The Urinary System

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?

collecting duct

Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absence of ________________.

segmental veins.

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a ____________ in the cortical nephrons.

vasa recta

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

glomerulus

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

hilum

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

interlobar arteries

Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ________.

peritubular capillaries

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the

proximal tubule.

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.

sinus

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the

terminal nephron loop.

Renin is produced in

the granular cells.

The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the ________, which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder.

ureter

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

Granular (or Juxtaglomerular)

________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormone renin.

The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity.

abdominal

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney

cortical

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are

cortical radiate arteries.

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the

renal pelvis.

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)

have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla

vasa recta

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate.

macula densa

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the

medial hilum.

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.

minor calyx

The U-shaped ________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

nephron loop

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?

nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the ______________.

renal corpuscle.

Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequence: from the collecting duct to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the ___________ and then to the ureter.

renal pelvis

Urine passes through the

renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal

Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney?

renal corpuscles

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

retroperitoneal

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein.

is longer than

Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ________, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered

renal corpuscles.

Five ________ arteries branch from the renal artery and enter the hilus.

segmental

The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the __________________ to the interlobar arteries.

segmental arteries

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that

the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is

transitional.

The ________, a clinical landmark in the urinary bladder, is bounded by the two ureteric openings and the internal urethral orifice.

trigone

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the

cortex

Glomeruli arise from branches off the ________ arterioles of the cortex.

afferent glomerular

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

afferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to

an increase in the production of ADH.

In females, the urinary bladder lies __________ to the vagina and uterus.

anterior

The ________ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries. Answer: arcuate

arcuate

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?

descending limb of the nephron loop

The function of the collecting duct is to

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.