The Science of the Mind

Introspection was created by

Wundt and Titchener

Cognitive psychology is

a field of psychology that studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, and memory

The human mind is very similar to a

computer

New terminology about the human mind was because of

new technology

In the process of research in cognitive psychology the

replication step is the most vital

Edward Tolman used rats to demonstrate that

Learning can occur without changes in behavior

Biggest point of cognitive psychology

Mental operations are fast but not instantaneous

Gestalt psychologists believed that

Mental processes and behaviors cannot be understood without considering the "whole"

Behaviorism sought to

Overcome limitations placed by introspection

Wundt and Titchener believed

Psychology should focus on studying conscious mental events

Behaviorism is

Scientific approach to the study of behavior that emphasizes the relationship between environmental events and an organism's behavior

SRO stands for

Stimuli Response Outcome

What is introspection?

The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes

In Edward Tolman's study using rats Day 11 rats placed in the maze after learning it found the food quicker than Day 1 rats placed in the maze. True or False.

True

Who is the father of cognitive psychology?

Ulric Neisser

Where in patient HM's brain was the tissue taken out of?

Vaguely the medial temporal lobes on both sides of the brain

The transcendental method is

When you reason backward from observations to determine the cause

Modern cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following? A. What we know B. What we remember C. How we think D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is a similarity between psychology and physics? A. both test their theories using the scientific method B. both do not rely on direct observation of the causes of phenomena C. both base their theories on objective, quantifiable data D. all of the above are correct

D. all of the above are correct

Behaviorism is _____ to replicate than is introspection.

Easier

The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and catalogued nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed within himself. What method best describes his approach? A. Introspection B. Behaviorism C. Psychoanalysis D. Transcendentalism

A. Introspection

A central theme in cognitive psychology is... A. Other people shape our experience B. Perceivers shape their own experience C. We all experience life the same way

B. Perceivers shape their own experience

All of the following contributed to the cognitive revolution EXCEPT... A. the idea that mental processes (and changes in these processes) would not necessarily be accompanied by changed in behavior B. the idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing C. the observation that the same stimulus could result in different behaviors across contexts D. the method of working backward from observable effects to hypothesizing possible causes

B. the idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing (they actually are very similar)

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone being afraid of a spider to... A. an interaction between memory and fear B. a chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients C. a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers D. inadequate maternal supervision and love during infancy

C. a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers

Because psychology forms hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly, it relies on ___________ methods to describe the behaviors that can be observed. A. transcendental B. inferential C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

C. both A and B (TRANSCENDENTAL AND INFERENTIAL)

Patient HM

Could remember information before surgery but had a form of epilepsy that caused uncontrollable seizures. Had a surgery to get rid of brain tissue causing seizures and then could not form new memories.

Transcendental method was found by

Immanuel Kant

Cognitive psychologists study mental events....

Indirectly

What is the best way to find the explanation of a behavior when it comes to the transcendental method?

Inferences

Findings that went against full on behaviorism were

- Different stimuli could illicit the same response or vice versa - Learning can occur without changes in behavior

What are some benefits of introspection?

- Personal knowledge - Could give one access to knowledge you wouldn't know otherwise - Help people make connections between experiences and responses

What are some limitations to introspection?

- Some thoughts are unconscious - Thoughts are not directly observable or able to be measured - It is impossible to know if self-report accurately reflects the conscious experience - Thinking about how you think can and will probably change how you think

Cognitive revolution was based on two ideas which are

- The mental world cannot be studied directly - The mental world must be studied in order to understand behavior

Behaviorism dominated psychology between

1900 to 1950