The Real World, Chapter 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality
Admissions Equation
(HS GPA x effect) + (SAT score x effect)= probability of graduation
Thomas theorem
...
U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries.
...
Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory?
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Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory?
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Which of the following statements best exemplifies the conflict perspective on culture?
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Which of the following statements best exemplifies the functionalist perspective on culture?
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Which of the following statements is true in intimate partner violence?
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Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization?
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Working class jobs are not as stressful.
...
attitudinal theory
...
authoritarian.
...
differential association
...
dominant group
...
dramaturgical analysis
...
economy
...
education
...
endorsements of certain behaviors.
...
ethnicity.
...
ethnomethodology
...
evaluation research
...
examples ofcultural boundaries.
...
exchange theory
...
majority group
...
nonverbal communication
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occupational crime.
...
oligarchy
...
one's environment has little
...
open
...
organized crime
...
organized crime.
...
orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers.
...
out-group
...
sex.
...
upper-middle class
...
upper-upper class
...
validity
...
Karl Marx
Max Weber
-Your family are probably the first ones who tell you that what you are doing is either right or wrong
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-before wage labor, factories, centralized cities
...
-differences in SES by race
...
20
...
Achieved
...
Democracy
...
Education increases upward mobility.
...
Emile Durkheim
...
Feminist theory
...
Institutionalized: educational credentials
...
All of the above is true.
U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries.
Which of the following is an example of medicalization?
Viewing an old person's forgetfulness as a health problem rather than as a natural part of aging that one has to cope with
Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University?
W. E. B. DuBois
George Herbert Mead
W.E.B. DuBois
democracy
a political system in which all citizens have a right to participate
Civil Religion
a set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture.
meritocracy
a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit
Religion
a system of beliefs and practices around sacred things; a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action.
Social
ascribed
none of the above
deindustrialization
Criminologists
functionalists
Sexual identity
gender
Middle Eastern families
latino families
about the same.
lower
Polygyny
multiple wives
participant observation
participant observation
Literally meaning "rule of the father"; male dominated society
patriarchy
Groups in which the relationship is primarily impersonal and instrumental are known as
secondary groups
sexual identity.
sex
nurturing.
socialization
Transgendered
term describing an indi-vidual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories.
Emergent Norm Theory
theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting particular norms.
Individuals who identify with other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image
transsexuals
The article did not talk about it.
true
false
true
none of the above
warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.
Feudalism
economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs
work
economy
Social Determinants Theory
social status position can determine health
Capitalism
socialism
human sexual dimorphism
the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes
What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ?
fieldwork
Despite working more hours and being more productive than ever, American employees still express a lot of concern about _____.
job security
recognize
learn
Studies show that people with more education have _____ attachment to traditional religious beliefs and _____ levels of participation in religious organizations.
less; higher
working class
lower-upper class
intrapersonal
macro-level
According to strain theory, the solution to deviance is to:
make it easier to reach societal goals through acceptable means.
Merton used the term, __________, to refer to the intended consequences of people's actions
manifest functions
patriarchal
patrilocal
methods.
reliability
role tension.
role conflict
-Asian-Americans
...
-Because of their equal interest in family and work, they are redefining gender in the family.
...
Males who earn less than $75,000 are more likely to be abusers than those who earn more.
...
Social stratification
...
Social structure
...
Social systems
...
Socialism
...
Socialization
...
Socialization controls behavior because of
...
The article "The Social Organization of Toy Stores" by Christine Williams discussed about
...
family economics
...
individual discrimination.
...
inductive research
...
secondary groups
...
Racism
sexism
Which leadership style will most likely result in a high degree of internal solidarity among employees?
authoritarian
"Racial opportunity"
"white privilege"
$0.50
$0.77
Changes in the Family
-Fertility rates in the US are low.
Family Forms
-not mutually exclusive
SAT
-predicts college outcomes, but only for white students
-still a gap but narrowing
...
-test score rankings by school type
...
-thriving economy, government assistance (G.I. Bill)
...
-try to get well
...
-women live longer: types of illnesses; willingness to seek care
...
-women work in factories
...
1. Predictive power of SAT comes from correlation with family background
...
1. Score lower on cognitive achievement tests, SATs
...
1. True across age and race
...
8 percent
...
All of the above are criteria of a social group.
...
All of the above are true about social research.
...
Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.
...
Capitalism
...
No-fault divorce is a/n _____ reason for some divorces.
...
Nurture can explain all human behavior.
...
Obligations
...
Out-groups
...
Pluralism
...
Who was the sociologist responsible for explaining the groupthink phenomenon?
Irving Janis
Prejudice
...
Ryan is examining children's books as part of a research project on gender images in the media. Ryan is using which of the following research approaches?
...
Secondary; primary
...
Sex identities
...
Sex roles
...
Sexual harassment
...
Sexual misconduct
...
Sexual orientation
...
Sexuality
...
Social
...
Social change
...
Social constructionist theories contend that sexual behavior is largely the result of
...
Social control
...
Social interaction is similar across time and place.
...
Social interactions
...
Social mobility
...
Social movement
...
Systematic attempts to destroy members of particular minority groups is called
...
The character or quality of being sexual, use to describe sexual behavior/desires/fantasies is called:____
...
The research result in article "Charter Schools and the Public Good" show that
...
_____ is an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships.
...
_____ is any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work.
...
_____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.
...
biology affects behavior.
...
closed
...
colonialism.
...
cultural competencies.
...
cultural differences.
...
feminist
...
feminist theories
...
macro-level
...
matrilocal
...
medical system
...
micro-level
...
microsociology.
...
middle; lower
...
reliability
...
religious
...
religious placement
...
religious system
...
reproduction
...
research methodology.
...
role sprain.
...
role strain.
...
role taking
...
socialization.
...
sociobiology
...
there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race.
...
working with people.
...
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women?
Men began to work outside the home for a wage, while women stayed at home to manage the household and raise children, and were not paid.
Leisure Gap
Men do less housework, watch more TV, sleep longer
Men's Movement
Mens right movement- focuses on disadvantages for men; pro-feminist movement- fundamentally change the way people think about gender
_________ theory is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate ways of achieving them.
Merton's Strain
Profane
Ordinary things from everyday life
male liberationism
A movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity (page 268)
What is tracking?
A way of dividing students into different programs of study according to their abilities or interests
How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?
As a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities
none of the above
a marriage market
slavery
closed
Nuclear Family
father, mother, biological children
exchange
feminist
Corporate
primary
Primary; in
primary; secondary
Fundamentalists
religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning.
Pregnancy discrimination
sexual harassment
sexual orientation
sexual identity
Theism
the worship of a god or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.
Weber
Weber
invisible poverty
What makes it invisible? Residential segregation, political disenfrachisement, homelessness,
What issue is first-wave feminism most strongly associated with?
women's suffrage
The basic idea behind differential association theory is that
...
The conclusion in the article "The Impact of Internet Communications on Social Interaction" is that
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The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the following is not one of these approaches?
...
The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office.
...
The governments of Burma, Cuba, North Korea, and Libya are examples of
...
The hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources is referred to as
...
The main idea in "The Unfinished Revolution - How a New Generation is Reshaping Family, Work, and Gender in America" is
...
Totalitarianism
...
Using a sociological perspective encourages
...
What are the benefits of education?
...
Which social theorist described three ideal types of legitimate authority?
...
White males tend to be in core service jobs than non-whites and females.
...
____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita.
...
_____ are those people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as being different.
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_____ are those that share a sense of identity and exclude and devalue outsiders.
...
_____ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure that maintain society.
...
_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses.
...
_____ is an economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.
...
_____ is an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits.
...
_____ is recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.
...
_____ refers to learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men.
...
_____ refers to the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology.
...
a contingent worker.
...
a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.
...
a love bazaar
...
a marriage market
...
absolute poverty.
...
accuracy.
...
achieved
...
achieved statuses.
...
administrative
...
alienation
...
all of the above
...
apartheid group
...
are born with
...
ascribed
...
assets.
...
beliefs
...
beliefs about male superiority are internalized.
...
caste
...
challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.
...
characteristics.
...
charter schools
...
corporate crime.
...
criminal justice system
...
cultural changes.
...
cultural universals.
...
democracies.
...
demographic
...
experiment
...
explicit written rules and regulations
...
face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.
...
false
...
family and its functions.
...
family values
...
females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social integration
...
females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social structure
...
four
...
functionalism
...
functionalist
...
functionalists.
...
gender discrimination is poorly defined.
...
gender identity
...
hereditary
...
hierarchy of authority
...
high degree of division of labor and specialization
...
in-group
...
income
...
inconsistent forms of punishment.
...
increased.
...
independent variable
...
macrosociology.
...
magnet schools
...
males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration
...
males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social structure
...
objective poverty.
...
participant observation
...
patrilocal
...
peer pressure
...
people often lie to those who have authority.
...
people tend to see most things differently.
...
people to become happier.
...
perception, initiation, response
...
perception, response, interpretation
...
permissive.
...
personality trait.
...
persons who share a common identity
...
persons who share a sense of belonging
...
pluralist
...
political structure
...
primary group
...
sanctions.
...
secondary analysis
...
secondary group
...
seeing society as unpredictable.
...
segregation.
...
self employed.
...
self-fulfilling prophecy
...
serving others.
...
setting control.
...
sex roles.
...
sexual identity
...
sexual identity is based on cultural factors.
...
sexual orientation has a strong genetic basis.
...
sexual orientation is based on social structure.
...
sexual regulation
...
sexual roles
...
significant others
...
signs.
...
silence
...
six
...
social acceptance.
...
social construct.
...
social construction of reality
...
social control
...
social exchange
...
social pressure and culture.
...
social stratification.
...
socialism.
...
socialization
...
survey
...
symbolic interaction
...
symbolic interactional perspective.
...
temporary characteristic.
...
the No Child Left Behind Act
...
the generalized other
...
the wages of working class people are enough to live.
...
theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis
...
theory --> observation --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis
...
there are more males than females.
...
tyranny.
...
unemployed.
...
variables.
...
violence was not the topic.
...
violent crime
...
voluntary association
...
working class people do not work hard enough to make more money.
...
according to the pro-feminist men's movement, why should men support feminism?
(all of the above) out of fairness to women, men's lives are constrained by gender rules as well, the ideology of male superiority is a burden, men will be happier if society is less sexist
assimilation.
...
attempting to persuade others to agree with you.
...
authoritative.
...
avoidance
...
baby boomer generation.
...
behaviors
...
A _____ is a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.
...
A _____ is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people.
...
A/n _____ is a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics.
...
A/n _____ is a group that shapes our behavior, values and attitudes, and influences who we'd like to be in the future.
...
According to Merton, Americans are taught to strive towards the "American Dream" of economic success. He called these aspirations
...
According to _____, low-income societies are poor because of "traditional" attitudes about technology and institutions.
...
According to our textbook, marriage, medicine, and modesty are examples of George Murdock's
...
Addams
...
Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of
...
African American families
...
American Indians
...
Anomie
...
As the power elite became diverse, the values of power elite also changed.
...
As the power elite became diverse, there is no shared value any more.
...
Asch's studies, in which subjects were asked to match lines on cards, showed that
...
Ascribed
...
Asian American families
...
Assimilation
...
At the Barkley Company, there are forty employees. Addison is the President and CEO. Below her, Jack and Ross, are managers. The thirty-seven others work below the managers in the storeroom or on the show floor. Which of Weber's ideal characteristics does this exemplify?
...
Auguste Comte
...
Becker
...
Biological characteristics (anatomy, hormones, etc) determine one's
...
Booker T. Washington
...
Both A and B are correct.
...
Brown v. Board of Education
...
C. Wright Mills
...
Charter school students do better in math than public school students.
...
Charter school students perform better than traditional public school students.
...
Christina graduated from college last year. She moved back into her parents' home while she looks for a job. Christina is part of the
...
Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people.
...
Class
...
College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.
...
Communism
...
Compared to thirty-five years ago, the number of people living in poverty has
...
Compared with divorce rates between 1970 and 1990, divorce rates in 2008 were
...
Concentrated poverty blames social structures for poor blacks poverty (lack of jobs, resources, lack of good schools, and lack of transportation out of the poor areas)
...
Conflict theorists
...
Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime?
...
Conglomeration
...
Connor is reviewing birth and death certificates for persons living in Jefferson County. Connor is using which data collection method?
...
Counterculturism
...
Credentialing
...
Crime
...
Cubans
...
Cultural
...
Cultural imperialism
...
Cultural infusion
...
Cultural relativism
...
Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another.
...
Culture creates inequality because those in
...
Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.
...
De facto; de jure
...
Donald Black
...
Dr. Harry Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that
...
Durkheim
...
Durkheim introduced the term anomie, but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how social structure can create deviance.
...
Early age at marriage is a/n _____ reason for some divorces.
...
Economic
...
Economy
...
Education
...
Educational institutions create social networks.
...
Ethnicity
...
Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data. The Census Bureau is using which of the following data collection methods?
...
Feminism
...
Feminist theorists
...
Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions.
...
Iraq
...
culture of poverty
Oscar Lewis 1966- Theory on poverty
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?
Our self concept develops from interaction with others
They live almost exclusively in urban areas.
They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.
In 1962 the future United States Senator Elizabeth Dole was told that she shouldn't be attending Harvard Law School. Why did her critics believe this?
They felt that she was taking an opportunity away from a man.
How do students and teachers communicate?
Why does education serve some people better than others?
concentrated disadvantage
William J Wilson-1988
Cultural factors have little effect on reporting intimate partner violence.
Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.
A complex organization with a hierarchy of authority and structure, rules and procedures is called
a bureaucracy
Offshoring
a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs.
Union Busting
a company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it.
Alienation
a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society.
pluralism
a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society
According to welfare critics, ________ sets in with many welfare recipients, and they become so used to receiving government aid that they lose interest in looking for work and trying to get off welfare rolls.
a cycle of dependency
What sociological term best describes lovers, cult members, and members of a combat infantry platoon?
a primary group
when does gender role socialization begin?
before birth
feminism
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief
it is uncommon.
beliefs about male superiority are internalized.
Sex
an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories— male or female.
sex
an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories—male or female
Credentialism
an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
The classical model of social movements proposes that social movements emerge _____.
as a collective response to structural weaknesses in society that have a psychological effect on individuals
maternal.
authoritative
rational leaders
authority based on laws, rules, and procedures. Not heredity or personality of any individual leader
rehabilitation
avoidance
coercive leaders
backed up by threat of force
Pseudo-capitalism
capitalism
all of the above.
care-giving.
feminist theory
conflict theory
17 percent
8 percent
Who was the sociologist who developed the Theory of Differential Association?
Edwin Sutherland
Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family?
Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive.
Which of the following health insurance models has been most closely associated with rising medical costs in the United States?
Fee-for-service
The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media
gender role socialization
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called
genocide
in-groups and out-groups
in-groups and out-groups
transsexuals
individuals who identify with the opposite sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image
Al Capone, "Lucky" Luciano, John Gotti, and other heads of organized crime fall under which mode of adaptation?
innovator
Extended Family
kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
cultural assimilation
the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
social learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
Social learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction.
Gender identity
sexual orientation
Role
social structure
Sexuality
the character or quality of being sexual.
The argument that good health helps a person achieve a high socioeconomic status is known as _____.
the drift explanation
As a group becomes larger
the intensity decreases and the stability increases
Mortality
death
Attendance at religious services has _____ in the United States since the 1960s, and the number of people who say they have religious beliefs or a strong sense of spirituality has _____.
declined; held steady or risen
While unionization rates in the United States have _____ over the past 30 years, recent studies show that _____ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.
declined; more
Independent; Republican
democratic; republican
intrapersonal
demographic
Supplier-induced demand in the health-care industry refers to _____.
doctors creating excess demand for their services
principle group
dominant group
ethnomethodology
dramaturgical analysis
second wave feminism
during the 1960s and 70s. associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
Homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individu-als who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.
Coalescence
the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage.
What are the two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?
the size of the group whose behavior is being targeted; whether the change sought is limited or radical.
in the early 1900s, native born Americans, usually Protestant, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?
the social construction fo race
The ability to see the intimate realitites of our own lives in the context of common social structures is what C. Wright Mills refers to as:
the sociological imagination
Homosexuality
the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender.
homosexuality
the tendency to feel sexual desire towards members of one's own gender
None of the above.
the wages of working class people are enough to live.
a part-time worker.
underemployed
none of the above
women choose fields with lower earnings
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed. According to their view, you're either male/female-you have no other option. Chromosome/hormones/genitalia determine your identity, the way you interact and see yourself, and the activities you engage in
essentialists
People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called:
essentialists.
apartheid.
ethnicity
Cultural relativism
ethnocentrism
ethnomethodology
ethnomethodology
What is it called when the same numbers of people move up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change?
exchange mobility
why don't individuals from the lower class exercise more often
exercise is a luxury accessible to those who dont have to struggle with day to day existence.
The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. Talcott Parsons identified this. It's important for the care of children and stabilizing the personality of the instrumental partner against the stresses of the competitive world
expressive role
None of the above is true.
face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.
Usually the primary source of socialization. Kara Smith argues the gender role socialization begins before the birth; if know sex-you start preparing for the baby. After birth, babies begin to respond/internalize expectations around them. Learning behavior and meanings through social interaction. Gender ties in like when a girl does the dishes and boys take out the trash. This all has to do with:
family
Gender Role Socialization
family, school, peers, and media
homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly genderinappropriate behavior (page 274)
homophobia
fear of or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior
Belief in the social/political/economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief. Both a theoretical perspective & social movement
feminism
social movements organized around the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called
feminism
The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
feminization of poverty
The earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920. Began in Seneca Falls, NY organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott. Campaign issued Declaration of Sentiments - suffrage movement
first wave
rules.
folkways
primary organization
formal organization
Jane Addams is remembered for
founding Hull House
seven
four
What is the American core value that pervades U.S. life and is underscored by the American revolution?
freedom
Professionals such as medical doctors and lawyers make it a point to have their offices appear neat and well organized. They are showing a concern for their:
front stage.
They believe that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.
functionalism
A _____ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand—a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer.
functionalist
Talcott Parsons's claim that the traditional family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women) is an example of a _____ approach to sociology.
functionalist
exchange
functionalist
exchange theory
functionalist
globalization
functionalist
The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
gender
An individual's self-definition or sense of gender
gender identity
Essentialists
gender is immutable and biological; something can't be changed; sex and gender are close in relation
Social Constructionist
gender is socially determined; multiple possibilites
As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive stuffed animals and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?
gender socialization
pluralism.
genocide
What form of the nonmaterial culture is illustrated by shaking one's head left and right to mean "no" and up and down to mean "yes"?
gestures
Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true?
girls have caught up with boys in most measures of educational achievement
All of the above are correct.
group membership generates conformity
Congregations
groups of people that gather together, especially for worship.
The divorce rate in the United States _____.
has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century
All of the above are part of the definition.
have a legal relationship
Social desirability bias can affect responses in a study when the questions ____.
have moral undertones
The green revolution has been credited with _____ in developing countries.
helping food production keep pace with population growth
Involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex -small minority is called:____
heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality
What trend has been noted in the workforce since 2002 with regard to income level and hours worked?
high-income individuals are working more hours than low-income individuals
Sects
high-tension organizations that don't fit in so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged—outcasts, minorities, or the poor—because they renounce worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises.
Sacred
holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder.
The ultimate back stage for most people is:
home
Fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.
homophobia
The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The children are assigned chores around the house. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of what?
how gender roles are learned at home
_______ refers to the knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable.
human capital
The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes
human sexual dimorphism
The belief that the experiences of women and men differ as a result of differences in anatomy is called:
human sexual dimorphism.
Resource Dilution Model
hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them
Cult of Domesticity
idea that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and childrearing
Max Weber believed that _____ are as strong a force as technological advances in terms of bringing about social change.
ideas
Dynamic psychiatry focuses on _____.
identifying the internal conflicts that produce a mental illness
if you are a man and young, you experience the most prejudice.
if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.
Morbidity
illness in a general sense
Efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us are called:
impression management
manner.
impression management
group think
in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement
Reference groups
in-groups
None of the above - poverty statistics were not collected thirty-five years ago.
increased
none of the above
increased
Which of the following have contributed to a decrease in doctors' power and prestige?
increased external regulation of health care and the medical profession
dependent variable
independent variable
When gathering data, the cause is known as the _________ and the effect is known as the ___________.
independent variable; dependent variable
holistic discrimination.
individual discrimination
Americans cherish the ideal that anyone can rise from the bottom of society to its very top. What value identified by Robin Williams is illustrated by this belief?
individualism
social construction of race
individuals are placed into a hierarchy that produces definite social relations between the races. The totality of these racialized social relations and practices constitutes the racial structure of society
Transsexuals
individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fi ts their self- image.
You are a freelance graphic designer and about six months ago you set up a PayPal account so that clients can pay you online instead of mailing you checks, thus cutting down on paperwork and speeding up the whole payment process. One of your major clients has not expressed any interest in using PayPal and it continues to take up to two months for them to pay you. The next time this client offers you a project, you decide to turn it down because you think you're better off working with clients who will pay more quickly. In Adam Smith's terms, your decision is based on finding an unacceptable level of _____ in the proposed exchange.
inefficiency
Alan, a 14-year-old boy, finds himself in a situation where he can steal a digital watch from a store. he decided against the theft because he fears what others will think of him if they knew. In theis situation, Alan conforms to society's values because of:
informal social controls
The family member who is task driven, breadwinning, and authoritative is taking the ____________ role.
instrumental
The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure. Talcott Parsons identified this, being tasked oriented/breadwinner
instrumental role
when the children of working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in the professional field this is an example of
intergenerational mobility
Asexuality
involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex.
Ethnocentrism:
is a natural and in some ways desirable product of growing up in a culture.
Studies show that the primary concern U.S. workers have about unionizing is _____.
job loss or a tense work environment because of employers' negative attitude toward unions
The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of __________ theory.
labeling
What is a system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought?
language
secondary groups
larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary
Consequences of social structures that are neither intended nor recognized are referred to by sociologists as:
latent functions or dysfunctions
Arabs
latinos
Structural-functional theory takes the position that:
law benefits society by helping to maintain order.
Conflict theorists point out that the class differentials in crime rates develop partly because:
law enforcement discriminates more heavilhy against the poor
Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?
learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking
Civil Unions
legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage
Domestic Partnerships
legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples
LGBTQ
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes " A" is added to include " allies".
LGBTQ
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes "A" is added to include "allies" (page 272)
patriarchy
literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society
Cohabitation
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
The image we have of ourselves based upon how we imagine others to view us is called:
looking glass self.
Feudalism was an economic system characterized by _____.
lords who owned the land; vassals who managed the land and offered military protection; and serfs who worked the land
none of the above
males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration
Madeleine's position as president of the local university overshadows her work as a wife, mother, and volunteer for the Salvation Army. In view of this, university president is Madeleine's ________.
master status
Movies/comic books/music etc. can influence/learn how to behave, how to be accepted, what to value, what is normal, and how gender fits into society. Becoming more persuasive in society, both sexes learn that certain activities and attitudes are more appropriate for one gender than for the other. Mostly aimed towards adolescents. Some contradicting ex: video games thought to be mostly boys, but more girls are starting to get into it too. This all has to do with:
media
minority
member of social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than in dominant groups
Evangelicals
members of any Protestant denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is the only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society.
Who is more likely to report never having been married?
men
An offschool of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.
men's right movement
Examining the meaning and uses of religion in people's everyday lives is part of a _____ approach to the subject.
microsociological
The level of sociological analysis that places emphasis on social interaction is:
microsociology.
Classical Model
model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals.
Resource-Mobilization Theory
model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources.
Political Process Model
model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger.
world-systems theory
modernization theory
money.
money
interlocking directorate
monopoly
Compared to people in other industrialized countries, Americans are _____ likely to have religious beliefs and _____ likely to be affiliated with a religious institution.
more; more
Americans work _____ hours as/than citizens of other industrialized nations, but have _____ vacation benefits.
more; worse
Norms with moral or religious significance that are thought to be important to society are known as:
mores
In American society, the commandment "Thou shalt not murder" belongs to which category?
mores.
most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.
most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.
third wave feminism
most recent period. Focusing on issues of diversity and variety of identities women can possess
suffrage
movement the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women.
Polyandry
multiple husbands; in countries with shortages of women
none of the above is correct.
nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience.
Recently, Marie went on a tour of the Arab countries. At the end of the tour, she wanted to offer a gift to her Arab tour guide. Marie offered the gift with her left hand as her right hand was full at the time. She did not understand why the guide appeared to be offended with her. This is an example of _____________.
necessity to learn the gestures of a culture
Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism?
new farming technologies
Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values and social norms?
nonmaterial culture
subversive culture.
nonmaterial culture
facial expressions
nonverbal communication
which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of social stratification
often low-level groups still have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups
Reference groups
out-groups
Socioeconomic status is a combined measure of an individual's or family's economic and social position relative to others, based on any combination of which of the following groups of elements?
parents' level of education, parents' jobs, and family income and wealth
Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of _____.
peer-to-peer dynamics
Same-sex groups help create gendered behavior. When same sex group play together, their activities are more likely to be gender typed; girls have tea parties. Children may be punished or mocked by others for crossing over gendered borders. Groups can be enforcing gender roles and the assumptions about sexuality that underlie them. Can lead to bullying or rebellious behavior on part of the boys and eating disorders with girls. This all has to do with:
peers
According to Structural Stain Theories, deviance occurs when:
people cannot reach the acceptable goals of society through acceptable means.
Being a mother is no guarantee that a woman will fulfill the duties and obligations associated with motherhood. This illustrates that:
people occupy statuses, but play roles
asexual
person who has no interest in or desire for sex
Health maintenance organizations may lead to undertreatment since they pay doctors per _____ and not per _____.
person; service
Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her___________ so others do not invade it.
personal space
All of the above are criteria of a social group.
persons who interact with one another
Socialism
plualism
in the eiarly 19th century, native americans who had survived clashes with the US army were forcibly removed to reservations, this is an example of
population transfer
Being made to wait for a few minutes to over an hour in order to see a doctor is evidence of the _____.
power and prestige of doctors in our society
globalist
power elite
oligarchy
power rests with a small number of people.
The ability to control someone's behavior even against his or her will is:
power.
Pluralism
prejudice
how is prejudice different from discrimination?
prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action
According to sociologist Georg Simmel, ____ refers to a form of social organization characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation.
premodernity
An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism & believe that sexism harms both men & women. Society will be happier if became less sexist. Argue that men should share more of the responsibilities of child care/economic disparities/violence against women/respect womens lives
pro-feminist men's movement
Supernatural Compensators
promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven.
What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries?
proper nutrition and clean water
civil unions
proposed as an alterna-tive to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefi ts and protections of marriage.
civil unions
proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage
For what two categories of crime are women more likely to be arrested than men?
prostitution and running away
Secondary sex characteristics include:
pubic hair, facial hair, scents, breasts, muscle tone, body fat distribution
Social theory about gender identity & sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference & rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.
queer theory
Racial-ethnic group
race
both a and b are correct.
race problem in the toy store.
Pluralism
racism
Anticipatory socialization
re-socialization
What term can be substituted for the term "operational" in Piaget's four-stage model, from the sensorimotor stage to the formal operational stage?
reasoning skills
Alondra Nelson's interview on genetic testing and race explains the difficulties individuals encounter when trying to navigate the costs and benefits of finding out who they are and where they are from. In what way do African Americans particularly have trouble?
records of slaves' origins aren't complete or even maintained in many cases
In bureaucracies, what term refers to rules and procedures that defy all logic?
red tape
reference group
reference group
Churches
religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population.
Cult
religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not as easily fit within the sect-church cycle.
social placement
religious placement
Since 1940, the gap between the rich and the poor has
remained about the same.
All except one of the following are included in culture. Which one should not be included?
reproduction
Boundary work refers to . . . ?
research conducted on the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science either within a specific scientific discipline or between disciplines
What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called?
resocialization
Based on Merton's strain theory, drug addicts, alcoholics, the homeless, and others who have dropped out of the pursuit of success are engaged in which mode of adaptation?
retreatism
Sanctions refer to:
rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity.
none of the above
rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.
Global Warming
rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures.
Just going through the motions would be an illustration of which form of Merton's Strain Theory?
ritualism.
Signals
roles
What are the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a position a person occupies in life?
roles
Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are:
roles.
Girls and boys are frequently put in same-sex groups and assigned gender-stereotyped tasks, such as playing with dolls and trucks. Differences appear at playgrounds, each sex engage in different activities. Boys: get challenged more, can make teacher annoyed, athletic. Girls: earn higher grades, focus on social skills/appearance. This all has to do with:
school
Normal Science
science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn.
Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of _____.
scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality
The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor. Term coined by Arlie Hochschild
second shift
Women tend to be more of the caregiver of the family, even after a divorce. If taking out time from work to care for their sick child, they may be seen as nonproductive time, and may face discrimination, and still face household chores at home called _____
second shift
The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment & education. More closely associated with the right to vote; Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique, National Organization for Women, and raising groups were key events
second wave
A/An _____ is typically an offshoot of a mainstream church, founded by people who stress rewards in the afterlife over worldly pleasures, and that doesn't fit well with the surrounding social environment.
sectarian group
What is the classification of homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events?
serial murder
An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories-male or female
sex
Bisexuality
sexual attraction to both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females.
none of the above
sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture.
heterosexuality
sexual desire for other genders (page 269)
Heterosexuality
sexual desire for other genders.
The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders is called: ____
sexuality, sexual orientation/sexual identity
Devlin's parents are important influences on Devlin's life. Mead would use the term ___________ to refer to Devlin's parents.
significant others
authority figures
significant others
Mead's term for role players with whom we have close personal relationships is:
significant others.
"Baby Boom"
single greatest spike in fertility
myth.
social construct
Labeling
social control
Ethnomethodology
social exchange theory
The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that _____.
social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health
Family, religion, education, economics and politics are examples of
social institutions
Reformative Social Movements
social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society.
Revolutionary Social Movements
social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society.
Redemptive Social Movements
social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change.
Social organisms
social networks
The links we have among other people, even friends of friends are called ________.
social networks
Postmodernity
social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations.
Premodernity
social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms.
Modernity
social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity— as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations.
what does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the enxt and so remain relatively stable over time
social reproduction
inequality.
social stratification
queer theory
social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
queer theory
social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity (page 272)
queer theory
social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.
gender role
socialization the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media.
What term describes people who share a culture and territory?
society
sociological imagination.
sociological imagination.
According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the product(s) they produce because _____.
specialization has them focusing on one small step in a complex production process
The position that an individual occupies is called his or her:
status
The crime with the highest recidivism rate is ________ and the crime with the lowest recidivism rate is ________.
stealing cars; murder
In his interview, Stephen Morgan explains that non-Catholic students often do better than Catholic students in a Catholic school. If students were placed in a classroom and told prior to a test that students with a strong Catholic background were more likely to perform well on this test, what sociological phenomena would this be an example of?
stereotype threat
_____ is the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies.
stereotype threat
Social ___________ is a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige.
stratification
In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of light," during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith represent a ________.
subculture
Which term describes a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society?
subculture
The movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
suffrage movement
Cultural Capital
symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
Macrosociology is NOT associated with which of the following?
symbolic interaction theory
None of the above are used to understand socialization.
symbolic interactionism
Sociologists who examine the ways that gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives tend to come from which school of social theory?
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological perspective is most aligned with the relativity of deviance?
symbolic interactionist
social exchange
symbolic interactionist
social learning
symbolic interation
culture.
symbols
Best practices can be defined as _____.
teaching methods whose effectiveness is supported by extensive research
To show ourselves as adept role players and to gain recognition from others, we often use _________ or two or more people working together to make certain a performance goes off as planned.
teamwork
transgendered
term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity is at odds with her or his physical sex, but who has not necessarily sought sex-reassignment surgery
Intersexed
term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex character-istics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female.
intersexed or hermaphroditic
term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
what do most americans claim about their class status
that they are middle class
In his interview, John Evans explains how, in a way, regulatory agencies were charged with the task of handling questions of ethics in scientific research. Assuming these agencies have an impact on which scientists are able to publish first. Those scientists in turn garner prestige from those early publications and turn that prestige into further publications and prestige. What sociological phenomenon describes the way these scientists continue gaining prestige?
the Matthew effect
Ethicalism
the adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism.
Animism
the belief that spirits roam the natural word, as in totemism.
Oligopoly
the condition when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market.
globalization
the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
In the workplace, aggressive men are often considered to be "go-getters," but aggressive women are often considered to be "bitches." This is an example of:
the double standard.
first wave
the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid- nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920.
first wave
the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920
Service Sector
the economic activity that involves providing intangible services.
feminization of poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care.
feminization of poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of childcare
The sect-church cycle helps to explain ____.
the existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States
human sexual dimorphism
the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes.
Champagne-glass distribution refers to _____.
the fact that a small percentage of the world's population possesses a very large percent of the world's income
Routinization
the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause.
Emergence
the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified.
Monopoly
the form of business that occurs when there's only one seller of a good or service in the market, leading to zero competition.
Paradigm
the framework within which scientists operate.
Kimberly is a successful television producer who is married to an attorney and has two children. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from the use of certain types of plastic bottles. Over the next couple of weeks she does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor to ask questions. Ultimately, she learns that you can buy products made without BPA so she replaces all her family's plastic drink cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that Kimberly even learned about BPA dangers and then was able to research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health?
the fundamental causes interpretation
What qualities or beliefs associated with traditional masculinity are identified as being harmful to men?
the idea that men are superior
Sexual Orientation
the inclination to feel sexual desire to feel emotions for one or both genders: heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality
sexual orientation
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
sexual orientation or sexual identity
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders.
Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors?
the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients
Agricultural Revolution
the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production
What is the stage in the life course where individuals begin to reorient their thinking from the time since birth to the time left to live?
the later middle years
What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?
the level of involvement of rank-and-file members
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine; primarily through four agents of socialization: family, schools, peers, and media
A social institution that has played a particularly interesting role in creating & sometimes challenging sexual stereotypes . People who still have no firsthand knowledge of homosexuality turn to this as their exclusive source for understanding it. As homosexuality is becoming more common, it is shown more through these sources.
the mass media
Which of the following is least representative of activity that would take place in a biotech society?
the mass production of industrial goods and conspicuous consumption
third wave
the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can posses
third wave
the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can possess.
suffrage movement
the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
Hidden Curriculum
the nonacademic socialization and training that take place in the schooling system
Normative View of Science
the notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follows objective rules of evidence.
Union
the organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining.
primary groups
the people who are most important to your sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belongings
second wave
the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
second wave
the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education.
racial assimilation
the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
Education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
gender identity
the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender
In her interview, Jen'nan Read explains that some Muslims in America have chosen to continue religious traditions as a form of individual identity. Traditions such as the hijab worn by Muslim women make up part of what overarching religious theme?
the sacred canopy
Andrew Cherlin's interview on the culture of marriage explains the difficulties for certain couples to stay together, particularly if they are faced with economic problems. If both spouses work, what additional responsibilities might women face that put a strain on marriage?
the second shift
In Mead's theory, the "I" is
the spontaneous, creative part of the shelf.
Symbolic interaction theory addresses:
the subjective meaning of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings.
Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to describe this process?
the survival of the fittest
The focus of sociology is on:
the systematic study of human groups
Miscegenation
the technical term for multiracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged—sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage
homosexuality
the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender (page 269)
Profane
the things of mundane, everyday life.
A small group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations is referred to as:
the underclass
Champagne-Glass Distribution
the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape.
second shift
the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor.
second shift
the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the day's paid labor is completed
Political arbitrage is . . . ?
the use of insider political knowledge to earn profits
In relation to working parents, the second shift can best be defined as _____.
the varied domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home
One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that _____.
their stricter expectations of members make those members value them more and commit more time and energy to them
hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> observation --> theory
theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis
Contagion Theory
theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact.
Convergence Theory
theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.
Compartive studies of the occupational prestige scale show that:
there is a great deal of similarity in the rankings of occupations across nations and across time.
True or false? Females tend to live long than males. Thomas Perls & Ruth Fretts believe that sex hormones estrogen & testosterone may be the possible cause. Testosterone is linked to aggressive/violent behavior/heart disease/harmful cholesterol in blood. Estrogen lowers harmful cholesterol/reduce likelihood of heart disease and stroke
true
True or false? Male dominated society can be traced back to biological differences. Ex: males had to hunt/protect/ head of household therefore had more authority/power/strength while woman did the home/care activities. But this does not account to today's society now
true
Megachurch
typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshippers per week.
The digital divide refers to . . . ?
unequal access to and knowledge of information technology based on socioeconomic status
Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Conflict Perspective
unequal political and economic power increases gender- based social inequalities; both men and women are at work performing separate tasks
discrimination
unequal treatments of individuals based on their membership in a social gorup; usually motivated by prejudice
The idea of everyone having the same basic rights because they are born in a country is termed ___________ citizenship.
universal
objectivity.
validity
Sanctions
values
all of the above
values
social issues.
variables
Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in Cooley's "looking glass self" theory:
we can see ourselves exactly as others see us
how is max weber's idea of social class different from marxs?
weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all could affect a persons social class
In addition to gender identity being about who we are, Ch. 10 argues that gender identity is also about:
what we do
Paradigm Shift
when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena.
majority minority
when the majority are less than half the population but still remain the dominant group in terms of power, resources, and representation in social institutions
Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, _____.
which negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they don't get enough attention and support from their parents
In The Next Catastrophe, Charles Perrow argues that _____.
while disasters are inevitable, their negative impact can be reduced by dispersing their risks
victimless crime
white collar crime
Crimes committed by respectable people of high social status in the course of their occupations are known as:
white-collar crimes
Boundary Work
work done to maintain the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science within a specific scientific discipline or between legitimate disciplines.
Fair Families
-Fair Families are families that exist in both the public and private spheres.
Religion
-a system of beliefs or practices around sacred things
Social Construction of Illness
-definitions of health and sickness change with time and place
Capitalism
-economic system of private ownership
Polygamy
-having more than one partner at a time
Preindustrial Family
-household=miniature economy
Effects if Divorce on Children
-lower future SES
Coleman Report 1966
-money per student didn't increase educational attainment
Families After WWII
-nature of factories/work shifts
Economic Systems: Socialism
-needs of population met outside of the market
Pygmalion Effect
-self-fulfilling prophecies
Health Discrepancies
-starkest differences are between whites and blacks: SES-linked; racist environment
Economic Systems: Communism
-state owns all production, provides for needs of everyone
More Recent Coleman Findings
-students in small (13-17) classes had fewer disciplinary problems, higher test scores
Second Shift: Hogschild
-unpaid labor inside the home performed after paid labor
Housework in the 20th Century
-women gone down, men up
"Actions speak louder than words." This statement represents which concept of social interaction?
...
"Capitalism brings prosperity to a society." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy?
...
"Human reality is socially constructed reality." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction?
...
"Interaction often involves a dominant-subordinate relationship." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction?
...
"Low wages alienate workers." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy?
...
"Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant." This statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance?
...
"The wealthy control politics." This statement reflects which sociological perspective of political power?
...
"active bigot."
...
"all-weather liberal."
...
"care for one another and any children."
...
"fair-weather liberal."
...
"have a legal relationship."
...
"live together in a committed relationship."
...
"share close emotional ties and functions."
...
"timid bigot."
...
$0.66
...
$0.77
...
$0.98
...
$1.04
...
+ (SES x effect) sociologists add this variable
...
-"Baby Boom"
...
-Applying Causation (when your looking at something as large as fertility rates its difficult to base it on religion, and education).
...
-Conceptualizations of the family presented in the popular media rarely reflect the true diversity of family.
...
-Endogamy
...
-Exogamy
...
-Historical changes in the Family
...
-Marriage Rates have also dropped.
...
-Monogamy
...
-More Educated people are less likely to have kids.
...
-Polyandry
...
-Polygyny
...
-Public and Private Spheres (working from homes is becoming more and more viable)
...
-The Family is a major social institution in all known societies in some form or another
...
-They have emerged as a solution to the complex working lives of modern families.
...
-a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action
...
-anomalous-structured family
...
-away from kinship networks to tight-knit families
...
-black women born in 80s are 1/2in shorter than previous generation (60s)
...
-brief reprieve from cult of domesticity
...
-conclusion: stress from low social status leads to poor health
...
-context matters: timing; level of hostility
...
-duty to God fulfilled through hard work (Calvinism)
...
-education increases income
...
-family structure has and will change continuously
...
-fear of being accused of "acting white"
...
-for Marx, a step towards communism
...
-from agreements between individuals to contracts between corporations
...
-from barter to the use of a legal currency to buy and sell goods
...
-genetic differences in intelligence
...
-infant mortality
...
-lower status= higher rates of mortality and morbidity
...
-maintaining inequality and oppression
...
-married live longer: benefit grater for men; unclear whether marriage benefits health or if healthier people are more likely to marry
...
-multiple and/or conflicting identities, disjointed affiliations
...
-no longer work at home, centralized cities with factories
...
-not to be held accountable for their condition
...
-not to perform normal social roles
...
-obvious stuff: functional literacy/numeracy
...
-one job more important than the other
...
-overlapping, voluntary group affiliations
...
-peak of middle class nuclear family
...
-plateau at doctorate
...
-prices, production, and distribution of goods determined by competition in a free market
...
-principles: equality and morality
...
-privileged students more likely to be in college tracks
...
-process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet pre-existing expectations
...
-related to diet
...
-sacred symbols become powerful when people collectively invest in them
...
-school resources had no effect on student achievement
...
-scores associated with race, ethnicity, and SES
...
-seek competent help; comply with doctors' orders
...
-social capital: who you know, how you extract resources from networking
...
-socialization: hidden curriculum
...
-spending $=bad
...
-state not in total control
...
-stigma of adoption
...
-women: private sphere; housework, childcare
...
1 percent
...
1. Black/white down in fertility, Hispanic up
...
1. Catholic private (school capital)
...
1. Cooking, laundry, child care
...
1. Counting job and housework, men work 15 hours less per week
...
1. Family background and peers did
...
1. Have higher GPAs, math scores, and college attendance
...
1. High rates of marriage and divorce
...
1. IF the marriage is happy
...
1. Much evidence against genetic explanation
...
10 percent
...
10 percent more
...
12 percent
...
16
...
17%; 34%
...
2. 2.1 children magic number
...
2. Have higher rates of being held back, suspended and expelled
...
2. Secular private
...
20 percent
...
22; 25
...
25
...
25 percent fewer
...
34
...
35 percent
...
36
...
43
...
43%; 35%
...
5 percent
...
50 percent
...
50 percent more
...
60 percent
...
75 percent
...
A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.
...
A _____ is a complex and structured secondary group that is deliberately created to achieve a specific goal in an efficient manner.
...
A division of gender roles helps society function smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?
...
A stop sign, a wedding dress, and a handshake are examples of
...
A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full
...
A/n _____ is a situation where one person or company controls a particular market or industry.
...
A/n _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power.
...
About _____ of the human body's 35,000 genes determine the color of a person's skin. 6
...
According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of important people in their lives, especially parents, as they model themselves after them. Mead referred to these important people as
...
Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.
...
American Indian families
...
American students have fewer school days.
...
American students have shorter school days.
...
Annie and Brandon recently married and are living with his parents. This is an example of a/n _____ residence pattern.
...
Because of _____, teachers now spend much of their time on basic reading and math skills instead of higher order learning.
...
Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. He understands that an individual's poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual's personal problem. Bill is utilizing his
...
Bogel
...
Cameron was scheduled to work on Thursday from 9:00am until 3:00pm. His sociology final was scheduled for 2:00 pm. Cameron was likely experiencing
...
Changed Society:
...
Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.
...
Chinese
...
Comte
...
Culture of poverty blames poor blacks for their situatuion (they just dont want to get out of poverty)
...
Darwinism
...
De facto; de legal
...
De jure; de facto
...
De jure; de inform
...
Deindustrialization
...
Democratic; Independent
...
Democratic; Republican
...
Discovery of the New World
...
Discrimination
...
Dramaturgical analysis
...
Emile Durkheim, in his studies of suicide, found that _____, and concluded that _____ accounted for the variation in suicide rates.
...
Ethnocentism
...
Ethnocentrism
...
Following desegregation, middle class blacks and black business owners moved from all-black neighborhoods. The middle class took resources with them to follow jobs, with no jobs, no cars, no public transportation, and resources taken out of local schools and hospitals, the concentrated poor had no options but to take welfare assistance....
...
For social scientists, race is a(n)
...
For sociologists, culture refers to which of the following?
...
Functionalism
...
Functionalists
...
Gender
...
Gender discrimination often goes unnoticed because
...
Gender identity
...
Gender inequality is built into the social structure, in and out of the home. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?
...
Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society.
...
Gender role
...
Gender roles
...
Generation X.
...
Generation Y.
...
Globalization
...
Goffman's rules on interaction apply to internet interaction.
...
Gretchen is conducting a research project and is interviewing respondents about their fertility history. On the first day her respondent says that she has had three children. However, the next day, the respondent reports that she has only two children. This is an example of a problem with
...
Groupthink is
...
Half of all women have experienced intimate partner violence.
...
Harold started using drugs when he was 17. By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the streets. According to Merton, Henry is a/n
...
Harriet Martineau
...
Henry's family was unable to pay their bills last month. He wanted the best for his family, but had a low-paying job. To "earn" some extra cash, be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center. According to Merton, Henry is a/n
...
High schools and colleges are matchmaking institutions.
...
High-income countries have greater access to _____ than low-income countries.
...
Identify which social class the following description illustrates: Some individuals in this social class flaunt their money and spend it on lavish goods and services to enhance their prestige.
...
If American women were free to choose, _____ would prefer to be employed rather than stay home to take care of their house and family.
...
If the researcher and the respondent interpret a research question differently, there is a problem with
...
In 2010, nearly _____ of all married couples were interracial couples.
...
In As You Like It, Shakespeare wrote that "All the world is a stage and all the men and women merely players." This illustrates which concept?
...
In U.S. presidential elections, the most important factor in winning is
...
In _____, prospective spouses can compare the "value" of eligible partners before selecting a mate.
...
In a/n _____ stratification system, a person's ability to change social positions is limited and often based on gender or race.
...
In applying to three colleges, Layla spent several days completing nearly identical forms. Each asked for her high school grades, roommate preferences, and parent's financial status. This is an example of which of the shortcomings of bureaucracies?
...
In her research project, Megan is measuring age, gender, GPA, and study habits. Age, gender, GPA and study habits are examples of
...
In open stratification systems, social classes are based on _____ statuses.
...
In terms of nature vs. nurture argument, most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements?
...
In the U.S., the top one percent of U.S. households has _____ of all wealth and _____ of all income.
...
In the article "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson, he argues that interpersonal violence and aggression is part of the code of the street in inner cities poor neighborhood.
...
In the article "Gamers, Hackers, and Facebook --- Computer Cultures, Virtual Community, and Postmodern Identity", the author Ross Haenfler regards cyberspace interactions as a subculture.
...
In the article "Leaving Home for College: Expectations for Selective Reconstruction of Self" is a process of ______.
...
In the article "The Myth of the Missing Black Father", the authors found out that black fathers may not live with their children, but they do visit them often.
...
In the article "The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work", the author argues that
...
In the article "The Sociological Imagination" by C. Wright Mills, the sociological perspective is
...
In the article "Why You Voted" by Andrew Perrin, one of the reasons that Americans vote is for ritual purpose.
...
In-groups
...
Income, status and other rewards allow some owners and managers to exploit workers. This statement exemplifies which major theoretical perspective?
...
Ireland
...
Jane Addams
...
Japan
...
Jesse Martin
...
Joanna is conducting a research project that examines whether parent's income impacts a child's choice of college. Joanna thinks that parents who make a lot of money will have children who will attend private schools and parents who make little money will have children who will attend public schools. "Parent's income" is the _____ in Joanna's
...
Karl Marx argued that capitalism benefits the rich and that society would ultimately be reduced to just two classes: _____ and _____.
...
Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand
...
Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's
...
Language, geographic roots, traditions, and religion are all components of
...
Languages
...
Latino families
...
Latinos
...
Literature review, collect data, formulate hypothesis, analyze results
...
Literature review, topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results
...
Many K-12 teachers are out of field.
...
Many U.S. students are doing poorly in math and science compared to students in many other countries. Which one of the following reasons for many American students' low performance is false?
...
Marcus used a deductive approach to examine the relationship between two variables. Which of the following best represents a deductive approach?
...
Martineau
...
Master
...
Master status
...
Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women.
...
Max Weber
...
Men are more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than women.
...
Men want a 'neotraditional' family arrangement.
...
Mercantilism
...
Merton
...
Metaculturalism
...
Mexico
...
Monopoly
...
Mores
...
Most American schools don't provide talented students with highly qualified teachers.
...
Most are foreign-born.
...
Mr. Davis, an accounting executive at Alpha Inc., participated in tax fraud for several years, which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes. Mr. Davis is guilty of
...
Much school funding is inadequate, and teachers typically have little control over the curriculum.
...
Multiculturalism
...
Natalie is a prejudiced person who actively discriminates against other groups. According to Merton, Natalie is a/n
...
Nature can explain all human behavior.
...
Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course.
...
Nearly _____ in ten American children are born to unmarried mothers.
...
None of the above are characteristics of a social group.
...
None of the above.
...
Norms
...
Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.
...
Norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are
...
Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant.
...
Objectified: cultural objects you owner can access
...
Of the following statements about African Americans, which one is true?
...
Oliver works a full-time day shift at a fast food restaurant. He has a college degree and training in electrical engineering. Oliver is
...
On average, women earn approximately _____ for every dollar men earn.
...
Out; in
...
Parkinson's Law
...
People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.
...
People influence each other's behavior through interaction.
...
People respond to a situation differently depending on what they think is at stake for them.
...
Poor blacks on welfare had spent so many generations in poverty that they differ from other Americans, they knew no other life than being in ghettos, had no desire to elevate or educate themselves to rise above, accepted by US gov. and was basis for decline in welfare assistance
...
Prejudice and discrimination are learned, and can therefore be unlearned. This statement best illustrates which of the following theoretical perspectives?
...
Primary
...
Race
...
Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement represents the views of
...
Racism
...
Recent surveys have found that _____ of high school students admit to cheating on tests.
...
Republican; Democratic
...
Republican; Independent
...
Resocialization
...
Sanctions are
...
Scapegoating
...
Schooling
...
Schools provide child care.
...
Secondary
...
Secondary groups
...
Sexism
...
Social researchers must be value free from topic selection through the interpretation of data.
...
Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.
...
Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.
...
Status
...
Status sets
...
Stereotypes
...
Stereotyping
...
Stigma
...
Strain
...
Stratification is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?
...
Stratification is dysfunctional because it harms society and individuals. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?
...
Street
...
Subculturism
...
Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently.
...
Superculturism
...
Sutherland
...
Symbolic interactionism
...
Symbolic interactionists
...
Symbols
...
Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are
...
Tasha is preparing for her first date with Bobby. She is very excited because Bobby is the captain of the football team. Before the date, she showers, applies make-up, and buys an expensive new outfit. Tasha's preparation is an example of Goffman's
...
Tertiary
...
The "looking-glass self"
...
The Enlightenment
...
The French Revolution
...
The Industrial Revolution
...
The Johnson family cannot afford to buy food for their children. The Johnson family is living in
...
The U.S. government is made up of three branches. Which of the following is not one of these branches?
...
The _____ Party believes that the government should provide social programs; the _____ Party believes that the federal government should not be involved in social programs.
...
The _____ is a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services.
...
The _____ view contends that the poor are "deficient" --that they share some problems, values, attitudes, and beliefs about life which are different from those who are not poor.
...
The average age at first marriage is _____ for men, and _____ for women.
...
The main argument in article "The Medicalizaiton of Deviance" is that we redefine certain deviant behaviors as "illness" rather than as "badness", so that they are treated medically rather than punishment.
...
The main idea in article "Gender and Ageism" by Laurie Hatch is ______
...
The main idea of Peter Berger's article "Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective" is that the beauty of sociology is to unmask the taken-for-granted common beliefs about social reality.
...
The main idea of the article "Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies" is that school segregation is getting better than before.
...
The main theoretical perspective used in article "The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison" by Jeffrey Reiman is
...
The main topic in "Clique Dynamics" by Patricia Adler and Peter Adler is the study of _______.
...
The major research method in article "Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence" by Nikki Jones is:
...
The personal experience of the article "Nickel-and Dimes: On (Not) Getting By in America" tells us that
...
The self-fulfilling prophecy
...
The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior.
...
The tendency to feel sexual desire toward member's of one's own gender - minority - "gay" or "lesbian" is called: _____
...
The textbook defines family as an "intimate group in which two or more people" do all of the following except
...
The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.
...
The typical curriculum covers too many topics and too superficially.
...
There are two tiers in service sector, one is core, and the other is periphery.
...
They are the least diverse minority group in the United States.
...
They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.
...
This chapter opens with a brief description of a study in which the researchers submitted 5,000 fake résumés to potential employers. The résumés with names that sounded white received _____ callbacks for interviews than those with names that sounded African American.
...
This early sociologist helped to found the NAACP and was himself a prominent Black sociologist.
...
Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They choose to go to the mall and use the up-escalator to go down and the down-escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which methodological tool were Timothy and Kiley using?
...
Topic selection, collect data, analyze results, literature review, analyze results
...
Topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results, present findings
...
Tracking
...
Troy encourages his daughters to work hard and rewards their work with complements and occasional gifts. Troy's parenting style is
...
True.
...
Undevelopment
...
Unionization
...
Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society.
...
Values
...
W.E.B. DuBois
...
What concepts from Chapter 3 - Culture can we apply in the article "Global Culture" by Manfred Steger?
...
What content is covered in the classroom?
...
What is the main idea in the article named "Has the Power Elite Become Diverse?"
...
When compared with whites, their gap in educational achievement has increased in the last four decades.
...
Where should schools be located?
...
Which of the following is (are) main findings in the article "Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood" by Ann Meier and Gina Allen?
...
Which of the following is commonly used to explain the gender pay gap?
...
Which of the following is not a criterion of a social group?
...
Which of the following is not a function of the family?
...
Which of the following is not a latent function of education?
...
Which of the following is not a principle of democracy?
...
Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of social interaction?
...
Which of the following is the appropriate order of Cooley's phases of the "looking-glass self?"
...
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the scientific method?
...
Which of the following is true regarding social research being value free?
...
Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx?
...
Which of the following questions might a conflict theorist ask about education?
...
Which one of the following is the most likely to value familism?
...
Which one of the following statements about the U.S. education system is false?
...
While on vacation, Jose went to a local restaurant for lunch. Before he sat down, the owner came out from behind the counter and told Jose to leave the restaurant because his "kind aren't welcome." This is an example of
...
While the U.S. economy has expanded since the late 1960s, income inequality has
...
Who of the following is most likely to have lost a job during the current recession?
...
Why does education serve some people better than others?
...
Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.
...
Women make up about _____ percent of all workers in the United States.
...
Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment.
...
Women's jobs tend to be "feminine" and require
...
_____ are the behaviors expected of people who have a particular status.
...
_____ are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States.
...
_____ are the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable.
...
_____ are webs of social ties that link individuals to one another.
...
_____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not.
...
_____ groups meet our expressive (or emotional) needs; _____ groups meet our instrumental (or task-oriented) needs.
...
_____ is a person's movement up or down the class hierarchy.
...
_____ is a political system in which the state controls the lives of its citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom.
...
_____ is a political system where power is distributed among a variety of competing groups
...
_____ is a positive or negative attitude toward people because of their group membership.
...
_____ is a process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing.
...
_____ is a social institution that transmits culture to its members through formal and systematic training.
...
_____ is an action that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.
...
_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms.
...
_____ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups.
...
_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
...
_____ is/are a set of beliefs which claim that one's own racial group is "naturally" superior to other groups.
...
_____ is/are an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
...
_____ predicted that communism would dominate because exploited workers would revolt against capitalism.
...
_____ refers to a group of people who share physical characteristics that are passed on through reproduction.
...
_____ refers to a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of either sex.
...
_____ refers to our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.
...
_____ refers to the advantages that people enjoy because of their race.
...
_____ refers to the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another.
...
_____ segregation, or legal segregation, has been declared unconstitutional, but _____ segregation has replaced this form of segregation in the United States.
...
_____ statuses are those that we can change, control or choose through effort or actions.
...
_____ statuses are those that we cannot change, control or choose.
...
_____ suggests that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
...
_____, who coined the term "sociology," is also known as the "father of sociology."
...
_____capital refers to social assets, such as an elite education.
...
a software program that predicts group behavior.
...
a weak reward system
...
accepting conventional ideas.
...
boomerang generation.
...
both a and b are correct.
...
bourgeoisie; lower
...
bourgeoisie; proletariat
...
bureaucracy
...
bureaucratic ritualism
...
care-giving.
...
choosing the path of least resistance when working with others.
...
class conflict.
...
common sense.
...
conduct testing
...
conflict
...
conflict perspective.
...
conflict theorists.
...
conflict theory
...
conformist.
...
conglomerate
...
crime control
...
cultural means.
...
cultural strain.
...
culture of poverty
...
culture.
...
cybercrime.
...
decreased.
...
deduction.
...
deductive research
...
dependency theory
...
dependency.
...
develop
...
executive
...
feminist theorists.
...
feminization of poverty
...
field research
...
field work
...
five
...
fluctuated.
...
folkways.
...
formal association
...
formal group
...
forms of conformity that are written into law.
...
functionalist perspective.
...
gender norm violations
...
gender problem in the toy store.
...
gender roles
...
gender roles.
...
gender.
...
gendered racism.
...
genocide.
...
government
...
group membership generates conformity.
...
harm
...
health services
...
higher.
...
how biology influence human lives.
...
how natural environment influence human lives.
...
how social and historical structures influence human lives.
...
hypotheses.
...
hypothesis
...
hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> theory --> observation
...
if you are a man and old, you experience the most prejudice.
...
if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.
...
if you are a woman and young, you experience the most prejudice.
...
imitation stage.
...
impersonality
...
impression management.
...
influence on deviance and crime.
...
injurious
...
innovator.
...
institutional discrimination.
...
institutionalization
...
institutionalized goals.
...
institutionalized means.
...
integration
...
internal colonialism.
...
internalization
...
interpersonal
...
intervention
...
interview
...
judicial
...
labeling
...
labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance.
...
laws prohibit such discrimination.
...
laws.
...
leaders compete for power in social groups.
...
learn
...
learning.
...
legislative
...
looking glass self
...
looking-glass models
...
lower-middle class
...
lower-upper class
...
lower.
...
lower; upper
...
material culture.
...
matriarchal
...
minority group
...
modernization
...
modernization theory
...
monopoly
...
mores.
...
most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous.
...
much higher.
...
much lower.
...
nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience.
...
neither a or b is correct.
...
none of the above.
...
nonmaterial culture.
...
nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort.
...
nuclear
...
observation --> theory --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis
...
perception, interpretation, response
...
persons who interact with one another
...
popular group
...
power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.
...
power elite
...
prejudice.
...
preparatory, play, game
...
prevention
...
primary deviance leads to secondary deviance.
...
primary groups
...
primary socialization
...
primitive culture.
...
project.
...
property crime
...
punishment
...
qualitative research
...
quantitative research
...
race problem in the toy store.
...
race.
...
reference groups
...
relative poverty.
...
resocialization.
...
retreatist.
...
rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.
...
rigid
...
ritualist.
...
role conflict.
...
role models
...
role set.
...
role sets.
...
safe water
...
social group
...
social inequality.
...
social networking.
...
split labor markets
...
status set.
...
stayed the same.
...
stigma
...
strain
...
study
...
subjective poverty.
...
subordinate group
...
symbolic interactionism
...
symbolic interactionist
...
symbolic interactionists.
...
symbols.
...
the glass ceiling
...
the importance of religion.
...
the number of registered voters.
...
the role of education.
...
there is no difference between face-to-face interaction and internet interaction.
...
three
...
totalitarianism.
...
traditional theory
...
transitions.
...
true
...
underemployed.
...
uninvolved.
...
validity.
...
values
...
variable trait.
...
warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.
...
white collar crime
...
women are more likely to work part-time
...
women choose fields with lower earnings
...
world-systems
...
30; 25
28; 26
% of secretaries men and women
3.3% men, 96.7% women
52%; 34%
43%; 35%
80 percent
50 percent
10 percent fewer
50 percent more
No one knows for sure.
6
90 percent
60 percent
% of men and women in prison
90 percent of nearly 2 million people in correctional institutions are men
the upper class makes up just 1% of the total US population, but their net worth is greater than that of ___ of the rest of the population
90%
A White woman, who works in retails, with no college education.
A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.
Collective Action
A collaborative effort that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
false consciousness
A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology.
queer theory
A paradigm that proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal; this paradigm emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
What is an ascribed status?
A status that is inherited or involuntarily applied to an individual.
Which of the following is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?
A wealthy alumnus of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes; in his will, he leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used only for diabetes research.
The idea that competition, not conflict, helps maintain social cohesion was put forward by _____.
Adam Smith
In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups?
African Americans
Industrialization
Agricultural Revolution: introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output
____ developed a scale to measure a spectrum based on the degree of sexual responsiveness people had to members of the same & opposite sex. They took into account also the individual's fantasies/dreams/feelings/sexual activities
Alfred Kinsey and colleagues
None of the above.
Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.
None of the above is true about social research.
Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.
Dramaturgy, an approach developed by symbolic interactionists, can best be described
An approach to analyzing social life in terms of the stage
American Dream
An ideology that legitimizes stratification by reinforcing the idea that everyone has same chance to get ahead and that success or failure depends on person
sex
An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories— male or female (page 248)
pro-feminist men's movement
An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women (page 268)
What is the paradox of the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections?
Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but their increased use has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
class consciousness
Awareness of ones own social status and that of others ;also the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action
How can organic farming be said to create stratification among farmers?
Because consumers are very concerned with "buying local," organic farms that are close to larger urban centers have an advantage over organic farms that are not near any major metropolitan areas.
How can it be argued that wage inequality is related to marriage?
Because women have historically earned less than men, they often see marriage as the best way to guarantee future financial security.
feminism
Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief (page 266)
What have studies shown about the overall health of blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels?
Blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level
Which sociologist described primary groups as "the springs of life"?
Charles Horton Cooley
Which sociologist developed the concept of looking-glass self?
Charles Horton Cooley
Charter school students do better in reading than public school students.
Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.
Contagion Theory
Collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others
Convergence Theory
Collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather together in the same place
Seventeen-year-olds are performing better in reading and math than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.
College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.
According to conflict theorists, what explains the increase in educational levels in the United States?
Competition for jobs—as more and more people meet minimum educational requirements for jobs, people seek to differentiate themselves by obtaining yet another degree or studying at a more prestigious institution.
According to _____, collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.
Convergence Theory
What event ushered in the biotech society?
Crick and Watson identified the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953.
none of the above
Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.
Tracking
Dividing students into different classes according to ability or future plans
Forms of Cultural Capital
Embodied: cultural abilities or skills
Emergent Norm Theory
Emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms, a group follows
Who was the "stigma master" who applied a typology of characteristics that discredit people from full social acceptance?
Erving Goffman
Some people suggest that women are better suited to be housewives because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is being expressed?
Essentialist perspective
Which of the following refers to the use of one's own culture as a yard stick to evaluate another culture?
Ethnocentrism.
Since Frank graduated from high school he has held only seasonal and part-time jobs. Because he has few marketable skills he is the first to be laid off when he finds what may be a more permanent position. In view of this, how would a conflict theorist categorize Frank?
Frank is a member of the marginal working class
Conflict theorists argue that gender inequality is just a derivative of class inequality-therefore it originates w/ private property. ___ noted capitalists benefited from maintaining patriarchal families, with women in private sphere and men in public workplace in at least two ways
Friedrich Engels
The idea that religion sustains social unity by strengthening the collective conscience is an example of a/an _____ analysis of religion.
Functionalist
The Amish provide a good example of ___________ community.
Gemeinschaft
_________ are considered useful shorthand ways to convey messages without using words.
Gestures
Which of the following religious groups can be said to be characterized by strong associational involvement and strong communal ties?
Hasidic Jews
What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in a process he called social Darwinism?
Herbert Spencer
Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest suicide risk?
Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city
Joshua would like to sleep but he knows that he should get up and go to class. He gets up, starts to get ready, decides today's lecture is not really that important, and crawls back into bed. He has followed his:
I.
Which of the following is an example of a cultural norm that affects how people choose a romantic or life partner?
In the United States, first cousins may not marry.
All of the above are characteristics of democracy.
Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions.
What conclusion did Harry and Margaret Harlow reach following their research efforts with monkeys?
Infant-mother bonding is the result of intimate physical contact.
How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?
It encouraged men to marry and have children as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.
Although Meagan is working in Pittsburgh, which is a dedicated Steeler football city, she always paints her fingernails deep purple and always wears a pin representing the Minnesota Vikings . What term describes what Meagan's deep purple fingernails and pin represent?
It is Meagan's personal identity kit.
You notice that every time your textbook mentions a man and a woman, it always mentions the man first. In other words, it would say, "Bob and Susan went to the store . . ." instead of, "Susan and Bob went to the store . . ." even though the second formulation would work just as well. Why would this matter?
It reinforces gender stereotypes and prioritizes masculinity.
_____ suggests that in some cases, biological differences may be result of culturally prescribed masculine and feminine behavior rather than the cause of it.
Lepowsky
How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession?
Licensing standards made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.
patriarchy
Literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society (page 250)
Premodernity
Low degree of literacy, low division of labor, underdeveloped technology
Leisure Time: Men vs Women
Men 38 minutes US
Which of the following is an acceptable explanation for higher mortality rates among men?
Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated.
How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls?
Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.
Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.
Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.
The Family as an Institution: Social Institution
Networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them
none of the above
Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.
Which of the following are a society's rules of behavior?
Norms.
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between norms and laws?
Not all norms are supported by law and not all laws are supported by norms.
Divorce Rates
Now 3.5/1000
Emile Durkheim stated several reasons why deviance was actually functional for society. Which of the following was not one of them
One deviant act leads to another which increases social solidarity.
Identity and Individuality
Our uniqueness is determined by group affiliations
_____ can be defined as the theoretical framework that orders the way a scientist, or any type of researcher, approaches his or her work.
Paradigm
GI bill of rights
Passed by congress in 1944, provided funding for returning WWII vets. Blacks were largely impeded from taking advantage of benefits, while whites climbed easily
How has the internet affected the doctor-patient relationship?
Patients can arm themselves with a great deal of information prior to meeting with a physician and therefore can speak more knowledgeably and confidently about their condition and possible treatments.
None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory
People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.
What is a positive aspect of the proliferation of choice in America's pluralistic religious landscape?
People feel more connected and committed to their religion if they have chosen it after careful exploration of different options.
How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?
People may actually be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.
Sacred Canopy
Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life—namely, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not the random chaos of the stars.
_____ is the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct religious groups in one society.
Pluralism
Religion: Marx
Religion is the opium of the masses
Durkheim
Religions promote social solidarity by strengthening the collective conscience
Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions?
Religious institutions have provided an important infrastructure to help social movements pursue their causes.
Women's Movement
Right to vote, Inequalities, Everyone obtaining the same rights
Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essence of functionalism using the terms functions and dysfunctions to describe the consequences of people's actions?
Robert Merton
_____ is a system of payment whereby workers are compensated for the sum total of their services, not any specific task or hours worked.
Salary
How do sociologists differ between sex and gender?
Sex is biological, gender is social
Sex vs Gender
Sex is biological, gender is social
When sociologists use the phrase the culture within us, what do they mean?
Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions.
Family and Work
Significant changes since the 1970s
None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory.
Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.
What is a social issue that has been raised related to the knowledge we now possess from conducting the Human Genome Project?
Such knowledge could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.
Cultural Capital
Symbolic and interactional resources that people inherit and use to their advantage
intersexed
Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female (page 248)
Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and offers extra help, but also insists that she must study more than other students and do extra homework. Halfway through the semester, Leticia is surprised to find that she is handling the class and making a B minus. This scenario is an example of _____.
The Pygmalion Effect
Based on their relationship to sociological theory, which of the following theories of deviance least belongs with the other three?
The Theory of Differential Association
The United States
The United States
What is one argument for how the growth of the digital economy is a path toward reducing global inequality?
The digital economy levels the playing field between poor and rich countries because it doesn't have as many barriers to participation (such as physical distance for example).
first wave
The earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 (page 267)
feminization of poverty
The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care (page 262)
What is paradoxical about the growing threat of global warming?
The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity.
human sexual dimorphism
The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes (page 249)
gender role socialization
The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media (page 253)
second wave
The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education (page 267)
gender
The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members (page 249)
expressive role
The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing (page 252)
instrumental role
The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure (page 252)
What were the findings of the 1966 Coleman Report and why were they surprising?
The report found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates; researchers had expected to find that the achievement gaps were caused by differences in school resources.
What is one obligation associated with the sick role?
The sick person must see a medical professional and follow his or her recommendations for treatment.
cultural capital
The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
Which of the following is a criticism of resource-mobilization theory?
The theory implies that social movements require the participation of powerful or elite members of society in order to be successful because such people control more resources.
second shift
The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor (page 264)
Today many men and women still insist that men shouldn't cry. At the same time, others insist that it's vital that men learn to share their feelings and express their emotions, which would include crying. What does this disagreement indicate?
There is a crisis of masculinity
What is the general consensus among sociologists about the effects of divorce in children?
There is no consensus amongst sociologists; study findings vary widely.
What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?
They claim that scientific facts don't just reveal themselves through experiments and research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.
What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?
They marginalized the concerns of women of color.
Which of the following are benefits of genetically modified crops?
They may have better resistance to insects, diseases, and other predators, which means a greater quantity of a crop should survive the growing season and make it to the market.
Who is the psychiatrist who denounced the medicalization of deviance and proclaimed "mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses....they are problem behaviors"?
Thomas Szasz
essentialist perspective
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
essentialists
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed (page 249)
Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results
Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results
As women have joined the work force in greater and greater numbers and their earning power has increased, how has the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women changed?
Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners.
Neither A or B is correct.
Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment.
Workers in the maquiladoras along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages?
Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day.
In deciding on course offerings and curricula, do schools take into account the fact that students have different interests, talents, and skills?
Yes, most schools offer more than one program of study and elective courses so students can tailor their education to their needs to some degree.
Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis?
You can catch more files with honey than you can with vinegar.
Which of the following people is most likely to be at the top of the social divide in the United States?
a 27-year-old woman with a college degree who lives in an urban area
Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?
a blended family
Some people think that it would be funny to sneak into a school parking lot early in the morning, cover it with sand, and add a few fake palm trees and some shells to make it look like a beach. Of course it would also be a nightmare for those trying to park and for janitors to clean up. Who would be more likely to pull this sort of prank?
a boy
Which of the following is an example of mass collective action?
a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used
In the introduction to a paper on gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is "remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules." What kind of theorist is Blumberg?
a conflict theorist
Reflexive Spirituality
a contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works.
As a part of his court martial, Captain Savage was publicly stripped of his rank insignia, the buttons of his uniform were ripped off, and he was banished from the cavalry. What did this ritual following a court martial represent?
a degradation ceremony
Jimmy has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to strip naked and roll in a tub of mud. After the "mud bath" the fraternity brothers greeted Jimmy as a full brother and equal. What is another name for this rite of passage that Jimmy has just experienced?
a degradation ceremony
a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.
a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. f. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.
Limited liability is . . . ?
a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity
Secularism
a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state.
Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store near their community. Some people are in favor of the development because they think it will bring more jobs and lower prices; others are against it because they think it will hurt local businesses and create traffic headaches. Advocates on each side of the issue organize to promote their point of view—they hang banners and signs around town, they write letters to local officials and the local newspaper, they make presentations at community meetings, and they conduct research about how such stores have impacted similar communities. All of this is an example of which type of social movement organization?
a grassroots organization
Social Movement Organization (SMO)
a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; SMOs also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement.
A social movement organization can best be defined as _____.
a group that develops to implement the goals of a particular social movement through activities such as member recruitment, fund raising, and strategy and policy development
how do sociologists define ethnicity?
a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage
Corporation
a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members—namely, its owners and shareholders.
Which of the following is an example of a reformative social movement?
a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households
When Corrinda's friends wouldn't talk to her because she tattled to the teacher about them, they were using________.
a negative sanction
Which of the following is an example of an external risk?
a parasite that attacks wheat crops
What term describes a society which is made up of many different religious, racial and ethnic groups?
a pluralistic society
Communism
a political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but need.
Affirmative Action
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population—typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
how do sociologists define race
a social category based on real and perceived biological differences
ethnicity
a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
race
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Risk Society
a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks, especially manufactured risks (ones that result from human activity).
Which scientist would address the cause of deviance as being based on genetic predisposition and causes within the individual?
a sociobiologist
Grassroots Organization
a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures.
Family Wage
a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children.
single mothers vs. single fathers
about 5 of every 6 custodial parents were mothers. Mothers receive less child support, less average income. Single women head more than 16.7 million households, single men only 2.3 million
Which of the following media least qualifies as being a form of mass media?
academic journals
official
achieved
Collective action can best be defined as . . . ?
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
Collective Action
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.
None of the above - all of the above are branches of the U.S. government.
administrative
adulthood socialization
adulthood socialization
The family, religion, school & peers, mass media, neighborhood, and workplace are:
agents of socialization
After several years of rising crime and hooliganism among teenagers in a particular city, citizens of the city band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement?
alterative social movement
A status that is optional, one that we can reach(or fail to reach) on the basis of our own efforts is called:
an achieved status
There are 35 cars backed up at the intersection because of an accident. Which sociological term best describes these 35 drivers?
an aggregate
According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position?
an analyst for a federal government agency
Socialism can best be defined as . . . ?
an economic system in which most or all of a population's needs are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution
Socialism
an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution.
prejudice
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it
Social Class
an individual's position in a stratified social order
gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender.
men's rights movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
pro-feminist men's movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
A teenager's parents divorce and as a result neither parent has much time to spend with her. She has the freedom to do whatever she wants, whenever she wants, with little regulations. Unable to cope with the many changes, she takes her own life. This is _______ suicide.
anomic.
Lateesha's father has her work part-time in the family store. "It will help you when you take over the business," he tells her. This is an example of:
anticipatory socialization
Role learning that programs individuals for roles they are likely to assume in the future is known as:
anticipatory socialization
Schools are principally responsible for what type of socialization that is needed for future roles?
anticipatory socialization
When did the first social revolution occur?
approximately 10,000 years ago
The army, the post office, colleges and General Motors:
are bureacracies
One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that _____.
are multilateral
According to conflict theory why are women's contributions to family life devalued
as a result of men's attempt to maintain dominant status
Statuses that we inherit at birth or receive that are related to the life course are termed _______ statuses.
ascribed
What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?
ascribed status
What are the unwritten, taken-for-granted "rules" that underlie our everyday lives, such as not yelling "fire" in a crowded classroom or movie theater?
background assumptions
Which of the following is an example of a static identity?
being of Italian descent
Feminism
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief.
at what point in a child's school career do gender norms become firmly established?
by 5th grade
At what point in children's school careers do gender norms become firmly established?
by fifth grade
Max Weber argued that the development of _____ was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of _____.
capitalism; the Protestant church
Max Weber included all of the following as characteristics of bureaucracy EXCEPT:
career advancement based on personality and individualism
The Matthew effect refers to the notion that _____.
certain scientific results get more notice and have more influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved
all of the above are correct.
challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.
Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige are members of a social ________.
class
Karl Marx maintained that ____________ was the driving force that let to social change.
class conflict
social organization.
class conflict
What would Marx call the shared identity members of the working class have for doing "real work" in relation to their position in the means of production?
class consciousness
The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?
class is a greater predictor of educational outcomes than race
Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?
cleaning someone's house
A social movement is . . . ?
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized
Social Movement
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.
middle-class jobs
composed primarily of white collar workers with a broad range of incomes; constitute about 30% of population. (32%) lower managers, craftspeople, and foreman
Sick Role
concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual.
expressive leaders
concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
What is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?
concerned with mitigating risks, particularly manufactured risks that are unequally distributed by socioeconomic status and other dimensions of power
Which of the following theories sees inequality as unnecessary but likely to remain because the powerful control the resources necessary to eliminate social inequality?
confict
exchange theory
conflict
globalization
conflict
Strain theorists
conflict theorists
feminist perspective.
conflict theorists
The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion?
conflict theory
They believe have historically had access to most society's material resources and privileges&seek to maintain their dominant status. See gender inequality in much the same way they see race and class- manifestations of exploitation
conflict theory
Which theory assumes that the higher rate of crime among the lower class is because of economic competition and inequality in society?
conflict theory
Besides having a large size, what are characteristics of a megachurch?
conservative Protestant, located in the Sun Belt, flexible and creative
Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many. See gender as social construction&acknowledge possibility the male/female categories aren't the only way of classifying individuals. They believe the meaning of masculinity/femininity may differ drastically in different societies/historical periods
constructionists
Men are more likely to die violent deaths & be victims of assault. Women are more likely to be victims of personal theft & victims of rape & victimized bu their intimate partner. Men represented in mostly all categories and women mostly in prostitution & runaways. This all has to do with
criminal justice
A parent's decision to become actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his or her child's school may be related to that parent's level of _____.
cultural capital
the tastes, habits, and expectations that children inherit from their parents and which help them achieve material success in life is called
cultural capital
What sociological concept explains why natives in remote South American jungles can be found using metal cooking pots and Americans can be found eating Chinese food in Chicago?
cultural diffusion
When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.
cultural diffusion
What sociological concept is illustrated by the adoption of Western dress and culture in Japan, the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow and Hong Kong, and Chinese restaurants in Chicago and Manhattan?
cultural leveling
Multiculturalism
cultural relativism
cultural variations.
cultural universals
Language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects make up a _____________.
culture
dependency
culture of poverty
Leon is visiting Napel and is feeling disoriented and unable to depend on his taken-for-granted assumptions about life. This sense of disorientation is an example of ______________.
culture shock
What is the term used to describe feelings of disorientation and confusion when encountering values, behaviors, and expectations totally different from those to which one is accustomed?
culture shock
On the first Friday of every month Joseph stalks elderly women as they find a bank to cash their social security checks. After they leave the bank he snatches their purses, taking the cash. When asked by a fellow thug if he ever had second thoughts about stealing from the elderly, Joseph responded, "Never...these old biddies have money to burn...they'll never miss it. Besides, all they need to do is call the social security office and tell them what happened and they'll send them another check." Albeit the error of Joseph's reasoning, what technique of neutralization is Joseph utilizing to maintain a positive self-image?
denial of injury
Frankie and Johnny enjoy hiding in the park and attacking gays who may be walking home from a local bar that caters to the gay community. They feel this is appropriate behavior because the Bible condemns homosexuality and gays should be punished. In view of this, which technique of neutralization are Frankie and Johnny employing to maintain a positive self-image?
denial of victim
Digital Divide
differential access to telecommunications and information technologies based on socioeconomic status.
As group size increases it is less and less likely individuals will come forward to complete group tasks needing done unless specifically assigned to do so. What term describes this phenomenon of group dynamics?
diffusion of responsibility
Discrimination
discrimination
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economical, educational, and other) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with them
The argument that all other institutional arrangements in society arise out of economic relationships is known as
economic determinism.
Capitalism
economic system in which property and goods are primarily owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in a free market.
Magneting
education
Women are more likely than men to finish high school and attend college, but men are more likely to attain a four-year and advanced degree and get paid higher/more. This all has to do with
education
all of the above
education
Weber's three dimensions of social stratification included all but which of the following:
education.
Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities?
elite institutions
What are the three stages of social movements?
emergence, coalescence, and routinization
Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Symbolic Interactionalism
emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives
According to Thomas Kuhn, a paradigm shift occurs when _____.
enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate
"passive bigot."
"active bigot"
Race/Ethnicity
-African-Americans and Hispanic
Whitehall Study
-Civil Servants in Britain: all have some level of insurance
Family as a Social Convention
-Family is an ever-changing social institution.
Industrial Revolution
-changed everything
Deviance
...
Sex
...
formal organization
...
master statuses
...
reliability.
...
the candidate's platform.
...
the candidate's social class.
...
the candidates racial and ethic background.
...
the division of society.
...
the self.
...
How many babies out of every thousand are born intersexed?
17
gender identity
An individual's selfdefinition or sense of gender (page 249)
men's rights movement
An offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men (page 268)
Max Weber
Auguste Comte
none of the above
De jure; de facto
All of the above.
Globalization
Sacred
Holy things put to special use for worship
Lembert
Merton
________ are the category most likely to be able to successfully clain the sick role.
People in positions of power.
What have studies shown about academic performance in public versus private schools?
Private school students outperform their public school peers, even among students with similar backgrounds.
Religion: Weber
Protestant work ethic necessary for capitalism
Postmodernity
Questioning notions of progress and history, replacing narrative with pastiche (mash-ups)
Modernity
Rationality, bureaucratization, objectivity
_________ groups are large, anonymous, formal, and impersonal.
Secondary
_____ is a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief and toward a rational, scientific orientation.
Secularism
Most American schools don't have adequate funding.
The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.
The BEST example of a primary group is:
a family
reference groups
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
squalor.
absolute poverty
Religious Experience
an individual's experience of spiritual feelings and acts.
Individuals who share similar characteristics but do not interact would be an example of a(n)
category.
This theory posits that internal and external constraints keep people from being deviant:
control theory
industrial crime.
corporate crime
Collective
cultural
In a four-square block section of midtown Manhattan, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, eat stir-fried vegetables prepared in a wok, or dine on raw fish in a sushi bar. What does this range of culinary possibilities illustrate?
cultural diffusion
qualification based employment
hierarchy of authority
bisexuals
individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders
rebel.
innovator
Which of the following is a criticism of contagion theory?
it downplays individual agency
pro- feminist
men's movement an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women.
field research
secondary analysis
Alterative Social Movements
social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people.
social loafing
the phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficacy when working in teams
gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
Gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a complex organization?
the population of China
expressive role
the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing
expressive role
the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing.
instrumental role
the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure
instrumental role
the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure.
Pluralism
the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society.
Medicalization
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such.
what has modern science determined about racial categories?
there is no such thing as biologically pure race
what are the positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories
they create a sense of identity and lead to feelings of solidarity
Which of the following statements about organic foods is true?
they do not contain genetically modified ingredients
Young people are more likely to be deviant than older people because:
they do not have as much to lose by being deviant, like a career or credit rating.
why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds very similar to their own
they have more access to people like themselves
The most recent period feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity & the variety of identities women can possess. Beginning in 1980s-90s. Concern with rights of women in all countries & with environmental & animal rights. Marginalizing the concerns of women of color/lesbians/working-class
third wave
Essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed.
essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and therefore cannot be changed
constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many
Constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many.
According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?
through play and social interaction
Kinship Networks
ties based on blood or marriage; help from extended, loose network of families
What are the two primary functions of schools?
to educate students and socialize them
what is the goal of affirmative action
to increase diversity
According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?
to increase its profit through legal means
The SAT was originally created for what purpose?
to provide an objective evaluation of student ability to help colleges and universities expand their pool of applicants
Facilites in which all aspects of life are strictly controlled for the purpose of radical resocializations are called:
total institutions
communism.
totalitarianism
Theoretical Perspectives of Gender: Functionalism
traditional gender roles ensure that expressive and instrumental tasks will be performed, stability
Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. Their sense of self/identity differ from their physical sex. Ex: a female may have female genitalia, but identify as a man
transgendered
code is about language.
true
According to Mead, role taking begins when:
we learn the rights and duties associated with being a child in our family.
what criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members
wealth, power, property, and prestige
Robert Merton
...
Role
...
Role sets
...
Roles
...
Sanctions
...
Sex stereotypes
...
-created a division between work and home
...
-cult of domesticity
...
-depends on kinship networks
...
-does not help students on the general track
...
principal group
minority group
-fair family: equal work between significant other/spouse
...
-higher divorce rates
...
-huge spike in television: idealized and historically unusual; reinforced cult of domesticity
...
-idealistic view of relationships
...
-inter generational transmission of class
...
-jobs becomes gendered
...
-leads SAT score to be less predictive
...
-lot self-esteem, relationship difficulties
...
-lower marriage and fertility rates
...
-making $=good
...
-married parents: better child outcomes
...
-medicalization: alcoholism
...
-men: public sphere; work for wages
...
-mid to low income only
...
-money becoming more important; valuable
...
-more women in workforce
...
-mostly women's responsibility
...
10%; 20%
...
25 percent more
...
25; 26
...
26
...
26; 28
...
28; 26
...
29%; 59%
...
3. Public
...
30 percent
...
Sexual attraction to both genders - minority is called: ____
...
Sexual desire for other genders - dominant - "straight" is called: ____
...
Sexual discrimination
...
Sexuality is linked to gender inequality and the control of women's sexual behavior by men. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate?
...
Social exchange theory
...
Social interaction
...
Social interaction is central to all human social activity.
...
Social muddles
...
Social networks
...
Social researchers always aim for being value free, but if they fail to meet that standard it is not such a big deal.
...
"White advantage"
...
"White power"
...
"White privilege"
...
Karl Marx
...
% of Asch subjects refused to give wrong answer
25%
The founder of sociology was:
Auguste Comte
Economic Continuum
Capitalism>Socialism>Communism
Black-White Achievement Gap
Explanations
Parson's Sick Role
Rights
Authoritarianism
authoritarianism
Sanction
deviance
false
false
Which of the following religions are theistic?
Christianity
Monogamy
having only one sex partner/spouse
dishonor
stigma
54
43
Dealt with women who expressed their sense of limitation & dissatisfaction they felt with their lives. It's because women were restricted from pursuing activities outside these traditional roles. Help try to push for equal opportunity laws
Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique
berdaches
Both female and male, 19th century native tribes. Men that dressed and did women chores, vice cersa.
Education is good for businesses.
Education increases upward mobility.
The principle "survival of the fittest" is attributed to
Herber Spencer
Karl Marx
Karl Marx
Which of the following is an example of a common imbalance studies have revealed about how domestic chores are shared between men and women?
Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes his famous chili on special occasions, and cleans out the garage twice a year.
Single Mothers
Single mothers are statistically more likely to get pregnant earlier and are thus more likely to lack the skills and educated needed for high paying jobs
life chances and social class
Social class- a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, power, and prestige
World War I
The Industrial Revolution
What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?
We generally define individuality in terms of our association with various groups.
male liberationism
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity
male liberationism
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity men's rights movement an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.
sandwich generation.
boomerang generation
proletariat; capitalist
bourgeoise; proletariat
civil organization
bureaucracy
A complex organization characterized by explicit rules and hierarchial authority structure designed to maximize efficiency is known as a(n):
bureaucracy.
intersex children
describes children whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or female
Height
determined by genetics and environment
social learning
feminist theories
The economy
globalization
police department
government
What factor contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family in post-World War II America?
government housing subsidies
The significance of the first social revolution, the domestication of plants and animals, is that these changes set the stage for__________.
greater social inequality
None of the above.
how social and historical structures influence human lives.
Emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. They see gender identity so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender
interactionists
the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant groups' political borders is called
internal colonialism
nurture
internalization
Reproductive cloning involves ____.
making a genetic copy of an existing person or organism
How is patriarchy defined?
male domination
A movement that originated in 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. Confused what it means to be a "real man"
male liberation
Popular culture
multiculturalism
Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that, while everyone in a family has to work on the farm, there is only one person, usually a male, called the "farmer," the position with the most prestige. This means that rural areas are:
patriarchal.
play, game, preparatory
perception, interpretation, response
Social hierarchy
social mobility
ascribed statuses.
status set
Individualism in the US
-focus on personal growth, happiness
-concentric, ascriptive circles of affiliation
...
"Racial privilege"
...
A Black man, who is a professional, with a college degree.
...
A Black woman, who is in manufacturing, with no college education.
...
A White man, who works for the government, with a college degree.
...
In; out
...
Primary groups
...
Primary; secondary
...
What technique does Christian Solidarity International (CSI) utilize in response to slavery in areas of northern Africa including the Sudan?
CSI utilizes Arab "retrievers" who go to Sudan to either abduct or buy slaves.
In the past, bank tellers were overwhelmingly male, but today they are mostly female. Which of the following could explain this shift?
Changes in technology made the work easier and less important, which drove down wages and prestige accorded to the job.
According to ______________, class conflict is the key to human history.
Karl Marx
___________ is/are essential in developing culture.
Language
In 2003, which minority group passed African Americans as the largest minority group in the United States?
Latinos
Elements of social structure affect all interaction and can produce different personal outcomes.
Social interaction is similar across time and place.
Which of the following statements best exemplifies conflict theory?
Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.
Title IX
The No Child Left Behind Act
What was the first nation to enter the fourth social revolution?
United States
exchange theorists.
conflict theorists
According to C.. Wright Mills, the difficulties that John and Mary experience in their marriage represent a personal trouble. The fact that nearly 1 marriage out of every 2 marriages ends in divorce, however, is:
a public issue
Postmodernity is characterized by . . . ?
a questioning of the notion that society is always progressing forward, building on its knowledge and inventions of the past to create a better future
A cult is . . . ?
a religious movement that makes a new claim about the supernatural
Social
achieved
Social Capital
any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
Positive changes for women that can be linked to their increased participation in the work force include _____.
better self-esteem and increased economic power
Denominations
big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella.
Peter Principle
bureaucratic ritualism
exchange
conflict
cultural goals.
cultural goals
Norm violations that exceed the tolerance level of the community and result in negative sanctions are:
deviance.
Aggregates and groups:
differ in that people in groups feel a sense of idenity with one another while people in aggregates do not.
first wave feminism
earlist period. women won right to vote in 1920
In his interview, Doug McAdam explains how the Internet age may have changed the potential reach of social movements, but face-to-face interaction still provides the power behind social movements. You decide to start an organization to combat the treatment of workers at your university. Your organization relies on the participation of a large number of students. In particular, the students operate by collecting signatures of community members, contacting the press, and researching wage inequality. What type of organization have you created?
grassroots organization
Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
intersexed
The green revolution refers to efforts begun in the mid-twentieth century to _____.
introduce high-yield crop varietals and the development of better irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides
A dynamic identity is an aspect of your identity that _____ and _____ a group to which you belong.
is fluid; is determined by
feminist theory
labeling
Exogamy
marriage among different social groups; less popular
Endogamy
marriage within one's social group (race, class, religion, stratifications, etc.)
patriarchy literally
meaning " rule of the father"; a male- dominated society.
The resource dilution model is a hypothesis stating that _____.
parental resources are finite, so the more children in a family, the fewer resources available to each child
Research undertaken on running a brothel, rioters, and the homeless is most likely to use which research strategy?
participant observation
none of the above
qualitative research
rebel.
retreatist
evaluation research
survey
Which is NOT true about anticipatory socialization?
usually possible to fully prepare in advance for new roles.
Second Shift
women's responsibility for housework and child care—everything from cooking dinner, doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes
Women are more likely than men to be found outside of labor force. Jobs that are traditionally female are undervalued/underpaid; pink collar jobs like nurses/librarians. Women are more likely to live in poverty than men. This all has to do with
work & income
