 ~activism was example of new role for American women

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor ~sent investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions ~organized exhibitions with photographs and statistics to dramatize the children's plight ~were joined by labor union members who argued that child labor lowered wages for all workers ~pressured the approval of Keating-Owen Act in 1916

Congressional Union/National Woman's Party

created by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns; radical organization the pressured the federal government to pass a suffrage amendment ~by 1917 Paul had organized her followers to mount a round-theclock picket line around the White House ~some picketers were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed when they attempted a hunger strike

Regulation

government intervention in a market that affects the production of a good ~During Progressive Era, reformers viewed it as a necessary role of government to ensure safety and fairness for consumers as well as industrial competitors

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

muckraking journalist who wrote "The Jungle" which focused on human condition in Chicago stockyards ~began research for novel in 1904 ~intended novel to reveal "the breaking of human hearts by a system [that] exploits the labor of men and women for profits." ~exposed sickening conditions of meatpacking industry

William S. U'ren

prompted his state of Oregon to adopt the secret ballot, the initiative, the referendum, and the recall

Deregulation

the removal of some government controls over a market ~the railroad, airline, and telecommunications industries went through it ~Opponents of regulation believed that government regulation caused inefficiency and high prices