The Skeletal System- Chapter 7 Divisions of the Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular
Femur-2 bones Patella-2 bones Fibula-2 bones Tibia-2 bones Tarsals-14 bones Metatarsals-10 bones Phalanges-28 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Lower limbs
Clavicle-2 bones Scapula-2 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Hip, pelvic, or coral bone-2 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic (hip) girdle
Humerus-2 bones Ulna-2 bones Radius-2 bones Carpals-16 bones Metacarpals-10 bones Phalanges-28 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs
6 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Auditory ossicles
1 bone
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Hyoid bone
Cranium-8 bones Face-14 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Skull
Sternum-1 bone Ribs-24 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Thorax
26 bones
THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Vertebral column
Sutures
TYPES OF BONES: LOCATION Jointed areas where flat bones come together
Sutural bones
TYPES OF BONES: LOCATION Small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones
- Long (greater seed length than width) - Short (cube shaped) - Flat (thin layers of parallel plates) - Irregular (complex shapes) - Sesamoid (shaped like a sesame seed)
TYPES OF BONES: SHAPE Almost all bones are classified into 5 main types based on shape:
Bladder & uterus
Which organs are not protected by bones in the axial skeleton? - a) brain - b) heart - c) spinal cord - d) lungs - e) Bladder & uterus
Cranial bones (cranium)
SKULL - Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity - Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
Facial bones
SKULL - Form framework of face - Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell - Provide openings for air and food passage - Secure teeth - Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression
Skull
SKULL - Most complex bony structure in body - Formed by two sets of bones: Cranial bones (cranium) Facial bones
Processes, ridges, lines, depressions and foramen
SKULL Because of these functions, skull bones have a number of
- Protect the brain - Inner markings: stabilize the brain, vessels and nerves - Outer markings: attachment sites for movements - Protect and support the special senses organs
SKULL Functions:
Saw-tooth appearance
SKULL Have a serrated,
Sutures
SKULL Joints are called
Flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible)
SKULL Most skull bones are
Nasal, orbits & sinuses
SKULL Skull bones form the cranial cavities and smaller cavities:
- 8 Cranial - 14 Facial - 3 Ear
SKULL The skull contains 22 bones, not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears
Slide 8
Slide 8
- Bones of the upper and lower extremities - The bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- Skull bones - Auditory ossicles - Hyoid bon - Ribs - Sternum - Vertebrae - Sacrum - Cocci
AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR Axial skeleton (80 bones)
- Two principal divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones grouped into
Depressions and openings
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - Allow the passage of soft tissues - Form joints
Processes
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - Projections or outgrowths that form joints - Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
Structural features adapted for specific functions
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS Bones have characteristic surface markings -
- Depressions and openings - Processes
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS There are two major types of surface markings:
Sulcus
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon
Foramen
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves or ligaments
Fissure
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves
Fossa
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Shallow depression
Meatus
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Tube-like opening
Line
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)
Crest
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Prominent ridge or elongated process
Condyle
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface
Spinous process
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Sharp, slender projection
Facet
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
Epicondyle
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Usually roughened projection on a condyle
Head
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck
Tuberosity
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface
Tubercle
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Variably sized rounded projection
Trochanter
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Very large projection found ONLY on the femur