The Skeletal System- Chapter 7 Divisions of the Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular

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Femur-2 bones Patella-2 bones Fibula-2 bones Tibia-2 bones Tarsals-14 bones Metatarsals-10 bones Phalanges-28 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Lower limbs

Clavicle-2 bones Scapula-2 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles

Hip, pelvic, or coral bone-2 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic (hip) girdle

Humerus-2 bones Ulna-2 bones Radius-2 bones Carpals-16 bones Metacarpals-10 bones Phalanges-28 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs

6 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Auditory ossicles

1 bone

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Hyoid bone

Cranium-8 bones Face-14 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Skull

Sternum-1 bone Ribs-24 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Thorax

26 bones

THE BONES OF THE ADULT SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton Vertebral column

Sutures

TYPES OF BONES: LOCATION Jointed areas where flat bones come together

Sutural bones

TYPES OF BONES: LOCATION Small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones

- Long (greater seed length than width) - Short (cube shaped) - Flat (thin layers of parallel plates) - Irregular (complex shapes) - Sesamoid (shaped like a sesame seed)

TYPES OF BONES: SHAPE Almost all bones are classified into 5 main types based on shape:

Bladder & uterus

Which organs are not protected by bones in the axial skeleton? - a) brain - b) heart - c) spinal cord - d) lungs - e) Bladder & uterus

Cranial bones (cranium)

SKULL - Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity - Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

Facial bones

SKULL - Form framework of face - Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell - Provide openings for air and food passage - Secure teeth - Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression

Skull

SKULL - Most complex bony structure in body - Formed by two sets of bones: Cranial bones (cranium) Facial bones

Processes, ridges, lines, depressions and foramen

SKULL Because of these functions, skull bones have a number of

- Protect the brain - Inner markings: stabilize the brain, vessels and nerves - Outer markings: attachment sites for movements - Protect and support the special senses organs

SKULL Functions:

Saw-tooth appearance

SKULL Have a serrated,

Sutures

SKULL Joints are called

Flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible)

SKULL Most skull bones are

Nasal, orbits & sinuses

SKULL Skull bones form the cranial cavities and smaller cavities:

- 8 Cranial - 14 Facial - 3 Ear

SKULL The skull contains 22 bones, not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears

Slide 8

Slide 8

- Bones of the upper and lower extremities - The bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

- Skull bones - Auditory ossicles - Hyoid bon - Ribs - Sternum - Vertebrae - Sacrum - Cocci

AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR Axial skeleton (80 bones)

- Two principal divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

AXIAL VS. APPENDICULAR The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones grouped into

Depressions and openings

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - Allow the passage of soft tissues - Form joints

Processes

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - Projections or outgrowths that form joints - Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

Structural features adapted for specific functions

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS Bones have characteristic surface markings -

- Depressions and openings - Processes

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS There are two major types of surface markings:

Sulcus

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon

Foramen

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves or ligaments

Fissure

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves

Fossa

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Shallow depression

Meatus

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - DEPRESSIONS Tube-like opening

Line

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

Crest

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Prominent ridge or elongated process

Condyle

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

Spinous process

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Sharp, slender projection

Facet

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface

Epicondyle

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Usually roughened projection on a condyle

Head

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

Tuberosity

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

Tubercle

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Variably sized rounded projection

Trochanter

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS - PROCESSES Very large projection found ONLY on the femur


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