The Science of the Mind
Introspection was created by
Wundt and Titchener
Cognitive psychology is
a field of psychology that studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, and memory
The human mind is very similar to a
computer
New terminology about the human mind was because of
new technology
In the process of research in cognitive psychology the
replication step is the most vital
Edward Tolman used rats to demonstrate that
Learning can occur without changes in behavior
Biggest point of cognitive psychology
Mental operations are fast but not instantaneous
Gestalt psychologists believed that
Mental processes and behaviors cannot be understood without considering the "whole"
Behaviorism sought to
Overcome limitations placed by introspection
Wundt and Titchener believed
Psychology should focus on studying conscious mental events
Behaviorism is
Scientific approach to the study of behavior that emphasizes the relationship between environmental events and an organism's behavior
SRO stands for
Stimuli Response Outcome
What is introspection?
The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes
In Edward Tolman's study using rats Day 11 rats placed in the maze after learning it found the food quicker than Day 1 rats placed in the maze. True or False.
True
Who is the father of cognitive psychology?
Ulric Neisser
Where in patient HM's brain was the tissue taken out of?
Vaguely the medial temporal lobes on both sides of the brain
The transcendental method is
When you reason backward from observations to determine the cause
Modern cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following? A. What we know B. What we remember C. How we think D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a similarity between psychology and physics? A. both test their theories using the scientific method B. both do not rely on direct observation of the causes of phenomena C. both base their theories on objective, quantifiable data D. all of the above are correct
D. all of the above are correct
Behaviorism is _____ to replicate than is introspection.
Easier
The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and catalogued nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed within himself. What method best describes his approach? A. Introspection B. Behaviorism C. Psychoanalysis D. Transcendentalism
A. Introspection
A central theme in cognitive psychology is... A. Other people shape our experience B. Perceivers shape their own experience C. We all experience life the same way
B. Perceivers shape their own experience
All of the following contributed to the cognitive revolution EXCEPT... A. the idea that mental processes (and changes in these processes) would not necessarily be accompanied by changed in behavior B. the idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing C. the observation that the same stimulus could result in different behaviors across contexts D. the method of working backward from observable effects to hypothesizing possible causes
B. the idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing (they actually are very similar)
A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone being afraid of a spider to... A. an interaction between memory and fear B. a chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients C. a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers D. inadequate maternal supervision and love during infancy
C. a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers
Because psychology forms hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly, it relies on ___________ methods to describe the behaviors that can be observed. A. transcendental B. inferential C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B (TRANSCENDENTAL AND INFERENTIAL)
Patient HM
Could remember information before surgery but had a form of epilepsy that caused uncontrollable seizures. Had a surgery to get rid of brain tissue causing seizures and then could not form new memories.
Transcendental method was found by
Immanuel Kant
Cognitive psychologists study mental events....
Indirectly
What is the best way to find the explanation of a behavior when it comes to the transcendental method?
Inferences
Findings that went against full on behaviorism were
- Different stimuli could illicit the same response or vice versa - Learning can occur without changes in behavior
What are some benefits of introspection?
- Personal knowledge - Could give one access to knowledge you wouldn't know otherwise - Help people make connections between experiences and responses
What are some limitations to introspection?
- Some thoughts are unconscious - Thoughts are not directly observable or able to be measured - It is impossible to know if self-report accurately reflects the conscious experience - Thinking about how you think can and will probably change how you think
Cognitive revolution was based on two ideas which are
- The mental world cannot be studied directly - The mental world must be studied in order to understand behavior
Behaviorism dominated psychology between
1900 to 1950