The Real World, Chapter 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

Admissions Equation

(HS GPA x effect) + (SAT score x effect)= probability of graduation

Thomas theorem

...

U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries.

...

Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory?

...

Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory?

...

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the conflict perspective on culture?

...

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the functionalist perspective on culture?

...

Which of the following statements is true in intimate partner violence?

...

Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization?

...

Working class jobs are not as stressful.

...

attitudinal theory

...

authoritarian.

...

differential association

...

dominant group

...

dramaturgical analysis

...

economy

...

education

...

endorsements of certain behaviors.

...

ethnicity.

...

ethnomethodology

...

evaluation research

...

examples ofcultural boundaries.

...

exchange theory

...

majority group

...

nonverbal communication

...

occupational crime.

...

oligarchy

...

one's environment has little

...

open

...

organized crime

...

organized crime.

...

orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers.

...

out-group

...

sex.

...

upper-middle class

...

upper-upper class

...

validity

...

Karl Marx

Max Weber

-Your family are probably the first ones who tell you that what you are doing is either right or wrong

...

-before wage labor, factories, centralized cities

...

-differences in SES by race

...

20

...

Achieved

...

Democracy

...

Education increases upward mobility.

...

Emile Durkheim

...

Feminist theory

...

Institutionalized: educational credentials

...

All of the above is true.

U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries.

Which of the following is an example of medicalization?

Viewing an old person's forgetfulness as a health problem rather than as a natural part of aging that one has to cope with

Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University?

W. E. B. DuBois

George Herbert Mead

W.E.B. DuBois

democracy

a political system in which all citizens have a right to participate

Civil Religion

a set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture.

meritocracy

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit

Religion

a system of beliefs and practices around sacred things; a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action.

Social

ascribed

none of the above

deindustrialization

Criminologists

functionalists

Sexual identity

gender

Middle Eastern families

latino families

about the same.

lower

Polygyny

multiple wives

participant observation

participant observation

Literally meaning "rule of the father"; male dominated society

patriarchy

Groups in which the relationship is primarily impersonal and instrumental are known as

secondary groups

sexual identity.

sex

nurturing.

socialization

Transgendered

term describing an indi-vidual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories.

Emergent Norm Theory

theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting particular norms.

Individuals who identify with other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image

transsexuals

The article did not talk about it.

true

false

true

none of the above

warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.

Feudalism

economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs

work

economy

Social Determinants Theory

social status position can determine health

Capitalism

socialism

human sexual dimorphism

the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ?

fieldwork

Despite working more hours and being more productive than ever, American employees still express a lot of concern about _____.

job security

recognize

learn

Studies show that people with more education have _____ attachment to traditional religious beliefs and _____ levels of participation in religious organizations.

less; higher

working class

lower-upper class

intrapersonal

macro-level

According to strain theory, the solution to deviance is to:

make it easier to reach societal goals through acceptable means.

Merton used the term, __________, to refer to the intended consequences of people's actions

manifest functions

patriarchal

patrilocal

methods.

reliability

role tension.

role conflict

-Asian-Americans

...

-Because of their equal interest in family and work, they are redefining gender in the family.

...

Males who earn less than $75,000 are more likely to be abusers than those who earn more.

...

Social stratification

...

Social structure

...

Social systems

...

Socialism

...

Socialization

...

Socialization controls behavior because of

...

The article "The Social Organization of Toy Stores" by Christine Williams discussed about

...

family economics

...

individual discrimination.

...

inductive research

...

secondary groups

...

Racism

sexism

Which leadership style will most likely result in a high degree of internal solidarity among employees?

authoritarian

"Racial opportunity"

"white privilege"

$0.50

$0.77

Changes in the Family

-Fertility rates in the US are low.

Family Forms

-not mutually exclusive

SAT

-predicts college outcomes, but only for white students

-still a gap but narrowing

...

-test score rankings by school type

...

-thriving economy, government assistance (G.I. Bill)

...

-try to get well

...

-women live longer: types of illnesses; willingness to seek care

...

-women work in factories

...

1. Predictive power of SAT comes from correlation with family background

...

1. Score lower on cognitive achievement tests, SATs

...

1. True across age and race

...

8 percent

...

All of the above are criteria of a social group.

...

All of the above are true about social research.

...

Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.

...

Capitalism

...

No-fault divorce is a/n _____ reason for some divorces.

...

Nurture can explain all human behavior.

...

Obligations

...

Out-groups

...

Pluralism

...

Who was the sociologist responsible for explaining the groupthink phenomenon?

Irving Janis

Prejudice

...

Ryan is examining children's books as part of a research project on gender images in the media. Ryan is using which of the following research approaches?

...

Secondary; primary

...

Sex identities

...

Sex roles

...

Sexual harassment

...

Sexual misconduct

...

Sexual orientation

...

Sexuality

...

Social

...

Social change

...

Social constructionist theories contend that sexual behavior is largely the result of

...

Social control

...

Social interaction is similar across time and place.

...

Social interactions

...

Social mobility

...

Social movement

...

Systematic attempts to destroy members of particular minority groups is called

...

The character or quality of being sexual, use to describe sexual behavior/desires/fantasies is called:____

...

The research result in article "Charter Schools and the Public Good" show that

...

_____ is an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships.

...

_____ is any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work.

...

_____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.

...

biology affects behavior.

...

closed

...

colonialism.

...

cultural competencies.

...

cultural differences.

...

feminist

...

feminist theories

...

macro-level

...

matrilocal

...

medical system

...

micro-level

...

microsociology.

...

middle; lower

...

reliability

...

religious

...

religious placement

...

religious system

...

reproduction

...

research methodology.

...

role sprain.

...

role strain.

...

role taking

...

socialization.

...

sociobiology

...

there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race.

...

working with people.

...

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women?

Men began to work outside the home for a wage, while women stayed at home to manage the household and raise children, and were not paid.

Leisure Gap

Men do less housework, watch more TV, sleep longer

Men's Movement

Mens right movement- focuses on disadvantages for men; pro-feminist movement- fundamentally change the way people think about gender

_________ theory is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate ways of achieving them.

Merton's Strain

Profane

Ordinary things from everyday life

male liberationism

A movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity (page 268)

What is tracking?

A way of dividing students into different programs of study according to their abilities or interests

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

As a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

none of the above

a marriage market

slavery

closed

Nuclear Family

father, mother, biological children

exchange

feminist

Corporate

primary

Primary; in

primary; secondary

Fundamentalists

religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning.

Pregnancy discrimination

sexual harassment

sexual orientation

sexual identity

Theism

the worship of a god or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.

Weber

Weber

invisible poverty

What makes it invisible? Residential segregation, political disenfrachisement, homelessness,

What issue is first-wave feminism most strongly associated with?

women's suffrage

The basic idea behind differential association theory is that

...

The conclusion in the article "The Impact of Internet Communications on Social Interaction" is that

...

The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the following is not one of these approaches?

...

The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office.

...

The governments of Burma, Cuba, North Korea, and Libya are examples of

...

The hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources is referred to as

...

The main idea in "The Unfinished Revolution - How a New Generation is Reshaping Family, Work, and Gender in America" is

...

Totalitarianism

...

Using a sociological perspective encourages

...

What are the benefits of education?

...

Which social theorist described three ideal types of legitimate authority?

...

White males tend to be in core service jobs than non-whites and females.

...

____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita.

...

_____ are those people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as being different.

...

_____ are those that share a sense of identity and exclude and devalue outsiders.

...

_____ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure that maintain society.

...

_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses.

...

_____ is an economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.

...

_____ is an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits.

...

_____ is recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.

...

_____ refers to learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men.

...

_____ refers to the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology.

...

a contingent worker.

...

a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.

...

a love bazaar

...

a marriage market

...

absolute poverty.

...

accuracy.

...

achieved

...

achieved statuses.

...

administrative

...

alienation

...

all of the above

...

apartheid group

...

are born with

...

ascribed

...

assets.

...

beliefs

...

beliefs about male superiority are internalized.

...

caste

...

challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.

...

characteristics.

...

charter schools

...

corporate crime.

...

criminal justice system

...

cultural changes.

...

cultural universals.

...

democracies.

...

demographic

...

experiment

...

explicit written rules and regulations

...

face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.

...

false

...

family and its functions.

...

family values

...

females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social integration

...

females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social structure

...

four

...

functionalism

...

functionalist

...

functionalists.

...

gender discrimination is poorly defined.

...

gender identity

...

hereditary

...

hierarchy of authority

...

high degree of division of labor and specialization

...

in-group

...

income

...

inconsistent forms of punishment.

...

increased.

...

independent variable

...

macrosociology.

...

magnet schools

...

males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration

...

males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social structure

...

objective poverty.

...

participant observation

...

patrilocal

...

peer pressure

...

people often lie to those who have authority.

...

people tend to see most things differently.

...

people to become happier.

...

perception, initiation, response

...

perception, response, interpretation

...

permissive.

...

personality trait.

...

persons who share a common identity

...

persons who share a sense of belonging

...

pluralist

...

political structure

...

primary group

...

sanctions.

...

secondary analysis

...

secondary group

...

seeing society as unpredictable.

...

segregation.

...

self employed.

...

self-fulfilling prophecy

...

serving others.

...

setting control.

...

sex roles.

...

sexual identity

...

sexual identity is based on cultural factors.

...

sexual orientation has a strong genetic basis.

...

sexual orientation is based on social structure.

...

sexual regulation

...

sexual roles

...

significant others

...

signs.

...

silence

...

six

...

social acceptance.

...

social construct.

...

social construction of reality

...

social control

...

social exchange

...

social pressure and culture.

...

social stratification.

...

socialism.

...

socialization

...

survey

...

symbolic interaction

...

symbolic interactional perspective.

...

temporary characteristic.

...

the No Child Left Behind Act

...

the generalized other

...

the wages of working class people are enough to live.

...

theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis

...

theory --> observation --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis

...

there are more males than females.

...

tyranny.

...

unemployed.

...

variables.

...

violence was not the topic.

...

violent crime

...

voluntary association

...

working class people do not work hard enough to make more money.

...

according to the pro-feminist men's movement, why should men support feminism?

(all of the above) out of fairness to women, men's lives are constrained by gender rules as well, the ideology of male superiority is a burden, men will be happier if society is less sexist

assimilation.

...

attempting to persuade others to agree with you.

...

authoritative.

...

avoidance

...

baby boomer generation.

...

behaviors

...

A _____ is a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.

...

A _____ is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people.

...

A/n _____ is a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics.

...

A/n _____ is a group that shapes our behavior, values and attitudes, and influences who we'd like to be in the future.

...

According to Merton, Americans are taught to strive towards the "American Dream" of economic success. He called these aspirations

...

According to _____, low-income societies are poor because of "traditional" attitudes about technology and institutions.

...

According to our textbook, marriage, medicine, and modesty are examples of George Murdock's

...

Addams

...

Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of

...

African American families

...

American Indians

...

Anomie

...

As the power elite became diverse, the values of power elite also changed.

...

As the power elite became diverse, there is no shared value any more.

...

Asch's studies, in which subjects were asked to match lines on cards, showed that

...

Ascribed

...

Asian American families

...

Assimilation

...

At the Barkley Company, there are forty employees. Addison is the President and CEO. Below her, Jack and Ross, are managers. The thirty-seven others work below the managers in the storeroom or on the show floor. Which of Weber's ideal characteristics does this exemplify?

...

Auguste Comte

...

Becker

...

Biological characteristics (anatomy, hormones, etc) determine one's

...

Booker T. Washington

...

Both A and B are correct.

...

Brown v. Board of Education

...

C. Wright Mills

...

Charter school students do better in math than public school students.

...

Charter school students perform better than traditional public school students.

...

Christina graduated from college last year. She moved back into her parents' home while she looks for a job. Christina is part of the

...

Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people.

...

Class

...

College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.

...

Communism

...

Compared to thirty-five years ago, the number of people living in poverty has

...

Compared with divorce rates between 1970 and 1990, divorce rates in 2008 were

...

Concentrated poverty blames social structures for poor blacks poverty (lack of jobs, resources, lack of good schools, and lack of transportation out of the poor areas)

...

Conflict theorists

...

Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime?

...

Conglomeration

...

Connor is reviewing birth and death certificates for persons living in Jefferson County. Connor is using which data collection method?

...

Counterculturism

...

Credentialing

...

Crime

...

Cubans

...

Cultural

...

Cultural imperialism

...

Cultural infusion

...

Cultural relativism

...

Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another.

...

Culture creates inequality because those in

...

Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.

...

De facto; de jure

...

Donald Black

...

Dr. Harry Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that

...

Durkheim

...

Durkheim introduced the term anomie, but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how social structure can create deviance.

...

Early age at marriage is a/n _____ reason for some divorces.

...

Economic

...

Economy

...

Education

...

Educational institutions create social networks.

...

Ethnicity

...

Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data. The Census Bureau is using which of the following data collection methods?

...

Feminism

...

Feminist theorists

...

Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions.

...

Iraq

...

culture of poverty

Oscar Lewis 1966- Theory on poverty

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

Our self concept develops from interaction with others

They live almost exclusively in urban areas.

They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.

In 1962 the future United States Senator Elizabeth Dole was told that she shouldn't be attending Harvard Law School. Why did her critics believe this?

They felt that she was taking an opportunity away from a man.

How do students and teachers communicate?

Why does education serve some people better than others?

concentrated disadvantage

William J Wilson-1988

Cultural factors have little effect on reporting intimate partner violence.

Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.

A complex organization with a hierarchy of authority and structure, rules and procedures is called

a bureaucracy

Offshoring

a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs.

Union Busting

a company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it.

Alienation

a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society.

pluralism

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society

According to welfare critics, ________ sets in with many welfare recipients, and they become so used to receiving government aid that they lose interest in looking for work and trying to get off welfare rolls.

a cycle of dependency

What sociological term best describes lovers, cult members, and members of a combat infantry platoon?

a primary group

when does gender role socialization begin?

before birth

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

it is uncommon.

beliefs about male superiority are internalized.

Sex

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories— male or female.

sex

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories—male or female

Credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job

The classical model of social movements proposes that social movements emerge _____.

as a collective response to structural weaknesses in society that have a psychological effect on individuals

maternal.

authoritative

rational leaders

authority based on laws, rules, and procedures. Not heredity or personality of any individual leader

rehabilitation

avoidance

coercive leaders

backed up by threat of force

Pseudo-capitalism

capitalism

all of the above.

care-giving.

feminist theory

conflict theory

17 percent

8 percent

Who was the sociologist who developed the Theory of Differential Association?

Edwin Sutherland

Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family?

Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive.

Which of the following health insurance models has been most closely associated with rising medical costs in the United States?

Fee-for-service

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

gender role socialization

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called

genocide

in-groups and out-groups

in-groups and out-groups

transsexuals

individuals who identify with the opposite sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image

Al Capone, "Lucky" Luciano, John Gotti, and other heads of organized crime fall under which mode of adaptation?

innovator

Extended Family

kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

cultural assimilation

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction.

Gender identity

sexual orientation

Role

social structure

Sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual.

The argument that good health helps a person achieve a high socioeconomic status is known as _____.

the drift explanation

As a group becomes larger

the intensity decreases and the stability increases

Mortality

death

Attendance at religious services has _____ in the United States since the 1960s, and the number of people who say they have religious beliefs or a strong sense of spirituality has _____.

declined; held steady or risen

While unionization rates in the United States have _____ over the past 30 years, recent studies show that _____ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.

declined; more

Independent; Republican

democratic; republican

intrapersonal

demographic

Supplier-induced demand in the health-care industry refers to _____.

doctors creating excess demand for their services

principle group

dominant group

ethnomethodology

dramaturgical analysis

second wave feminism

during the 1960s and 70s. associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

Homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individu-als who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.

Coalescence

the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage.

What are the two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?

the size of the group whose behavior is being targeted; whether the change sought is limited or radical.

in the early 1900s, native born Americans, usually Protestant, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction fo race

The ability to see the intimate realitites of our own lives in the context of common social structures is what C. Wright Mills refers to as:

the sociological imagination

Homosexuality

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender.

homosexuality

the tendency to feel sexual desire towards members of one's own gender

None of the above.

the wages of working class people are enough to live.

a part-time worker.

underemployed

none of the above

women choose fields with lower earnings

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed. According to their view, you're either male/female-you have no other option. Chromosome/hormones/genitalia determine your identity, the way you interact and see yourself, and the activities you engage in

essentialists

People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called:

essentialists.

apartheid.

ethnicity

Cultural relativism

ethnocentrism

ethnomethodology

ethnomethodology

What is it called when the same numbers of people move up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change?

exchange mobility

why don't individuals from the lower class exercise more often

exercise is a luxury accessible to those who dont have to struggle with day to day existence.

The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. Talcott Parsons identified this. It's important for the care of children and stabilizing the personality of the instrumental partner against the stresses of the competitive world

expressive role

None of the above is true.

face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.

Usually the primary source of socialization. Kara Smith argues the gender role socialization begins before the birth; if know sex-you start preparing for the baby. After birth, babies begin to respond/internalize expectations around them. Learning behavior and meanings through social interaction. Gender ties in like when a girl does the dishes and boys take out the trash. This all has to do with:

family

Gender Role Socialization

family, school, peers, and media

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly genderinappropriate behavior (page 274)

homophobia

fear of or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior

Belief in the social/political/economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief. Both a theoretical perspective & social movement

feminism

social movements organized around the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called

feminism

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

feminization of poverty

The earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920. Began in Seneca Falls, NY organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott. Campaign issued Declaration of Sentiments - suffrage movement

first wave

rules.

folkways

primary organization

formal organization

Jane Addams is remembered for

founding Hull House

seven

four

What is the American core value that pervades U.S. life and is underscored by the American revolution?

freedom

Professionals such as medical doctors and lawyers make it a point to have their offices appear neat and well organized. They are showing a concern for their:

front stage.

They believe that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.

functionalism

A _____ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand—a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer.

functionalist

Talcott Parsons's claim that the traditional family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women) is an example of a _____ approach to sociology.

functionalist

exchange

functionalist

exchange theory

functionalist

globalization

functionalist

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

gender

An individual's self-definition or sense of gender

gender identity

Essentialists

gender is immutable and biological; something can't be changed; sex and gender are close in relation

Social Constructionist

gender is socially determined; multiple possibilites

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive stuffed animals and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

gender socialization

pluralism.

genocide

What form of the nonmaterial culture is illustrated by shaking one's head left and right to mean "no" and up and down to mean "yes"?

gestures

Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true?

girls have caught up with boys in most measures of educational achievement

All of the above are correct.

group membership generates conformity

Congregations

groups of people that gather together, especially for worship.

The divorce rate in the United States _____.

has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century

All of the above are part of the definition.

have a legal relationship

Social desirability bias can affect responses in a study when the questions ____.

have moral undertones

The green revolution has been credited with _____ in developing countries.

helping food production keep pace with population growth

Involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex -small minority is called:____

heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality

What trend has been noted in the workforce since 2002 with regard to income level and hours worked?

high-income individuals are working more hours than low-income individuals

Sects

high-tension organizations that don't fit in so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged—outcasts, minorities, or the poor—because they renounce worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises.

Sacred

holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder.

The ultimate back stage for most people is:

home

Fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.

homophobia

The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The children are assigned chores around the house. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of what?

how gender roles are learned at home

_______ refers to the knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable.

human capital

The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

human sexual dimorphism

The belief that the experiences of women and men differ as a result of differences in anatomy is called:

human sexual dimorphism.

Resource Dilution Model

hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them

Cult of Domesticity

idea that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and childrearing

Max Weber believed that _____ are as strong a force as technological advances in terms of bringing about social change.

ideas

Dynamic psychiatry focuses on _____.

identifying the internal conflicts that produce a mental illness

if you are a man and young, you experience the most prejudice.

if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.

Morbidity

illness in a general sense

Efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us are called:

impression management

manner.

impression management

group think

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

Reference groups

in-groups

None of the above - poverty statistics were not collected thirty-five years ago.

increased

none of the above

increased

Which of the following have contributed to a decrease in doctors' power and prestige?

increased external regulation of health care and the medical profession

dependent variable

independent variable

When gathering data, the cause is known as the _________ and the effect is known as the ___________.

independent variable; dependent variable

holistic discrimination.

individual discrimination

Americans cherish the ideal that anyone can rise from the bottom of society to its very top. What value identified by Robin Williams is illustrated by this belief?

individualism

social construction of race

individuals are placed into a hierarchy that produces definite social relations between the races. The totality of these racialized social relations and practices constitutes the racial structure of society

Transsexuals

individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fi ts their self- image.

You are a freelance graphic designer and about six months ago you set up a PayPal account so that clients can pay you online instead of mailing you checks, thus cutting down on paperwork and speeding up the whole payment process. One of your major clients has not expressed any interest in using PayPal and it continues to take up to two months for them to pay you. The next time this client offers you a project, you decide to turn it down because you think you're better off working with clients who will pay more quickly. In Adam Smith's terms, your decision is based on finding an unacceptable level of _____ in the proposed exchange.

inefficiency

Alan, a 14-year-old boy, finds himself in a situation where he can steal a digital watch from a store. he decided against the theft because he fears what others will think of him if they knew. In theis situation, Alan conforms to society's values because of:

informal social controls

The family member who is task driven, breadwinning, and authoritative is taking the ____________ role.

instrumental

The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure. Talcott Parsons identified this, being tasked oriented/breadwinner

instrumental role

when the children of working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in the professional field this is an example of

intergenerational mobility

Asexuality

involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex.

Ethnocentrism:

is a natural and in some ways desirable product of growing up in a culture.

Studies show that the primary concern U.S. workers have about unionizing is _____.

job loss or a tense work environment because of employers' negative attitude toward unions

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of __________ theory.

labeling

What is a system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought?

language

secondary groups

larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary

Consequences of social structures that are neither intended nor recognized are referred to by sociologists as:

latent functions or dysfunctions

Arabs

latinos

Structural-functional theory takes the position that:

law benefits society by helping to maintain order.

Conflict theorists point out that the class differentials in crime rates develop partly because:

law enforcement discriminates more heavilhy against the poor

Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?

learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking

Civil Unions

legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage

Domestic Partnerships

legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes " A" is added to include " allies".

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes "A" is added to include "allies" (page 272)

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

Cohabitation

living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning

The image we have of ourselves based upon how we imagine others to view us is called:

looking glass self.

Feudalism was an economic system characterized by _____.

lords who owned the land; vassals who managed the land and offered military protection; and serfs who worked the land

none of the above

males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration

Madeleine's position as president of the local university overshadows her work as a wife, mother, and volunteer for the Salvation Army. In view of this, university president is Madeleine's ________.

master status

Movies/comic books/music etc. can influence/learn how to behave, how to be accepted, what to value, what is normal, and how gender fits into society. Becoming more persuasive in society, both sexes learn that certain activities and attitudes are more appropriate for one gender than for the other. Mostly aimed towards adolescents. Some contradicting ex: video games thought to be mostly boys, but more girls are starting to get into it too. This all has to do with:

media

minority

member of social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than in dominant groups

Evangelicals

members of any Protestant denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is the only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society.

Who is more likely to report never having been married?

men

An offschool of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.

men's right movement

Examining the meaning and uses of religion in people's everyday lives is part of a _____ approach to the subject.

microsociological

The level of sociological analysis that places emphasis on social interaction is:

microsociology.

Classical Model

model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals.

Resource-Mobilization Theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources.

Political Process Model

model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger.

world-systems theory

modernization theory

money.

money

interlocking directorate

monopoly

Compared to people in other industrialized countries, Americans are _____ likely to have religious beliefs and _____ likely to be affiliated with a religious institution.

more; more

Americans work _____ hours as/than citizens of other industrialized nations, but have _____ vacation benefits.

more; worse

Norms with moral or religious significance that are thought to be important to society are known as:

mores

In American society, the commandment "Thou shalt not murder" belongs to which category?

mores.

most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

third wave feminism

most recent period. Focusing on issues of diversity and variety of identities women can possess

suffrage

movement the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women.

Polyandry

multiple husbands; in countries with shortages of women

none of the above is correct.

nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience.

Recently, Marie went on a tour of the Arab countries. At the end of the tour, she wanted to offer a gift to her Arab tour guide. Marie offered the gift with her left hand as her right hand was full at the time. She did not understand why the guide appeared to be offended with her. This is an example of _____________.

necessity to learn the gestures of a culture

Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism?

new farming technologies

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values and social norms?

nonmaterial culture

subversive culture.

nonmaterial culture

facial expressions

nonverbal communication

which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of social stratification

often low-level groups still have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups

Reference groups

out-groups

Socioeconomic status is a combined measure of an individual's or family's economic and social position relative to others, based on any combination of which of the following groups of elements?

parents' level of education, parents' jobs, and family income and wealth

Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of _____.

peer-to-peer dynamics

Same-sex groups help create gendered behavior. When same sex group play together, their activities are more likely to be gender typed; girls have tea parties. Children may be punished or mocked by others for crossing over gendered borders. Groups can be enforcing gender roles and the assumptions about sexuality that underlie them. Can lead to bullying or rebellious behavior on part of the boys and eating disorders with girls. This all has to do with:

peers

According to Structural Stain Theories, deviance occurs when:

people cannot reach the acceptable goals of society through acceptable means.

Being a mother is no guarantee that a woman will fulfill the duties and obligations associated with motherhood. This illustrates that:

people occupy statuses, but play roles

asexual

person who has no interest in or desire for sex

Health maintenance organizations may lead to undertreatment since they pay doctors per _____ and not per _____.

person; service

Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her___________ so others do not invade it.

personal space

All of the above are criteria of a social group.

persons who interact with one another

Socialism

plualism

in the eiarly 19th century, native americans who had survived clashes with the US army were forcibly removed to reservations, this is an example of

population transfer

Being made to wait for a few minutes to over an hour in order to see a doctor is evidence of the _____.

power and prestige of doctors in our society

globalist

power elite

oligarchy

power rests with a small number of people.

The ability to control someone's behavior even against his or her will is:

power.

Pluralism

prejudice

how is prejudice different from discrimination?

prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action

According to sociologist Georg Simmel, ____ refers to a form of social organization characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation.

premodernity

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism & believe that sexism harms both men & women. Society will be happier if became less sexist. Argue that men should share more of the responsibilities of child care/economic disparities/violence against women/respect womens lives

pro-feminist men's movement

Supernatural Compensators

promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven.

What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries?

proper nutrition and clean water

civil unions

proposed as an alterna-tive to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefi ts and protections of marriage.

civil unions

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage

For what two categories of crime are women more likely to be arrested than men?

prostitution and running away

Secondary sex characteristics include:

pubic hair, facial hair, scents, breasts, muscle tone, body fat distribution

Social theory about gender identity & sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference & rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.

queer theory

Racial-ethnic group

race

both a and b are correct.

race problem in the toy store.

Pluralism

racism

Anticipatory socialization

re-socialization

What term can be substituted for the term "operational" in Piaget's four-stage model, from the sensorimotor stage to the formal operational stage?

reasoning skills

Alondra Nelson's interview on genetic testing and race explains the difficulties individuals encounter when trying to navigate the costs and benefits of finding out who they are and where they are from. In what way do African Americans particularly have trouble?

records of slaves' origins aren't complete or even maintained in many cases

In bureaucracies, what term refers to rules and procedures that defy all logic?

red tape

reference group

reference group

Churches

religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population.

Cult

religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not as easily fit within the sect-church cycle.

social placement

religious placement

Since 1940, the gap between the rich and the poor has

remained about the same.

All except one of the following are included in culture. Which one should not be included?

reproduction

Boundary work refers to . . . ?

research conducted on the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science either within a specific scientific discipline or between disciplines

What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called?

resocialization

Based on Merton's strain theory, drug addicts, alcoholics, the homeless, and others who have dropped out of the pursuit of success are engaged in which mode of adaptation?

retreatism

Sanctions refer to:

rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity.

none of the above

rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.

Global Warming

rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures.

Just going through the motions would be an illustration of which form of Merton's Strain Theory?

ritualism.

Signals

roles

What are the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a position a person occupies in life?

roles

Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are:

roles.

Girls and boys are frequently put in same-sex groups and assigned gender-stereotyped tasks, such as playing with dolls and trucks. Differences appear at playgrounds, each sex engage in different activities. Boys: get challenged more, can make teacher annoyed, athletic. Girls: earn higher grades, focus on social skills/appearance. This all has to do with:

school

Normal Science

science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn.

Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of _____.

scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality

The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor. Term coined by Arlie Hochschild

second shift

Women tend to be more of the caregiver of the family, even after a divorce. If taking out time from work to care for their sick child, they may be seen as nonproductive time, and may face discrimination, and still face household chores at home called _____

second shift

The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment & education. More closely associated with the right to vote; Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique, National Organization for Women, and raising groups were key events

second wave

A/An _____ is typically an offshoot of a mainstream church, founded by people who stress rewards in the afterlife over worldly pleasures, and that doesn't fit well with the surrounding social environment.

sectarian group

What is the classification of homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events?

serial murder

An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories-male or female

sex

Bisexuality

sexual attraction to both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females.

none of the above

sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture.

heterosexuality

sexual desire for other genders (page 269)

Heterosexuality

sexual desire for other genders.

The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders is called: ____

sexuality, sexual orientation/sexual identity

Devlin's parents are important influences on Devlin's life. Mead would use the term ___________ to refer to Devlin's parents.

significant others

authority figures

significant others

Mead's term for role players with whom we have close personal relationships is:

significant others.

"Baby Boom"

single greatest spike in fertility

myth.

social construct

Labeling

social control

Ethnomethodology

social exchange theory

The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that _____.

social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health

Family, religion, education, economics and politics are examples of

social institutions

Reformative Social Movements

social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society.

Revolutionary Social Movements

social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society.

Redemptive Social Movements

social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change.

Social organisms

social networks

The links we have among other people, even friends of friends are called ________.

social networks

Postmodernity

social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations.

Premodernity

social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms.

Modernity

social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity— as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations.

what does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the enxt and so remain relatively stable over time

social reproduction

inequality.

social stratification

queer theory

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

queer theory

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity (page 272)

queer theory

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.

gender role

socialization the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media.

What term describes people who share a culture and territory?

society

sociological imagination.

sociological imagination.

According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the product(s) they produce because _____.

specialization has them focusing on one small step in a complex production process

The position that an individual occupies is called his or her:

status

The crime with the highest recidivism rate is ________ and the crime with the lowest recidivism rate is ________.

stealing cars; murder

In his interview, Stephen Morgan explains that non-Catholic students often do better than Catholic students in a Catholic school. If students were placed in a classroom and told prior to a test that students with a strong Catholic background were more likely to perform well on this test, what sociological phenomena would this be an example of?

stereotype threat

_____ is the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies.

stereotype threat

Social ___________ is a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige.

stratification

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of light," during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith represent a ________.

subculture

Which term describes a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society?

subculture

The movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

suffrage movement

Cultural Capital

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Macrosociology is NOT associated with which of the following?

symbolic interaction theory

None of the above are used to understand socialization.

symbolic interactionism

Sociologists who examine the ways that gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives tend to come from which school of social theory?

symbolic interactionism

Which sociological perspective is most aligned with the relativity of deviance?

symbolic interactionist

social exchange

symbolic interactionist

social learning

symbolic interation

culture.

symbols

Best practices can be defined as _____.

teaching methods whose effectiveness is supported by extensive research

To show ourselves as adept role players and to gain recognition from others, we often use _________ or two or more people working together to make certain a performance goes off as planned.

teamwork

transgendered

term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity is at odds with her or his physical sex, but who has not necessarily sought sex-reassignment surgery

Intersexed

term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex character-istics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female.

intersexed or hermaphroditic

term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

what do most americans claim about their class status

that they are middle class

In his interview, John Evans explains how, in a way, regulatory agencies were charged with the task of handling questions of ethics in scientific research. Assuming these agencies have an impact on which scientists are able to publish first. Those scientists in turn garner prestige from those early publications and turn that prestige into further publications and prestige. What sociological phenomenon describes the way these scientists continue gaining prestige?

the Matthew effect

Ethicalism

the adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism.

Animism

the belief that spirits roam the natural word, as in totemism.

Oligopoly

the condition when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market.

globalization

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

In the workplace, aggressive men are often considered to be "go-getters," but aggressive women are often considered to be "bitches." This is an example of:

the double standard.

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid- nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920.

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

Service Sector

the economic activity that involves providing intangible services.

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care.

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of childcare

The sect-church cycle helps to explain ____.

the existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States

human sexual dimorphism

the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes.

Champagne-glass distribution refers to _____.

the fact that a small percentage of the world's population possesses a very large percent of the world's income

Routinization

the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause.

Emergence

the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified.

Monopoly

the form of business that occurs when there's only one seller of a good or service in the market, leading to zero competition.

Paradigm

the framework within which scientists operate.

Kimberly is a successful television producer who is married to an attorney and has two children. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from the use of certain types of plastic bottles. Over the next couple of weeks she does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor to ask questions. Ultimately, she learns that you can buy products made without BPA so she replaces all her family's plastic drink cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that Kimberly even learned about BPA dangers and then was able to research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health?

the fundamental causes interpretation

What qualities or beliefs associated with traditional masculinity are identified as being harmful to men?

the idea that men are superior

Sexual Orientation

the inclination to feel sexual desire to feel emotions for one or both genders: heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality

sexual orientation

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

sexual orientation or sexual identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders.

Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors?

the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

Agricultural Revolution

the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production

What is the stage in the life course where individuals begin to reorient their thinking from the time since birth to the time left to live?

the later middle years

What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?

the level of involvement of rank-and-file members

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine; primarily through four agents of socialization: family, schools, peers, and media

A social institution that has played a particularly interesting role in creating & sometimes challenging sexual stereotypes . People who still have no firsthand knowledge of homosexuality turn to this as their exclusive source for understanding it. As homosexuality is becoming more common, it is shown more through these sources.

the mass media

Which of the following is least representative of activity that would take place in a biotech society?

the mass production of industrial goods and conspicuous consumption

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can posses

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can possess.

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

Hidden Curriculum

the nonacademic socialization and training that take place in the schooling system

Normative View of Science

the notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follows objective rules of evidence.

Union

the organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining.

primary groups

the people who are most important to your sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belongings

second wave

the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

second wave

the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education.

racial assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

Education

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

gender identity

the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender

In her interview, Jen'nan Read explains that some Muslims in America have chosen to continue religious traditions as a form of individual identity. Traditions such as the hijab worn by Muslim women make up part of what overarching religious theme?

the sacred canopy

Andrew Cherlin's interview on the culture of marriage explains the difficulties for certain couples to stay together, particularly if they are faced with economic problems. If both spouses work, what additional responsibilities might women face that put a strain on marriage?

the second shift

In Mead's theory, the "I" is

the spontaneous, creative part of the shelf.

Symbolic interaction theory addresses:

the subjective meaning of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings.

Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to describe this process?

the survival of the fittest

The focus of sociology is on:

the systematic study of human groups

Miscegenation

the technical term for multiracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged—sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage

homosexuality

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender (page 269)

Profane

the things of mundane, everyday life.

A small group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations is referred to as:

the underclass

Champagne-Glass Distribution

the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape.

second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor.

second shift

the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the day's paid labor is completed

Political arbitrage is . . . ?

the use of insider political knowledge to earn profits

In relation to working parents, the second shift can best be defined as _____.

the varied domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home

One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that _____.

their stricter expectations of members make those members value them more and commit more time and energy to them

hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> observation --> theory

theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis

Contagion Theory

theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact.

Convergence Theory

theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.

Compartive studies of the occupational prestige scale show that:

there is a great deal of similarity in the rankings of occupations across nations and across time.

True or false? Females tend to live long than males. Thomas Perls & Ruth Fretts believe that sex hormones estrogen & testosterone may be the possible cause. Testosterone is linked to aggressive/violent behavior/heart disease/harmful cholesterol in blood. Estrogen lowers harmful cholesterol/reduce likelihood of heart disease and stroke

true

True or false? Male dominated society can be traced back to biological differences. Ex: males had to hunt/protect/ head of household therefore had more authority/power/strength while woman did the home/care activities. But this does not account to today's society now

true

Megachurch

typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshippers per week.

The digital divide refers to . . . ?

unequal access to and knowledge of information technology based on socioeconomic status

Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Conflict Perspective

unequal political and economic power increases gender- based social inequalities; both men and women are at work performing separate tasks

discrimination

unequal treatments of individuals based on their membership in a social gorup; usually motivated by prejudice

The idea of everyone having the same basic rights because they are born in a country is termed ___________ citizenship.

universal

objectivity.

validity

Sanctions

values

all of the above

values

social issues.

variables

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in Cooley's "looking glass self" theory:

we can see ourselves exactly as others see us

how is max weber's idea of social class different from marxs?

weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all could affect a persons social class

In addition to gender identity being about who we are, Ch. 10 argues that gender identity is also about:

what we do

Paradigm Shift

when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena.

majority minority

when the majority are less than half the population but still remain the dominant group in terms of power, resources, and representation in social institutions

Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, _____.

which negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they don't get enough attention and support from their parents

In The Next Catastrophe, Charles Perrow argues that _____.

while disasters are inevitable, their negative impact can be reduced by dispersing their risks

victimless crime

white collar crime

Crimes committed by respectable people of high social status in the course of their occupations are known as:

white-collar crimes

Boundary Work

work done to maintain the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science within a specific scientific discipline or between legitimate disciplines.

Fair Families

-Fair Families are families that exist in both the public and private spheres.

Religion

-a system of beliefs or practices around sacred things

Social Construction of Illness

-definitions of health and sickness change with time and place

Capitalism

-economic system of private ownership

Polygamy

-having more than one partner at a time

Preindustrial Family

-household=miniature economy

Effects if Divorce on Children

-lower future SES

Coleman Report 1966

-money per student didn't increase educational attainment

Families After WWII

-nature of factories/work shifts

Economic Systems: Socialism

-needs of population met outside of the market

Pygmalion Effect

-self-fulfilling prophecies

Health Discrepancies

-starkest differences are between whites and blacks: SES-linked; racist environment

Economic Systems: Communism

-state owns all production, provides for needs of everyone

More Recent Coleman Findings

-students in small (13-17) classes had fewer disciplinary problems, higher test scores

Second Shift: Hogschild

-unpaid labor inside the home performed after paid labor

Housework in the 20th Century

-women gone down, men up

"Actions speak louder than words." This statement represents which concept of social interaction?

...

"Capitalism brings prosperity to a society." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy?

...

"Human reality is socially constructed reality." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction?

...

"Interaction often involves a dominant-subordinate relationship." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction?

...

"Low wages alienate workers." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy?

...

"Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant." This statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance?

...

"The wealthy control politics." This statement reflects which sociological perspective of political power?

...

"active bigot."

...

"all-weather liberal."

...

"care for one another and any children."

...

"fair-weather liberal."

...

"have a legal relationship."

...

"live together in a committed relationship."

...

"share close emotional ties and functions."

...

"timid bigot."

...

$0.66

...

$0.77

...

$0.98

...

$1.04

...

+ (SES x effect) sociologists add this variable

...

-"Baby Boom"

...

-Applying Causation (when your looking at something as large as fertility rates its difficult to base it on religion, and education).

...

-Conceptualizations of the family presented in the popular media rarely reflect the true diversity of family.

...

-Endogamy

...

-Exogamy

...

-Historical changes in the Family

...

-Marriage Rates have also dropped.

...

-Monogamy

...

-More Educated people are less likely to have kids.

...

-Polyandry

...

-Polygyny

...

-Public and Private Spheres (working from homes is becoming more and more viable)

...

-The Family is a major social institution in all known societies in some form or another

...

-They have emerged as a solution to the complex working lives of modern families.

...

-a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action

...

-anomalous-structured family

...

-away from kinship networks to tight-knit families

...

-black women born in 80s are 1/2in shorter than previous generation (60s)

...

-brief reprieve from cult of domesticity

...

-conclusion: stress from low social status leads to poor health

...

-context matters: timing; level of hostility

...

-duty to God fulfilled through hard work (Calvinism)

...

-education increases income

...

-family structure has and will change continuously

...

-fear of being accused of "acting white"

...

-for Marx, a step towards communism

...

-from agreements between individuals to contracts between corporations

...

-from barter to the use of a legal currency to buy and sell goods

...

-genetic differences in intelligence

...

-infant mortality

...

-lower status= higher rates of mortality and morbidity

...

-maintaining inequality and oppression

...

-married live longer: benefit grater for men; unclear whether marriage benefits health or if healthier people are more likely to marry

...

-multiple and/or conflicting identities, disjointed affiliations

...

-no longer work at home, centralized cities with factories

...

-not to be held accountable for their condition

...

-not to perform normal social roles

...

-obvious stuff: functional literacy/numeracy

...

-one job more important than the other

...

-overlapping, voluntary group affiliations

...

-peak of middle class nuclear family

...

-plateau at doctorate

...

-prices, production, and distribution of goods determined by competition in a free market

...

-principles: equality and morality

...

-privileged students more likely to be in college tracks

...

-process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet pre-existing expectations

...

-related to diet

...

-sacred symbols become powerful when people collectively invest in them

...

-school resources had no effect on student achievement

...

-scores associated with race, ethnicity, and SES

...

-seek competent help; comply with doctors' orders

...

-social capital: who you know, how you extract resources from networking

...

-socialization: hidden curriculum

...

-spending $=bad

...

-state not in total control

...

-stigma of adoption

...

-women: private sphere; housework, childcare

...

1 percent

...

1. Black/white down in fertility, Hispanic up

...

1. Catholic private (school capital)

...

1. Cooking, laundry, child care

...

1. Counting job and housework, men work 15 hours less per week

...

1. Family background and peers did

...

1. Have higher GPAs, math scores, and college attendance

...

1. High rates of marriage and divorce

...

1. IF the marriage is happy

...

1. Much evidence against genetic explanation

...

10 percent

...

10 percent more

...

12 percent

...

16

...

17%; 34%

...

2. 2.1 children magic number

...

2. Have higher rates of being held back, suspended and expelled

...

2. Secular private

...

20 percent

...

22; 25

...

25

...

25 percent fewer

...

34

...

35 percent

...

36

...

43

...

43%; 35%

...

5 percent

...

50 percent

...

50 percent more

...

60 percent

...

75 percent

...

A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.

...

A _____ is a complex and structured secondary group that is deliberately created to achieve a specific goal in an efficient manner.

...

A division of gender roles helps society function smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?

...

A stop sign, a wedding dress, and a handshake are examples of

...

A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full

...

A/n _____ is a situation where one person or company controls a particular market or industry.

...

A/n _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power.

...

About _____ of the human body's 35,000 genes determine the color of a person's skin. 6

...

According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of important people in their lives, especially parents, as they model themselves after them. Mead referred to these important people as

...

Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.

...

American Indian families

...

American students have fewer school days.

...

American students have shorter school days.

...

Annie and Brandon recently married and are living with his parents. This is an example of a/n _____ residence pattern.

...

Because of _____, teachers now spend much of their time on basic reading and math skills instead of higher order learning.

...

Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. He understands that an individual's poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual's personal problem. Bill is utilizing his

...

Bogel

...

Cameron was scheduled to work on Thursday from 9:00am until 3:00pm. His sociology final was scheduled for 2:00 pm. Cameron was likely experiencing

...

Changed Society:

...

Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.

...

Chinese

...

Comte

...

Culture of poverty blames poor blacks for their situatuion (they just dont want to get out of poverty)

...

Darwinism

...

De facto; de legal

...

De jure; de facto

...

De jure; de inform

...

Deindustrialization

...

Democratic; Independent

...

Democratic; Republican

...

Discovery of the New World

...

Discrimination

...

Dramaturgical analysis

...

Emile Durkheim, in his studies of suicide, found that _____, and concluded that _____ accounted for the variation in suicide rates.

...

Ethnocentism

...

Ethnocentrism

...

Following desegregation, middle class blacks and black business owners moved from all-black neighborhoods. The middle class took resources with them to follow jobs, with no jobs, no cars, no public transportation, and resources taken out of local schools and hospitals, the concentrated poor had no options but to take welfare assistance....

...

For social scientists, race is a(n)

...

For sociologists, culture refers to which of the following?

...

Functionalism

...

Functionalists

...

Gender

...

Gender discrimination often goes unnoticed because

...

Gender identity

...

Gender inequality is built into the social structure, in and out of the home. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?

...

Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society.

...

Gender role

...

Gender roles

...

Generation X.

...

Generation Y.

...

Globalization

...

Goffman's rules on interaction apply to internet interaction.

...

Gretchen is conducting a research project and is interviewing respondents about their fertility history. On the first day her respondent says that she has had three children. However, the next day, the respondent reports that she has only two children. This is an example of a problem with

...

Groupthink is

...

Half of all women have experienced intimate partner violence.

...

Harold started using drugs when he was 17. By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the streets. According to Merton, Henry is a/n

...

Harriet Martineau

...

Henry's family was unable to pay their bills last month. He wanted the best for his family, but had a low-paying job. To "earn" some extra cash, be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center. According to Merton, Henry is a/n

...

High schools and colleges are matchmaking institutions.

...

High-income countries have greater access to _____ than low-income countries.

...

Identify which social class the following description illustrates: Some individuals in this social class flaunt their money and spend it on lavish goods and services to enhance their prestige.

...

If American women were free to choose, _____ would prefer to be employed rather than stay home to take care of their house and family.

...

If the researcher and the respondent interpret a research question differently, there is a problem with

...

In 2010, nearly _____ of all married couples were interracial couples.

...

In As You Like It, Shakespeare wrote that "All the world is a stage and all the men and women merely players." This illustrates which concept?

...

In U.S. presidential elections, the most important factor in winning is

...

In _____, prospective spouses can compare the "value" of eligible partners before selecting a mate.

...

In a/n _____ stratification system, a person's ability to change social positions is limited and often based on gender or race.

...

In applying to three colleges, Layla spent several days completing nearly identical forms. Each asked for her high school grades, roommate preferences, and parent's financial status. This is an example of which of the shortcomings of bureaucracies?

...

In her research project, Megan is measuring age, gender, GPA, and study habits. Age, gender, GPA and study habits are examples of

...

In open stratification systems, social classes are based on _____ statuses.

...

In terms of nature vs. nurture argument, most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements?

...

In the U.S., the top one percent of U.S. households has _____ of all wealth and _____ of all income.

...

In the article "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson, he argues that interpersonal violence and aggression is part of the code of the street in inner cities poor neighborhood.

...

In the article "Gamers, Hackers, and Facebook --- Computer Cultures, Virtual Community, and Postmodern Identity", the author Ross Haenfler regards cyberspace interactions as a subculture.

...

In the article "Leaving Home for College: Expectations for Selective Reconstruction of Self" is a process of ______.

...

In the article "The Myth of the Missing Black Father", the authors found out that black fathers may not live with their children, but they do visit them often.

...

In the article "The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work", the author argues that

...

In the article "The Sociological Imagination" by C. Wright Mills, the sociological perspective is

...

In the article "Why You Voted" by Andrew Perrin, one of the reasons that Americans vote is for ritual purpose.

...

In-groups

...

Income, status and other rewards allow some owners and managers to exploit workers. This statement exemplifies which major theoretical perspective?

...

Ireland

...

Jane Addams

...

Japan

...

Jesse Martin

...

Joanna is conducting a research project that examines whether parent's income impacts a child's choice of college. Joanna thinks that parents who make a lot of money will have children who will attend private schools and parents who make little money will have children who will attend public schools. "Parent's income" is the _____ in Joanna's

...

Karl Marx argued that capitalism benefits the rich and that society would ultimately be reduced to just two classes: _____ and _____.

...

Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand

...

Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's

...

Language, geographic roots, traditions, and religion are all components of

...

Languages

...

Latino families

...

Latinos

...

Literature review, collect data, formulate hypothesis, analyze results

...

Literature review, topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results

...

Many K-12 teachers are out of field.

...

Many U.S. students are doing poorly in math and science compared to students in many other countries. Which one of the following reasons for many American students' low performance is false?

...

Marcus used a deductive approach to examine the relationship between two variables. Which of the following best represents a deductive approach?

...

Martineau

...

Master

...

Master status

...

Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women.

...

Max Weber

...

Men are more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than women.

...

Men want a 'neotraditional' family arrangement.

...

Mercantilism

...

Merton

...

Metaculturalism

...

Mexico

...

Monopoly

...

Mores

...

Most American schools don't provide talented students with highly qualified teachers.

...

Most are foreign-born.

...

Mr. Davis, an accounting executive at Alpha Inc., participated in tax fraud for several years, which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes. Mr. Davis is guilty of

...

Much school funding is inadequate, and teachers typically have little control over the curriculum.

...

Multiculturalism

...

Natalie is a prejudiced person who actively discriminates against other groups. According to Merton, Natalie is a/n

...

Nature can explain all human behavior.

...

Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course.

...

Nearly _____ in ten American children are born to unmarried mothers.

...

None of the above are characteristics of a social group.

...

None of the above.

...

Norms

...

Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.

...

Norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are

...

Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant.

...

Objectified: cultural objects you owner can access

...

Of the following statements about African Americans, which one is true?

...

Oliver works a full-time day shift at a fast food restaurant. He has a college degree and training in electrical engineering. Oliver is

...

On average, women earn approximately _____ for every dollar men earn.

...

Out; in

...

Parkinson's Law

...

People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.

...

People influence each other's behavior through interaction.

...

People respond to a situation differently depending on what they think is at stake for them.

...

Poor blacks on welfare had spent so many generations in poverty that they differ from other Americans, they knew no other life than being in ghettos, had no desire to elevate or educate themselves to rise above, accepted by US gov. and was basis for decline in welfare assistance

...

Prejudice and discrimination are learned, and can therefore be unlearned. This statement best illustrates which of the following theoretical perspectives?

...

Primary

...

Race

...

Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement represents the views of

...

Racism

...

Recent surveys have found that _____ of high school students admit to cheating on tests.

...

Republican; Democratic

...

Republican; Independent

...

Resocialization

...

Sanctions are

...

Scapegoating

...

Schooling

...

Schools provide child care.

...

Secondary

...

Secondary groups

...

Sexism

...

Social researchers must be value free from topic selection through the interpretation of data.

...

Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.

...

Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.

...

Status

...

Status sets

...

Stereotypes

...

Stereotyping

...

Stigma

...

Strain

...

Stratification is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?

...

Stratification is dysfunctional because it harms society and individuals. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?

...

Street

...

Subculturism

...

Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently.

...

Superculturism

...

Sutherland

...

Symbolic interactionism

...

Symbolic interactionists

...

Symbols

...

Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are

...

Tasha is preparing for her first date with Bobby. She is very excited because Bobby is the captain of the football team. Before the date, she showers, applies make-up, and buys an expensive new outfit. Tasha's preparation is an example of Goffman's

...

Tertiary

...

The "looking-glass self"

...

The Enlightenment

...

The French Revolution

...

The Industrial Revolution

...

The Johnson family cannot afford to buy food for their children. The Johnson family is living in

...

The U.S. government is made up of three branches. Which of the following is not one of these branches?

...

The _____ Party believes that the government should provide social programs; the _____ Party believes that the federal government should not be involved in social programs.

...

The _____ is a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services.

...

The _____ view contends that the poor are "deficient" --that they share some problems, values, attitudes, and beliefs about life which are different from those who are not poor.

...

The average age at first marriage is _____ for men, and _____ for women.

...

The main argument in article "The Medicalizaiton of Deviance" is that we redefine certain deviant behaviors as "illness" rather than as "badness", so that they are treated medically rather than punishment.

...

The main idea in article "Gender and Ageism" by Laurie Hatch is ______

...

The main idea of Peter Berger's article "Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective" is that the beauty of sociology is to unmask the taken-for-granted common beliefs about social reality.

...

The main idea of the article "Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies" is that school segregation is getting better than before.

...

The main theoretical perspective used in article "The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison" by Jeffrey Reiman is

...

The main topic in "Clique Dynamics" by Patricia Adler and Peter Adler is the study of _______.

...

The major research method in article "Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence" by Nikki Jones is:

...

The personal experience of the article "Nickel-and Dimes: On (Not) Getting By in America" tells us that

...

The self-fulfilling prophecy

...

The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior.

...

The tendency to feel sexual desire toward member's of one's own gender - minority - "gay" or "lesbian" is called: _____

...

The textbook defines family as an "intimate group in which two or more people" do all of the following except

...

The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.

...

The typical curriculum covers too many topics and too superficially.

...

There are two tiers in service sector, one is core, and the other is periphery.

...

They are the least diverse minority group in the United States.

...

They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.

...

This chapter opens with a brief description of a study in which the researchers submitted 5,000 fake résumés to potential employers. The résumés with names that sounded white received _____ callbacks for interviews than those with names that sounded African American.

...

This early sociologist helped to found the NAACP and was himself a prominent Black sociologist.

...

Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They choose to go to the mall and use the up-escalator to go down and the down-escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which methodological tool were Timothy and Kiley using?

...

Topic selection, collect data, analyze results, literature review, analyze results

...

Topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results, present findings

...

Tracking

...

Troy encourages his daughters to work hard and rewards their work with complements and occasional gifts. Troy's parenting style is

...

True.

...

Undevelopment

...

Unionization

...

Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society.

...

Values

...

W.E.B. DuBois

...

What concepts from Chapter 3 - Culture can we apply in the article "Global Culture" by Manfred Steger?

...

What content is covered in the classroom?

...

What is the main idea in the article named "Has the Power Elite Become Diverse?"

...

When compared with whites, their gap in educational achievement has increased in the last four decades.

...

Where should schools be located?

...

Which of the following is (are) main findings in the article "Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood" by Ann Meier and Gina Allen?

...

Which of the following is commonly used to explain the gender pay gap?

...

Which of the following is not a criterion of a social group?

...

Which of the following is not a function of the family?

...

Which of the following is not a latent function of education?

...

Which of the following is not a principle of democracy?

...

Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of social interaction?

...

Which of the following is the appropriate order of Cooley's phases of the "looking-glass self?"

...

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the scientific method?

...

Which of the following is true regarding social research being value free?

...

Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx?

...

Which of the following questions might a conflict theorist ask about education?

...

Which one of the following is the most likely to value familism?

...

Which one of the following statements about the U.S. education system is false?

...

While on vacation, Jose went to a local restaurant for lunch. Before he sat down, the owner came out from behind the counter and told Jose to leave the restaurant because his "kind aren't welcome." This is an example of

...

While the U.S. economy has expanded since the late 1960s, income inequality has

...

Who of the following is most likely to have lost a job during the current recession?

...

Why does education serve some people better than others?

...

Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.

...

Women make up about _____ percent of all workers in the United States.

...

Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment.

...

Women's jobs tend to be "feminine" and require

...

_____ are the behaviors expected of people who have a particular status.

...

_____ are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States.

...

_____ are the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable.

...

_____ are webs of social ties that link individuals to one another.

...

_____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not.

...

_____ groups meet our expressive (or emotional) needs; _____ groups meet our instrumental (or task-oriented) needs.

...

_____ is a person's movement up or down the class hierarchy.

...

_____ is a political system in which the state controls the lives of its citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom.

...

_____ is a political system where power is distributed among a variety of competing groups

...

_____ is a positive or negative attitude toward people because of their group membership.

...

_____ is a process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing.

...

_____ is a social institution that transmits culture to its members through formal and systematic training.

...

_____ is an action that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.

...

_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms.

...

_____ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups.

...

_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.

...

_____ is/are a set of beliefs which claim that one's own racial group is "naturally" superior to other groups.

...

_____ is/are an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

...

_____ predicted that communism would dominate because exploited workers would revolt against capitalism.

...

_____ refers to a group of people who share physical characteristics that are passed on through reproduction.

...

_____ refers to a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of either sex.

...

_____ refers to our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.

...

_____ refers to the advantages that people enjoy because of their race.

...

_____ refers to the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another.

...

_____ segregation, or legal segregation, has been declared unconstitutional, but _____ segregation has replaced this form of segregation in the United States.

...

_____ statuses are those that we can change, control or choose through effort or actions.

...

_____ statuses are those that we cannot change, control or choose.

...

_____ suggests that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.

...

_____, who coined the term "sociology," is also known as the "father of sociology."

...

_____capital refers to social assets, such as an elite education.

...

a software program that predicts group behavior.

...

a weak reward system

...

accepting conventional ideas.

...

boomerang generation.

...

both a and b are correct.

...

bourgeoisie; lower

...

bourgeoisie; proletariat

...

bureaucracy

...

bureaucratic ritualism

...

care-giving.

...

choosing the path of least resistance when working with others.

...

class conflict.

...

common sense.

...

conduct testing

...

conflict

...

conflict perspective.

...

conflict theorists.

...

conflict theory

...

conformist.

...

conglomerate

...

crime control

...

cultural means.

...

cultural strain.

...

culture of poverty

...

culture.

...

cybercrime.

...

decreased.

...

deduction.

...

deductive research

...

dependency theory

...

dependency.

...

develop

...

executive

...

feminist theorists.

...

feminization of poverty

...

field research

...

field work

...

five

...

fluctuated.

...

folkways.

...

formal association

...

formal group

...

forms of conformity that are written into law.

...

functionalist perspective.

...

gender norm violations

...

gender problem in the toy store.

...

gender roles

...

gender roles.

...

gender.

...

gendered racism.

...

genocide.

...

government

...

group membership generates conformity.

...

harm

...

health services

...

higher.

...

how biology influence human lives.

...

how natural environment influence human lives.

...

how social and historical structures influence human lives.

...

hypotheses.

...

hypothesis

...

hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> theory --> observation

...

if you are a man and old, you experience the most prejudice.

...

if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.

...

if you are a woman and young, you experience the most prejudice.

...

imitation stage.

...

impersonality

...

impression management.

...

influence on deviance and crime.

...

injurious

...

innovator.

...

institutional discrimination.

...

institutionalization

...

institutionalized goals.

...

institutionalized means.

...

integration

...

internal colonialism.

...

internalization

...

interpersonal

...

intervention

...

interview

...

judicial

...

labeling

...

labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance.

...

laws prohibit such discrimination.

...

laws.

...

leaders compete for power in social groups.

...

learn

...

learning.

...

legislative

...

looking glass self

...

looking-glass models

...

lower-middle class

...

lower-upper class

...

lower.

...

lower; upper

...

material culture.

...

matriarchal

...

minority group

...

modernization

...

modernization theory

...

monopoly

...

mores.

...

most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous.

...

much higher.

...

much lower.

...

nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience.

...

neither a or b is correct.

...

none of the above.

...

nonmaterial culture.

...

nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort.

...

nuclear

...

observation --> theory --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis

...

perception, interpretation, response

...

persons who interact with one another

...

popular group

...

power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.

...

power elite

...

prejudice.

...

preparatory, play, game

...

prevention

...

primary deviance leads to secondary deviance.

...

primary groups

...

primary socialization

...

primitive culture.

...

project.

...

property crime

...

punishment

...

qualitative research

...

quantitative research

...

race problem in the toy store.

...

race.

...

reference groups

...

relative poverty.

...

resocialization.

...

retreatist.

...

rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.

...

rigid

...

ritualist.

...

role conflict.

...

role models

...

role set.

...

role sets.

...

safe water

...

social group

...

social inequality.

...

social networking.

...

split labor markets

...

status set.

...

stayed the same.

...

stigma

...

strain

...

study

...

subjective poverty.

...

subordinate group

...

symbolic interactionism

...

symbolic interactionist

...

symbolic interactionists.

...

symbols.

...

the glass ceiling

...

the importance of religion.

...

the number of registered voters.

...

the role of education.

...

there is no difference between face-to-face interaction and internet interaction.

...

three

...

totalitarianism.

...

traditional theory

...

transitions.

...

true

...

underemployed.

...

uninvolved.

...

validity.

...

values

...

variable trait.

...

warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.

...

white collar crime

...

women are more likely to work part-time

...

women choose fields with lower earnings

...

world-systems

...

30; 25

28; 26

% of secretaries men and women

3.3% men, 96.7% women

52%; 34%

43%; 35%

80 percent

50 percent

10 percent fewer

50 percent more

No one knows for sure.

6

90 percent

60 percent

% of men and women in prison

90 percent of nearly 2 million people in correctional institutions are men

the upper class makes up just 1% of the total US population, but their net worth is greater than that of ___ of the rest of the population

90%

A White woman, who works in retails, with no college education.

A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.

Collective Action

A collaborative effort that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

false consciousness

A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology.

queer theory

A paradigm that proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal; this paradigm emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

What is an ascribed status?

A status that is inherited or involuntarily applied to an individual.

Which of the following is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?

A wealthy alumnus of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes; in his will, he leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used only for diabetes research.

The idea that competition, not conflict, helps maintain social cohesion was put forward by _____.

Adam Smith

In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups?

African Americans

Industrialization

Agricultural Revolution: introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output

____ developed a scale to measure a spectrum based on the degree of sexual responsiveness people had to members of the same & opposite sex. They took into account also the individual's fantasies/dreams/feelings/sexual activities

Alfred Kinsey and colleagues

None of the above.

Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.

None of the above is true about social research.

Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.

Dramaturgy, an approach developed by symbolic interactionists, can best be described

An approach to analyzing social life in terms of the stage

American Dream

An ideology that legitimizes stratification by reinforcing the idea that everyone has same chance to get ahead and that success or failure depends on person

sex

An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories— male or female (page 248)

pro-feminist men's movement

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women (page 268)

What is the paradox of the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections?

Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but their increased use has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

class consciousness

Awareness of ones own social status and that of others ;also the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action

How can organic farming be said to create stratification among farmers?

Because consumers are very concerned with "buying local," organic farms that are close to larger urban centers have an advantage over organic farms that are not near any major metropolitan areas.

How can it be argued that wage inequality is related to marriage?

Because women have historically earned less than men, they often see marriage as the best way to guarantee future financial security.

feminism

Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief (page 266)

What have studies shown about the overall health of blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels?

Blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level

Which sociologist described primary groups as "the springs of life"?

Charles Horton Cooley

Which sociologist developed the concept of looking-glass self?

Charles Horton Cooley

Charter school students do better in reading than public school students.

Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.

Contagion Theory

Collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others

Convergence Theory

Collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather together in the same place

Seventeen-year-olds are performing better in reading and math than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.

College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.

According to conflict theorists, what explains the increase in educational levels in the United States?

Competition for jobs—as more and more people meet minimum educational requirements for jobs, people seek to differentiate themselves by obtaining yet another degree or studying at a more prestigious institution.

According to _____, collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.

Convergence Theory

What event ushered in the biotech society?

Crick and Watson identified the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953.

none of the above

Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.

Tracking

Dividing students into different classes according to ability or future plans

Forms of Cultural Capital

Embodied: cultural abilities or skills

Emergent Norm Theory

Emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms, a group follows

Who was the "stigma master" who applied a typology of characteristics that discredit people from full social acceptance?

Erving Goffman

Some people suggest that women are better suited to be housewives because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is being expressed?

Essentialist perspective

Which of the following refers to the use of one's own culture as a yard stick to evaluate another culture?

Ethnocentrism.

Since Frank graduated from high school he has held only seasonal and part-time jobs. Because he has few marketable skills he is the first to be laid off when he finds what may be a more permanent position. In view of this, how would a conflict theorist categorize Frank?

Frank is a member of the marginal working class

Conflict theorists argue that gender inequality is just a derivative of class inequality-therefore it originates w/ private property. ___ noted capitalists benefited from maintaining patriarchal families, with women in private sphere and men in public workplace in at least two ways

Friedrich Engels

The idea that religion sustains social unity by strengthening the collective conscience is an example of a/an _____ analysis of religion.

Functionalist

The Amish provide a good example of ___________ community.

Gemeinschaft

_________ are considered useful shorthand ways to convey messages without using words.

Gestures

Which of the following religious groups can be said to be characterized by strong associational involvement and strong communal ties?

Hasidic Jews

What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in a process he called social Darwinism?

Herbert Spencer

Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest suicide risk?

Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city

Joshua would like to sleep but he knows that he should get up and go to class. He gets up, starts to get ready, decides today's lecture is not really that important, and crawls back into bed. He has followed his:

I.

Which of the following is an example of a cultural norm that affects how people choose a romantic or life partner?

In the United States, first cousins may not marry.

All of the above are characteristics of democracy.

Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions.

What conclusion did Harry and Margaret Harlow reach following their research efforts with monkeys?

Infant-mother bonding is the result of intimate physical contact.

How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?

It encouraged men to marry and have children as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.

Although Meagan is working in Pittsburgh, which is a dedicated Steeler football city, she always paints her fingernails deep purple and always wears a pin representing the Minnesota Vikings . What term describes what Meagan's deep purple fingernails and pin represent?

It is Meagan's personal identity kit.

You notice that every time your textbook mentions a man and a woman, it always mentions the man first. In other words, it would say, "Bob and Susan went to the store . . ." instead of, "Susan and Bob went to the store . . ." even though the second formulation would work just as well. Why would this matter?

It reinforces gender stereotypes and prioritizes masculinity.

_____ suggests that in some cases, biological differences may be result of culturally prescribed masculine and feminine behavior rather than the cause of it.

Lepowsky

How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession?

Licensing standards made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.

patriarchy

Literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society (page 250)

Premodernity

Low degree of literacy, low division of labor, underdeveloped technology

Leisure Time: Men vs Women

Men 38 minutes US

Which of the following is an acceptable explanation for higher mortality rates among men?

Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated.

How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls?

Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.

Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

The Family as an Institution: Social Institution

Networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them

none of the above

Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.

Which of the following are a society's rules of behavior?

Norms.

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between norms and laws?

Not all norms are supported by law and not all laws are supported by norms.

Divorce Rates

Now 3.5/1000

Emile Durkheim stated several reasons why deviance was actually functional for society. Which of the following was not one of them

One deviant act leads to another which increases social solidarity.

Identity and Individuality

Our uniqueness is determined by group affiliations

_____ can be defined as the theoretical framework that orders the way a scientist, or any type of researcher, approaches his or her work.

Paradigm

GI bill of rights

Passed by congress in 1944, provided funding for returning WWII vets. Blacks were largely impeded from taking advantage of benefits, while whites climbed easily

How has the internet affected the doctor-patient relationship?

Patients can arm themselves with a great deal of information prior to meeting with a physician and therefore can speak more knowledgeably and confidently about their condition and possible treatments.

None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory

People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.

What is a positive aspect of the proliferation of choice in America's pluralistic religious landscape?

People feel more connected and committed to their religion if they have chosen it after careful exploration of different options.

How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?

People may actually be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.

Sacred Canopy

Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life—namely, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not the random chaos of the stars.

_____ is the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct religious groups in one society.

Pluralism

Religion: Marx

Religion is the opium of the masses

Durkheim

Religions promote social solidarity by strengthening the collective conscience

Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions?

Religious institutions have provided an important infrastructure to help social movements pursue their causes.

Women's Movement

Right to vote, Inequalities, Everyone obtaining the same rights

Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essence of functionalism using the terms functions and dysfunctions to describe the consequences of people's actions?

Robert Merton

_____ is a system of payment whereby workers are compensated for the sum total of their services, not any specific task or hours worked.

Salary

How do sociologists differ between sex and gender?

Sex is biological, gender is social

Sex vs Gender

Sex is biological, gender is social

When sociologists use the phrase the culture within us, what do they mean?

Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions.

Family and Work

Significant changes since the 1970s

None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory.

Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.

What is a social issue that has been raised related to the knowledge we now possess from conducting the Human Genome Project?

Such knowledge could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.

Cultural Capital

Symbolic and interactional resources that people inherit and use to their advantage

intersexed

Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female (page 248)

Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and offers extra help, but also insists that she must study more than other students and do extra homework. Halfway through the semester, Leticia is surprised to find that she is handling the class and making a B minus. This scenario is an example of _____.

The Pygmalion Effect

Based on their relationship to sociological theory, which of the following theories of deviance least belongs with the other three?

The Theory of Differential Association

The United States

The United States

What is one argument for how the growth of the digital economy is a path toward reducing global inequality?

The digital economy levels the playing field between poor and rich countries because it doesn't have as many barriers to participation (such as physical distance for example).

first wave

The earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 (page 267)

feminization of poverty

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care (page 262)

What is paradoxical about the growing threat of global warming?

The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity.

human sexual dimorphism

The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes (page 249)

gender role socialization

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media (page 253)

second wave

The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education (page 267)

gender

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members (page 249)

expressive role

The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing (page 252)

instrumental role

The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure (page 252)

What were the findings of the 1966 Coleman Report and why were they surprising?

The report found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates; researchers had expected to find that the achievement gaps were caused by differences in school resources.

What is one obligation associated with the sick role?

The sick person must see a medical professional and follow his or her recommendations for treatment.

cultural capital

The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society

Which of the following is a criticism of resource-mobilization theory?

The theory implies that social movements require the participation of powerful or elite members of society in order to be successful because such people control more resources.

second shift

The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor (page 264)

Today many men and women still insist that men shouldn't cry. At the same time, others insist that it's vital that men learn to share their feelings and express their emotions, which would include crying. What does this disagreement indicate?

There is a crisis of masculinity

What is the general consensus among sociologists about the effects of divorce in children?

There is no consensus amongst sociologists; study findings vary widely.

What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?

They claim that scientific facts don't just reveal themselves through experiments and research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.

What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?

They marginalized the concerns of women of color.

Which of the following are benefits of genetically modified crops?

They may have better resistance to insects, diseases, and other predators, which means a greater quantity of a crop should survive the growing season and make it to the market.

Who is the psychiatrist who denounced the medicalization of deviance and proclaimed "mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses....they are problem behaviors"?

Thomas Szasz

essentialist perspective

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

essentialists

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed (page 249)

Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results

Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results

As women have joined the work force in greater and greater numbers and their earning power has increased, how has the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women changed?

Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners.

Neither A or B is correct.

Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment.

Workers in the maquiladoras along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages?

Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day.

In deciding on course offerings and curricula, do schools take into account the fact that students have different interests, talents, and skills?

Yes, most schools offer more than one program of study and elective courses so students can tailor their education to their needs to some degree.

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis?

You can catch more files with honey than you can with vinegar.

Which of the following people is most likely to be at the top of the social divide in the United States?

a 27-year-old woman with a college degree who lives in an urban area

Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?

a blended family

Some people think that it would be funny to sneak into a school parking lot early in the morning, cover it with sand, and add a few fake palm trees and some shells to make it look like a beach. Of course it would also be a nightmare for those trying to park and for janitors to clean up. Who would be more likely to pull this sort of prank?

a boy

Which of the following is an example of mass collective action?

a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used

In the introduction to a paper on gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is "remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules." What kind of theorist is Blumberg?

a conflict theorist

Reflexive Spirituality

a contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works.

As a part of his court martial, Captain Savage was publicly stripped of his rank insignia, the buttons of his uniform were ripped off, and he was banished from the cavalry. What did this ritual following a court martial represent?

a degradation ceremony

Jimmy has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to strip naked and roll in a tub of mud. After the "mud bath" the fraternity brothers greeted Jimmy as a full brother and equal. What is another name for this rite of passage that Jimmy has just experienced?

a degradation ceremony

a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.

a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. f. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.

Limited liability is . . . ?

a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity

Secularism

a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state.

Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store near their community. Some people are in favor of the development because they think it will bring more jobs and lower prices; others are against it because they think it will hurt local businesses and create traffic headaches. Advocates on each side of the issue organize to promote their point of view—they hang banners and signs around town, they write letters to local officials and the local newspaper, they make presentations at community meetings, and they conduct research about how such stores have impacted similar communities. All of this is an example of which type of social movement organization?

a grassroots organization

Social Movement Organization (SMO)

a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; SMOs also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement.

A social movement organization can best be defined as _____.

a group that develops to implement the goals of a particular social movement through activities such as member recruitment, fund raising, and strategy and policy development

how do sociologists define ethnicity?

a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage

Corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members—namely, its owners and shareholders.

Which of the following is an example of a reformative social movement?

a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households

When Corrinda's friends wouldn't talk to her because she tattled to the teacher about them, they were using________.

a negative sanction

Which of the following is an example of an external risk?

a parasite that attacks wheat crops

What term describes a society which is made up of many different religious, racial and ethnic groups?

a pluralistic society

Communism

a political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but need.

Affirmative Action

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population—typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities

how do sociologists define race

a social category based on real and perceived biological differences

ethnicity

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

race

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

Risk Society

a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks, especially manufactured risks (ones that result from human activity).

Which scientist would address the cause of deviance as being based on genetic predisposition and causes within the individual?

a sociobiologist

Grassroots Organization

a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures.

Family Wage

a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children.

single mothers vs. single fathers

about 5 of every 6 custodial parents were mothers. Mothers receive less child support, less average income. Single women head more than 16.7 million households, single men only 2.3 million

Which of the following media least qualifies as being a form of mass media?

academic journals

official

achieved

Collective action can best be defined as . . . ?

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

Collective Action

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.

None of the above - all of the above are branches of the U.S. government.

administrative

adulthood socialization

adulthood socialization

The family, religion, school & peers, mass media, neighborhood, and workplace are:

agents of socialization

After several years of rising crime and hooliganism among teenagers in a particular city, citizens of the city band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement?

alterative social movement

A status that is optional, one that we can reach(or fail to reach) on the basis of our own efforts is called:

an achieved status

There are 35 cars backed up at the intersection because of an accident. Which sociological term best describes these 35 drivers?

an aggregate

According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position?

an analyst for a federal government agency

Socialism can best be defined as . . . ?

an economic system in which most or all of a population's needs are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution

Socialism

an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution.

prejudice

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

Social Class

an individual's position in a stratified social order

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender.

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

A teenager's parents divorce and as a result neither parent has much time to spend with her. She has the freedom to do whatever she wants, whenever she wants, with little regulations. Unable to cope with the many changes, she takes her own life. This is _______ suicide.

anomic.

Lateesha's father has her work part-time in the family store. "It will help you when you take over the business," he tells her. This is an example of:

anticipatory socialization

Role learning that programs individuals for roles they are likely to assume in the future is known as:

anticipatory socialization

Schools are principally responsible for what type of socialization that is needed for future roles?

anticipatory socialization

When did the first social revolution occur?

approximately 10,000 years ago

The army, the post office, colleges and General Motors:

are bureacracies

One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that _____.

are multilateral

According to conflict theory why are women's contributions to family life devalued

as a result of men's attempt to maintain dominant status

Statuses that we inherit at birth or receive that are related to the life course are termed _______ statuses.

ascribed

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

ascribed status

What are the unwritten, taken-for-granted "rules" that underlie our everyday lives, such as not yelling "fire" in a crowded classroom or movie theater?

background assumptions

Which of the following is an example of a static identity?

being of Italian descent

Feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief.

at what point in a child's school career do gender norms become firmly established?

by 5th grade

At what point in children's school careers do gender norms become firmly established?

by fifth grade

Max Weber argued that the development of _____ was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of _____.

capitalism; the Protestant church

Max Weber included all of the following as characteristics of bureaucracy EXCEPT:

career advancement based on personality and individualism

The Matthew effect refers to the notion that _____.

certain scientific results get more notice and have more influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved

all of the above are correct.

challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.

Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige are members of a social ________.

class

Karl Marx maintained that ____________ was the driving force that let to social change.

class conflict

social organization.

class conflict

What would Marx call the shared identity members of the working class have for doing "real work" in relation to their position in the means of production?

class consciousness

The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?

class is a greater predictor of educational outcomes than race

Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?

cleaning someone's house

A social movement is . . . ?

collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized

Social Movement

collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.

middle-class jobs

composed primarily of white collar workers with a broad range of incomes; constitute about 30% of population. (32%) lower managers, craftspeople, and foreman

Sick Role

concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual.

expressive leaders

concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

What is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?

concerned with mitigating risks, particularly manufactured risks that are unequally distributed by socioeconomic status and other dimensions of power

Which of the following theories sees inequality as unnecessary but likely to remain because the powerful control the resources necessary to eliminate social inequality?

confict

exchange theory

conflict

globalization

conflict

Strain theorists

conflict theorists

feminist perspective.

conflict theorists

The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion?

conflict theory

They believe have historically had access to most society's material resources and privileges&seek to maintain their dominant status. See gender inequality in much the same way they see race and class- manifestations of exploitation

conflict theory

Which theory assumes that the higher rate of crime among the lower class is because of economic competition and inequality in society?

conflict theory

Besides having a large size, what are characteristics of a megachurch?

conservative Protestant, located in the Sun Belt, flexible and creative

Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many. See gender as social construction&acknowledge possibility the male/female categories aren't the only way of classifying individuals. They believe the meaning of masculinity/femininity may differ drastically in different societies/historical periods

constructionists

Men are more likely to die violent deaths & be victims of assault. Women are more likely to be victims of personal theft & victims of rape & victimized bu their intimate partner. Men represented in mostly all categories and women mostly in prostitution & runaways. This all has to do with

criminal justice

A parent's decision to become actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his or her child's school may be related to that parent's level of _____.

cultural capital

the tastes, habits, and expectations that children inherit from their parents and which help them achieve material success in life is called

cultural capital

What sociological concept explains why natives in remote South American jungles can be found using metal cooking pots and Americans can be found eating Chinese food in Chicago?

cultural diffusion

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.

cultural diffusion

What sociological concept is illustrated by the adoption of Western dress and culture in Japan, the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow and Hong Kong, and Chinese restaurants in Chicago and Manhattan?

cultural leveling

Multiculturalism

cultural relativism

cultural variations.

cultural universals

Language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects make up a _____________.

culture

dependency

culture of poverty

Leon is visiting Napel and is feeling disoriented and unable to depend on his taken-for-granted assumptions about life. This sense of disorientation is an example of ______________.

culture shock

What is the term used to describe feelings of disorientation and confusion when encountering values, behaviors, and expectations totally different from those to which one is accustomed?

culture shock

On the first Friday of every month Joseph stalks elderly women as they find a bank to cash their social security checks. After they leave the bank he snatches their purses, taking the cash. When asked by a fellow thug if he ever had second thoughts about stealing from the elderly, Joseph responded, "Never...these old biddies have money to burn...they'll never miss it. Besides, all they need to do is call the social security office and tell them what happened and they'll send them another check." Albeit the error of Joseph's reasoning, what technique of neutralization is Joseph utilizing to maintain a positive self-image?

denial of injury

Frankie and Johnny enjoy hiding in the park and attacking gays who may be walking home from a local bar that caters to the gay community. They feel this is appropriate behavior because the Bible condemns homosexuality and gays should be punished. In view of this, which technique of neutralization are Frankie and Johnny employing to maintain a positive self-image?

denial of victim

Digital Divide

differential access to telecommunications and information technologies based on socioeconomic status.

As group size increases it is less and less likely individuals will come forward to complete group tasks needing done unless specifically assigned to do so. What term describes this phenomenon of group dynamics?

diffusion of responsibility

Discrimination

discrimination

individual discrimination

discrimination carried out by one person against another

institutional discrimination

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economical, educational, and other) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with them

The argument that all other institutional arrangements in society arise out of economic relationships is known as

economic determinism.

Capitalism

economic system in which property and goods are primarily owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in a free market.

Magneting

education

Women are more likely than men to finish high school and attend college, but men are more likely to attain a four-year and advanced degree and get paid higher/more. This all has to do with

education

all of the above

education

Weber's three dimensions of social stratification included all but which of the following:

education.

Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities?

elite institutions

What are the three stages of social movements?

emergence, coalescence, and routinization

Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Symbolic Interactionalism

emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives

According to Thomas Kuhn, a paradigm shift occurs when _____.

enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate

"passive bigot."

"active bigot"

Race/Ethnicity

-African-Americans and Hispanic

Whitehall Study

-Civil Servants in Britain: all have some level of insurance

Family as a Social Convention

-Family is an ever-changing social institution.

Industrial Revolution

-changed everything

Deviance

...

Sex

...

formal organization

...

master statuses

...

reliability.

...

the candidate's platform.

...

the candidate's social class.

...

the candidates racial and ethic background.

...

the division of society.

...

the self.

...

How many babies out of every thousand are born intersexed?

17

gender identity

An individual's selfdefinition or sense of gender (page 249)

men's rights movement

An offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men (page 268)

Max Weber

Auguste Comte

none of the above

De jure; de facto

All of the above.

Globalization

Sacred

Holy things put to special use for worship

Lembert

Merton

________ are the category most likely to be able to successfully clain the sick role.

People in positions of power.

What have studies shown about academic performance in public versus private schools?

Private school students outperform their public school peers, even among students with similar backgrounds.

Religion: Weber

Protestant work ethic necessary for capitalism

Postmodernity

Questioning notions of progress and history, replacing narrative with pastiche (mash-ups)

Modernity

Rationality, bureaucratization, objectivity

_________ groups are large, anonymous, formal, and impersonal.

Secondary

_____ is a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief and toward a rational, scientific orientation.

Secularism

Most American schools don't have adequate funding.

The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.

The BEST example of a primary group is:

a family

reference groups

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

squalor.

absolute poverty

Religious Experience

an individual's experience of spiritual feelings and acts.

Individuals who share similar characteristics but do not interact would be an example of a(n)

category.

This theory posits that internal and external constraints keep people from being deviant:

control theory

industrial crime.

corporate crime

Collective

cultural

In a four-square block section of midtown Manhattan, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, eat stir-fried vegetables prepared in a wok, or dine on raw fish in a sushi bar. What does this range of culinary possibilities illustrate?

cultural diffusion

qualification based employment

hierarchy of authority

bisexuals

individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders

rebel.

innovator

Which of the following is a criticism of contagion theory?

it downplays individual agency

pro- feminist

men's movement an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women.

field research

secondary analysis

Alterative Social Movements

social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people.

social loafing

the phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficacy when working in teams

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

Gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a complex organization?

the population of China

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing.

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure.

Pluralism

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society.

Medicalization

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such.

what has modern science determined about racial categories?

there is no such thing as biologically pure race

what are the positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories

they create a sense of identity and lead to feelings of solidarity

Which of the following statements about organic foods is true?

they do not contain genetically modified ingredients

Young people are more likely to be deviant than older people because:

they do not have as much to lose by being deviant, like a career or credit rating.

why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds very similar to their own

they have more access to people like themselves

The most recent period feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity & the variety of identities women can possess. Beginning in 1980s-90s. Concern with rights of women in all countries & with environmental & animal rights. Marginalizing the concerns of women of color/lesbians/working-class

third wave

Essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed.

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and therefore cannot be changed

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many

Constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many.

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

through play and social interaction

Kinship Networks

ties based on blood or marriage; help from extended, loose network of families

What are the two primary functions of schools?

to educate students and socialize them

what is the goal of affirmative action

to increase diversity

According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?

to increase its profit through legal means

The SAT was originally created for what purpose?

to provide an objective evaluation of student ability to help colleges and universities expand their pool of applicants

Facilites in which all aspects of life are strictly controlled for the purpose of radical resocializations are called:

total institutions

communism.

totalitarianism

Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Functionalism

traditional gender roles ensure that expressive and instrumental tasks will be performed, stability

Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. Their sense of self/identity differ from their physical sex. Ex: a female may have female genitalia, but identify as a man

transgendered

code is about language.

true

According to Mead, role taking begins when:

we learn the rights and duties associated with being a child in our family.

what criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members

wealth, power, property, and prestige

Robert Merton

...

Role

...

Role sets

...

Roles

...

Sanctions

...

Sex stereotypes

...

-created a division between work and home

...

-cult of domesticity

...

-depends on kinship networks

...

-does not help students on the general track

...

principal group

minority group

-fair family: equal work between significant other/spouse

...

-higher divorce rates

...

-huge spike in television: idealized and historically unusual; reinforced cult of domesticity

...

-idealistic view of relationships

...

-inter generational transmission of class

...

-jobs becomes gendered

...

-leads SAT score to be less predictive

...

-lot self-esteem, relationship difficulties

...

-lower marriage and fertility rates

...

-making $=good

...

-married parents: better child outcomes

...

-medicalization: alcoholism

...

-men: public sphere; work for wages

...

-mid to low income only

...

-money becoming more important; valuable

...

-more women in workforce

...

-mostly women's responsibility

...

10%; 20%

...

25 percent more

...

25; 26

...

26

...

26; 28

...

28; 26

...

29%; 59%

...

3. Public

...

30 percent

...

Sexual attraction to both genders - minority is called: ____

...

Sexual desire for other genders - dominant - "straight" is called: ____

...

Sexual discrimination

...

Sexuality is linked to gender inequality and the control of women's sexual behavior by men. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?

...

Social exchange theory

...

Social interaction

...

Social interaction is central to all human social activity.

...

Social muddles

...

Social networks

...

Social researchers always aim for being value free, but if they fail to meet that standard it is not such a big deal.

...

"White advantage"

...

"White power"

...

"White privilege"

...

Karl Marx

...

% of Asch subjects refused to give wrong answer

25%

The founder of sociology was:

Auguste Comte

Economic Continuum

Capitalism>Socialism>Communism

Black-White Achievement Gap

Explanations

Parson's Sick Role

Rights

Authoritarianism

authoritarianism

Sanction

deviance

false

false

Which of the following religions are theistic?

Christianity

Monogamy

having only one sex partner/spouse

dishonor

stigma

54

43

Dealt with women who expressed their sense of limitation & dissatisfaction they felt with their lives. It's because women were restricted from pursuing activities outside these traditional roles. Help try to push for equal opportunity laws

Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique

berdaches

Both female and male, 19th century native tribes. Men that dressed and did women chores, vice cersa.

Education is good for businesses.

Education increases upward mobility.

The principle "survival of the fittest" is attributed to

Herber Spencer

Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Which of the following is an example of a common imbalance studies have revealed about how domestic chores are shared between men and women?

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes his famous chili on special occasions, and cleans out the garage twice a year.

Single Mothers

Single mothers are statistically more likely to get pregnant earlier and are thus more likely to lack the skills and educated needed for high paying jobs

life chances and social class

Social class- a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, power, and prestige

World War I

The Industrial Revolution

What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?

We generally define individuality in terms of our association with various groups.

male liberationism

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

male liberationism

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity men's rights movement an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.

sandwich generation.

boomerang generation

proletariat; capitalist

bourgeoise; proletariat

civil organization

bureaucracy

A complex organization characterized by explicit rules and hierarchial authority structure designed to maximize efficiency is known as a(n):

bureaucracy.

intersex children

describes children whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or female

Height

determined by genetics and environment

social learning

feminist theories

The economy

globalization

police department

government

What factor contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family in post-World War II America?

government housing subsidies

The significance of the first social revolution, the domestication of plants and animals, is that these changes set the stage for__________.

greater social inequality

None of the above.

how social and historical structures influence human lives.

Emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. They see gender identity so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender

interactionists

the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant groups' political borders is called

internal colonialism

nurture

internalization

Reproductive cloning involves ____.

making a genetic copy of an existing person or organism

How is patriarchy defined?

male domination

A movement that originated in 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. Confused what it means to be a "real man"

male liberation

Popular culture

multiculturalism

Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that, while everyone in a family has to work on the farm, there is only one person, usually a male, called the "farmer," the position with the most prestige. This means that rural areas are:

patriarchal.

play, game, preparatory

perception, interpretation, response

Social hierarchy

social mobility

ascribed statuses.

status set

Individualism in the US

-focus on personal growth, happiness

-concentric, ascriptive circles of affiliation

...

"Racial privilege"

...

A Black man, who is a professional, with a college degree.

...

A Black woman, who is in manufacturing, with no college education.

...

A White man, who works for the government, with a college degree.

...

In; out

...

Primary groups

...

Primary; secondary

...

What technique does Christian Solidarity International (CSI) utilize in response to slavery in areas of northern Africa including the Sudan?

CSI utilizes Arab "retrievers" who go to Sudan to either abduct or buy slaves.

In the past, bank tellers were overwhelmingly male, but today they are mostly female. Which of the following could explain this shift?

Changes in technology made the work easier and less important, which drove down wages and prestige accorded to the job.

According to ______________, class conflict is the key to human history.

Karl Marx

___________ is/are essential in developing culture.

Language

In 2003, which minority group passed African Americans as the largest minority group in the United States?

Latinos

Elements of social structure affect all interaction and can produce different personal outcomes.

Social interaction is similar across time and place.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies conflict theory?

Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.

Title IX

The No Child Left Behind Act

What was the first nation to enter the fourth social revolution?

United States

exchange theorists.

conflict theorists

According to C.. Wright Mills, the difficulties that John and Mary experience in their marriage represent a personal trouble. The fact that nearly 1 marriage out of every 2 marriages ends in divorce, however, is:

a public issue

Postmodernity is characterized by . . . ?

a questioning of the notion that society is always progressing forward, building on its knowledge and inventions of the past to create a better future

A cult is . . . ?

a religious movement that makes a new claim about the supernatural

Social

achieved

Social Capital

any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others

Positive changes for women that can be linked to their increased participation in the work force include _____.

better self-esteem and increased economic power

Denominations

big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella.

Peter Principle

bureaucratic ritualism

exchange

conflict

cultural goals.

cultural goals

Norm violations that exceed the tolerance level of the community and result in negative sanctions are:

deviance.

Aggregates and groups:

differ in that people in groups feel a sense of idenity with one another while people in aggregates do not.

first wave feminism

earlist period. women won right to vote in 1920

In his interview, Doug McAdam explains how the Internet age may have changed the potential reach of social movements, but face-to-face interaction still provides the power behind social movements. You decide to start an organization to combat the treatment of workers at your university. Your organization relies on the participation of a large number of students. In particular, the students operate by collecting signatures of community members, contacting the press, and researching wage inequality. What type of organization have you created?

grassroots organization

Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

intersexed

The green revolution refers to efforts begun in the mid-twentieth century to _____.

introduce high-yield crop varietals and the development of better irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides

A dynamic identity is an aspect of your identity that _____ and _____ a group to which you belong.

is fluid; is determined by

feminist theory

labeling

Exogamy

marriage among different social groups; less popular

Endogamy

marriage within one's social group (race, class, religion, stratifications, etc.)

patriarchy literally

meaning " rule of the father"; a male- dominated society.

The resource dilution model is a hypothesis stating that _____.

parental resources are finite, so the more children in a family, the fewer resources available to each child

Research undertaken on running a brothel, rioters, and the homeless is most likely to use which research strategy?

participant observation

none of the above

qualitative research

rebel.

retreatist

evaluation research

survey

Which is NOT true about anticipatory socialization?

usually possible to fully prepare in advance for new roles.

Second Shift

women's responsibility for housework and child care—everything from cooking dinner, doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes

Women are more likely than men to be found outside of labor force. Jobs that are traditionally female are undervalued/underpaid; pink collar jobs like nurses/librarians. Women are more likely to live in poverty than men. This all has to do with

work & income


Conjuntos de estudio relacionados

AP CALCULUS: units 1 -4 + review sheet

View Set

Quiz 3 - Variables and Data Types

View Set

Chapter 2- Solving Multi-Step Equations and Proportions

View Set

Introduction to Communication (Questions)

View Set

UW: 4 Maternal and Newborn Health

View Set

9.2.8 Server Pro Practice Questions

View Set

Wilkin's Chapter 8: Interpretation of ABGs

View Set

ECON 2213 Final Exam (macroeconomics)

View Set

V181 Final Exam Practice Quiz questions

View Set