Theory Ch 1, 2, 3, 15
three pillars of e-b p
(1) looking for the best available research (2) relying on clinical expertise (3) taking into consideration the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences
no matter which theoretical approach you use
-be empathic and compassionate -be an excellent listener -understand the client's phenomenology -understand the client's worldview -be ethical and culturally competent -never hesitate to seek supervision
theoretical orientation
-defines who you are as a counselor and how you are going to interact with students and clients -helps us be consistent and reliable (using the same orientation all of the time) -allows us to test hypotheses -guides us when we feel stuck or lost in our work with clients
theoretical orientation
-helps us generate hypotheses about a client's experiences and behavior -assists us in deciding which treatment interventions would likely be most helpful -allows us to evaluate the ongoing therapeutic process
theoretical foundation
-provides us with "tools" for our toolbox -allows us to use what has been shows to be best practice -allows us to combine theories/ interventions to best help our clients -should be a good fit with who you are as a person
ubiquitous anxiety
-stems from not feeling good enough, or a sense of feeling unworthy -develop strategies to cover up, or avoid this anxiety - keeping busy, doing something -do things to make ourselves look better to others/ worry about being judged -judge others/ criticize - try to make ourselves feel better -ruminate
common factors implicit in most therapies:
-therapeutic relationship -safe, supportive, and healing context -goals and a sense of direction -shared understanding between clinicians and clients about the nature of the problems and concerns to be addressed -a credible treatment approach to address with client's symptoms -therapeutic learning, typically including feedback and corrective experiences -the encouragement of clients' self-efficacy and problem-solving skills -improvement in clients' ability to identify, express constructively, and modify their emotions -improvement in clients' ability to identify, assess the validity of, and modify their thoughts -improvement in clients' ability to assess and change dysfunctional behaviors -acquire new and more effective behaviors that promote coping, impulse control, sound relationships, and good emotional and physical health
Feminist therapy
A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
aspirational ethics
A higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interests of clients.
multimodal therapy
A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.
Narrative Therapy
A postmodern approach to therapy that is based on the therapist's personal characteristics that allow for creating a climate that encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist clients in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy
A postmodern approach to therapy that provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking about their problems.
psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
behavior therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
Cognitive behavior therapy
Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, that are reinforced by present ways of thinking. A person's belief system and thinking is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plays a central tole in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs
positive ethics
An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.
Narrative Therapy
An approach to treatment that emphasizes the role of the stories people construct about their experience.
Choice theory/ Reality therapy
Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problems are the result of our resisting control by others of of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanation of human nature and how to best achieve satisfying interpersonal relationships
Postmodern approaches
Based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths, postmodern therapies reject the idea that reality is external and can be grasped. People create meaning in their lives through conversations with others. The postmodern approaches avoid pathologizing clients, take a dim view of diagnosis, avoid searching for underlying causes of problems, and place a high value on discovering clients' strengths and resources. Rather than talking about problems, the focus of therapy is on creating solutions in the present and the future
Behavior therapy
Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. Traditional behavior therapy is based on classical and operant principles. Contemporary behavior therapy has branched out in many directions, including mindfulness and acceptance approaches
Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
Behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Choice theory/ Reality therapy
Feminist therapy
Core principles of feminist therapy are that the personal is political, therapists have a commitment to social change, women's voices and ways of knowing are valued and women's experiences are honored, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, therapy focuses on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized
Cognitive behavior therapy
Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT Meichenbaum, who helped develop CBT, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma
Gestalt therapy
Emphasis is on the what and how of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy
Existential therapy
Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming. The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action.
Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies
Existential therapy Person-centered therapy Gestalt therapy
Systems and Postmodern Approaches
Feminist therapy Postmodern approaches Family systems therapy
Feminist therapy
Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructs of feminist therapy include being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-oriented. Gender and power are at the heart of feminist therapy. This is s systems approach that recognizes the cultural, social, and political factors that contribute to and individual's problems
Family systems therapy
Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal ad nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on from generation to generation. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, and dealing with here-and-now interaction. The present is more important than exploring past experiences
Behavior therapy
Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning
psychoanalytic theory
Founded by Freud. A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality
Adlerian thearpy
Founder: Alfred Adler Key Figure: Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the US This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Choice theory/ Reality thearpy
Glasser Wubbolding This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.
Postmodern approaches
Goal: to change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. To collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, and observable goals leading to increased positive change. To help clients create a self-identity grounded on competence and resourcefulness so they can resolve present and future concerns. To assist clients in viewing their lives in positive ways, rather than being problem saturated
Existential therapy
Goals: To help people see that they are free and to become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.
Gestalt therapy
Goals: to assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. To foster integration of the self.
Feminist therapy
Goals: to bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal powert to free themselves from the limitation of gender-role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis
Adlerian therapy
Goals: to challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful foals and increase social interest. The develop the client's sense of belonging
Behavior therapy
Goals: to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior. To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well the goals are being met
Family systems therapy
Goals: to help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and to create new ways of interacting. To identify how a client's problematic behavior may serve a function or purpose for the family. To understand how dysfunctional patterns can be handed down across generations. To recognize how family rules can affect each family member. To understand how past family of origin experiences continue to have an impact on individuals
Choice theory/ Reality therapy
Goals: to help people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chose to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory
psychoanalytic therapy
Goals: to make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist the clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness
Cognitive behavior therapy
Goals: to teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they father and evaluate. To help clients seek out their faulty beliefs and minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts ad to change them. To assist clients in identifying their inner strengths, and to explore the kind of life they would like to have
Adlerian therapy
Humans are motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life
Cognitive behavior therapy
Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses to role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This is a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as leaning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new wats of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems
Adlerian therapy
Key concepts include the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life foals that five direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developing a unique lifestyle, and understanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior
Family systems therapy
Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family
Gestalt therapy
Perls An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
Psychodynamic approaches
Psychoanalytic theory Adlerian theory
Existential therapy
Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
value imposition
Refers to counselors attempting to influence a client to adopt their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Adlerian Therapy
Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.
Person-centered therapy
Rogers This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns
Behavior therapy
Skinner and Bandura This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.
Postmodern approaches
Social constructionism solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Postmodern approaches
Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Choice theory/ Reality therapy
The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present action are working for them. People are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconscious, and swelling on one's past
Existential therapy
The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, and facing living and dying
Person-centered therapy
The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings
Family systems therapy
The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment deals with the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well
Gestalt therapy
The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility
Phenomenology
The study of individuals' own unique, first-person, conscious experience.
mandatory ethics
The view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice.
Postmodern approaches
Therapy tends to be brief and addresses the present and the future. The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. The emphasis is on externalizing the problem and looking for exceptions to the problem. Therapy consists of a collaborative dialogue in which the therapist and the client co-create solutions. By identifying instances when the problem did not exist, clients can create new meaning for themselves and fashion a new life story
Person-centered therapy
To provide a safe climate conducive to clients self-exploration. To help clients recognize blocks to growth and experiencing aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness. To find meaning in life and to experience life fully. To become more self-directed
Choice theory/ Reality therapy
William Glasser's. - Assumes that individuals choose most of their behavior and that it is internally motivated by the need to meet one or more of the following basic needs: Love & belonging (most important), power, fun, freedom, and survival. - All behavior is total, meaning the clients' actions will affect their thinking which in turn will control feelings and physiology.
theoretical orientation
a conceptual framework used by a counselor to understand client therapeutic needs
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
boundary crossing
a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client
Existential therapy
a form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, alienation, and loneliness
privileged communication
a legal concept, protects the clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission
theory
a model for understanding human thought, emotions, and behaviors
person-centered therapy
a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens
cognitive behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Narrative Therapy
a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story.
boundary violation
a serious breach that results in harm to clients and is therefore unethical
Existential therapy
a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value
behavior therapy
a treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements
CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
technical integration
aims at selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem
common factors approach
among the approaches to psychotherapy integration, this approach has the strongest empirical support
person-centered therapy
an approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
MBCT
an example of assimilative integration
EFT
an example of theoretical integration
countertransference
any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client
counseling task
assist individuals in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values
psychotherapy integration
attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives and how clients can benefit from a variety of ways of conducting therapy
assessment and diagnosis
can be understood as providing direction for the treatment process
the client-therapist relationship
central to therapeutic change and is a significant predictor of both effectiveness and retention of therapy outcomes
postmodern approach
challenge the basic assumptions of most of the traditional approaches be assuming that there is no single truth and that reality is socially constructed through human interactions
therapeutic relationship
characterized by collaboration, trust, mutual investment in the therapeutic process, shared respect, genuineness, positive emotional feelings, and a holistic understanding of clients and their backgrounds and environments
spiritual resources
clients who are experiencing a crisis situation may find a source of comfort, support, and strength in drawing upon their:
assimilative integration
combines the advantages of a single coherent theoretical system with the flexibility of a variety of interventions from multiple systems
assessment
consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process
values
core beliefs that influence how we act, both in our personal and professional lives
Witmer and Sweeney's Holistic Model for Wellness and Prevention
deficits in any of these five areas ( work love, friendship, self-regulation, spirituality) are likely to impair functioning, cause distress, require help, and be an appropriate focus for treatment
Feminist Therapy
emphasizes the role of social, political, and economic stresses facing women as a major source of their psychological problems
intentional counseling
ethical and effective helping behavior
confidentiality
ethical concept, it is the legal duty of the therapist not to disclose information about the client
Adlerians
focus on meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious action, belonging, and social interest. Although Adlerian theory accounts for present behavior by studying childhood experiences, it does not focus on unconscious dynamics
technical integration
focuses on differences, uses techniques drawn from many approaches, and is based on a systematic selection of techniques
Feminist Therapy
focuses on women's issues and strives to help women achieve greater personal freedom and self-determination
reality therapy
focusses on clients current behavior and stresses developing clear plans for new behaviors
Gestalt therapy
form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing
these 5 areas serve as a map of healthy functioning
friendship, love, work, self-regulation, spirituality
assimilative integration
grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches
Gestalt therapy
has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
Gestalt therapy
help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the present Gestalt therapists tend to take an active role, yet follow the leads provided by the client tend to emphasize emotion as a route to bringing about change
REBT and cognitive therapy
highlight the necessity of learning how to challenge inaccurate beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems used to help people modify their inaccurate and self-defeating assumptions and to develop new patterns of acting
psychoanalytic therapy
human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and and conflicts are central in present behavior. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts
evidence-based practice
integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences
love (W&S Holistic)
intimate, trusting, sharing, and cooperative long-term relationships
informed consent
involves the ight of the clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it
theoretical framework
know what your theoretical framework is, but be flexible to use what will most be of assistance to clients -it is important to be able to use several theories/ interventions effectively to best meet the needs of our clients
cognitive behavioral approaches
known as action-oriented therapies because they all emphasize translating insights into behavioral action
bracketing
managing personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process
diagnosis
may include an explanation of the causes of the client's difficulties, an account of how these problems developed over time, a classification of any disorders, a specification of preferred treatment procedure, and an estimate of the chances for a successful resolution
psychotherapy integration
movement that is based on combining the best of differing orientations so that more complete theoretical models can be articulated and more efficient treatments developed
psychotherapy integration
no single theory is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behavior, especially when the range of client types and their specific problems are taken into consideration
psychoanalytic therapy
normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior
countertransference
occurs when we are triggered into emotional reactivity, when we respond defensively, or when we lose our ability to be present in a relationship because our own issues become involved
work (W&S Holistic)
paid employment, volunteer experiences, child rearing, homemaking, and education that provides psychological, social, and other rewards
Psychoanalytic
perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware
friendship *W&S Holistic)
positive interpersonal relationships and social supports that provide rewarding activities and interactions
Person-centered therapy
positive view of people; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness
thinking, feeling, and doing
practitioners must pay attention to what their clients are:
group counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, child and adolescent therapy
privileged communication does not apply in:
diagnosis
provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client
behavior therapy
puts a premium on doing and taking steps to make concrete changes
person-centered approach
rooted in humanistic philosophy places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist maintains that the quality of the client-therapist relationship is the prime determinant of the outcomes of the therapeutic process assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active intervention and direction on the therapist's part
common factors approach
searches for common elements across different theoretical systems
self-regulation (W&S Holistic)
sense of worth, mastery of one's own life, spontaneity and emotional responsiveness, sense of humor, creativity, awareness of reality, physical health
psychotherapy
should be flexibly tailored to the unique needs and contexts of the individual client
common factors
some of these ___________________ include empathic listening, support, warmth, developing a working alliance, opportunity for catharsis, practicing new behaviors, feedback, positive expectations of clients, working through ones own conflicts, understanding interpersonal and intrapersonal dynamics, change that occurs outside outside of the therapy office, client factors, therapist effects, and learning to be self-reflective about one's work
diagnosis
sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms
Witmer and Sweeney's Holistic Model for Wellness and Prevention
spirituality, self-regulation, work, friendship, love
existential approach
stresses a concern for what it means to be fully human. It suggests certain themes that are part of the human condition, such as freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world, and shaping one's future by making active choices.
systems
stresses the importance of understanding individuals in the context of the surroundings that influence their development to bring about individual change it is essential to pay attention to how the individual's personality has been affected by his or her gender-role socialization, culture, family, and other systems
family systems therapy
the guiding assumption is that most people's problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication
syncretism
the practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work, often making little attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are indeed effective
person-centered therapy
therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
theoretical integration
this approach emphasizes integrating the underlying theories of therapy along with techniques from each
theoretical integratio
this approach emphasizes integrating the underlying theories of therapy along with techniques from each. Examples include DBT and acceptance and commitment therapy
theoretical integration
two or more systems of therapy are combined or blended to take advantage of the strengths of each
spirituality (W&S Holistic)
values, beliefs, ethics, purpose and direction, optimism, inner peace
