Theory Ch 1, 2, 3, 15

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three pillars of e-b p

(1) looking for the best available research (2) relying on clinical expertise (3) taking into consideration the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences

no matter which theoretical approach you use

-be empathic and compassionate -be an excellent listener -understand the client's phenomenology -understand the client's worldview -be ethical and culturally competent -never hesitate to seek supervision

theoretical orientation

-defines who you are as a counselor and how you are going to interact with students and clients -helps us be consistent and reliable (using the same orientation all of the time) -allows us to test hypotheses -guides us when we feel stuck or lost in our work with clients

theoretical orientation

-helps us generate hypotheses about a client's experiences and behavior -assists us in deciding which treatment interventions would likely be most helpful -allows us to evaluate the ongoing therapeutic process

theoretical foundation

-provides us with "tools" for our toolbox -allows us to use what has been shows to be best practice -allows us to combine theories/ interventions to best help our clients -should be a good fit with who you are as a person

ubiquitous anxiety

-stems from not feeling good enough, or a sense of feeling unworthy -develop strategies to cover up, or avoid this anxiety - keeping busy, doing something -do things to make ourselves look better to others/ worry about being judged -judge others/ criticize - try to make ourselves feel better -ruminate

common factors implicit in most therapies:

-therapeutic relationship -safe, supportive, and healing context -goals and a sense of direction -shared understanding between clinicians and clients about the nature of the problems and concerns to be addressed -a credible treatment approach to address with client's symptoms -therapeutic learning, typically including feedback and corrective experiences -the encouragement of clients' self-efficacy and problem-solving skills -improvement in clients' ability to identify, express constructively, and modify their emotions -improvement in clients' ability to identify, assess the validity of, and modify their thoughts -improvement in clients' ability to assess and change dysfunctional behaviors -acquire new and more effective behaviors that promote coping, impulse control, sound relationships, and good emotional and physical health

Feminist therapy

A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.

aspirational ethics

A higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interests of clients.

multimodal therapy

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.

Narrative Therapy

A postmodern approach to therapy that is based on the therapist's personal characteristics that allow for creating a climate that encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist clients in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.

Solution Focused Brief Therapy

A postmodern approach to therapy that provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking about their problems.

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

behavior therapy

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

Cognitive behavior therapy

Although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, that are reinforced by present ways of thinking. A person's belief system and thinking is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plays a central tole in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs

positive ethics

An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

Narrative Therapy

An approach to treatment that emphasizes the role of the stories people construct about their experience.

Choice theory/ Reality therapy

Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problems are the result of our resisting control by others of of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanation of human nature and how to best achieve satisfying interpersonal relationships

Postmodern approaches

Based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths, postmodern therapies reject the idea that reality is external and can be grasped. People create meaning in their lives through conversations with others. The postmodern approaches avoid pathologizing clients, take a dim view of diagnosis, avoid searching for underlying causes of problems, and place a high value on discovering clients' strengths and resources. Rather than talking about problems, the focus of therapy is on creating solutions in the present and the future

Behavior therapy

Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. Traditional behavior therapy is based on classical and operant principles. Contemporary behavior therapy has branched out in many directions, including mindfulness and acceptance approaches

Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

Behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Choice theory/ Reality therapy

Feminist therapy

Core principles of feminist therapy are that the personal is political, therapists have a commitment to social change, women's voices and ways of knowing are valued and women's experiences are honored, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, therapy focuses on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized

Cognitive behavior therapy

Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT Meichenbaum, who helped develop CBT, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma

Gestalt therapy

Emphasis is on the what and how of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves. Key concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business and avoidance, contact, and energy

Existential therapy

Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming. The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action.

Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies

Existential therapy Person-centered therapy Gestalt therapy

Systems and Postmodern Approaches

Feminist therapy Postmodern approaches Family systems therapy

Feminist therapy

Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructs of feminist therapy include being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span-oriented. Gender and power are at the heart of feminist therapy. This is s systems approach that recognizes the cultural, social, and political factors that contribute to and individual's problems

Family systems therapy

Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal ad nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on from generation to generation. Key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional versus dysfunctional interaction patterns, and dealing with here-and-now interaction. The present is more important than exploring past experiences

Behavior therapy

Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning

psychoanalytic theory

Founded by Freud. A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality

Adlerian thearpy

Founder: Alfred Adler Key Figure: Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the US This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.

Choice theory/ Reality thearpy

Glasser Wubbolding This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.

Postmodern approaches

Goal: to change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. To collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, and observable goals leading to increased positive change. To help clients create a self-identity grounded on competence and resourcefulness so they can resolve present and future concerns. To assist clients in viewing their lives in positive ways, rather than being problem saturated

Existential therapy

Goals: To help people see that they are free and to become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.

Gestalt therapy

Goals: to assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. To foster integration of the self.

Feminist therapy

Goals: to bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal powert to free themselves from the limitation of gender-role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis

Adlerian therapy

Goals: to challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful foals and increase social interest. The develop the client's sense of belonging

Behavior therapy

Goals: to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior. To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well the goals are being met

Family systems therapy

Goals: to help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and to create new ways of interacting. To identify how a client's problematic behavior may serve a function or purpose for the family. To understand how dysfunctional patterns can be handed down across generations. To recognize how family rules can affect each family member. To understand how past family of origin experiences continue to have an impact on individuals

Choice theory/ Reality therapy

Goals: to help people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chose to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory

psychoanalytic therapy

Goals: to make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality. To assist the clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness

Cognitive behavior therapy

Goals: to teach clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they father and evaluate. To help clients seek out their faulty beliefs and minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts ad to change them. To assist clients in identifying their inner strengths, and to explore the kind of life they would like to have

Adlerian therapy

Humans are motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life

Cognitive behavior therapy

Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses to role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding. This is a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as leaning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new wats of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems

Adlerian therapy

Key concepts include the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life foals that five direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developing a unique lifestyle, and understanding the family constellation. Therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior

Family systems therapy

Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family

Gestalt therapy

Perls An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.

Psychodynamic approaches

Psychoanalytic theory Adlerian theory

Existential therapy

Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.

value imposition

Refers to counselors attempting to influence a client to adopt their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Adlerian Therapy

Relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. This is followed by a reeducation of the client toward a useful side of life. The main aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.

Person-centered therapy

Rogers This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns

Behavior therapy

Skinner and Bandura This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.

Postmodern approaches

Social constructionism solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.

Postmodern approaches

Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.

Choice theory/ Reality therapy

The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present action are working for them. People are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships. The approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconscious, and swelling on one's past

Existential therapy

The central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, and facing living and dying

Person-centered therapy

The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is placed in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings

Family systems therapy

The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave. Treatment deals with the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well

Gestalt therapy

The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility

Phenomenology

The study of individuals' own unique, first-person, conscious experience.

mandatory ethics

The view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice.

Postmodern approaches

Therapy tends to be brief and addresses the present and the future. The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. The emphasis is on externalizing the problem and looking for exceptions to the problem. Therapy consists of a collaborative dialogue in which the therapist and the client co-create solutions. By identifying instances when the problem did not exist, clients can create new meaning for themselves and fashion a new life story

Person-centered therapy

To provide a safe climate conducive to clients self-exploration. To help clients recognize blocks to growth and experiencing aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness. To find meaning in life and to experience life fully. To become more self-directed

Choice theory/ Reality therapy

William Glasser's. - Assumes that individuals choose most of their behavior and that it is internally motivated by the need to meet one or more of the following basic needs: Love & belonging (most important), power, fun, freedom, and survival. - All behavior is total, meaning the clients' actions will affect their thinking which in turn will control feelings and physiology.

theoretical orientation

a conceptual framework used by a counselor to understand client therapeutic needs

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

boundary crossing

a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client

Existential therapy

a form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, alienation, and loneliness

privileged communication

a legal concept, protects the clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission

theory

a model for understanding human thought, emotions, and behaviors

person-centered therapy

a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Narrative Therapy

a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story.

boundary violation

a serious breach that results in harm to clients and is therefore unethical

Existential therapy

a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

behavior therapy

a treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

technical integration

aims at selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem

common factors approach

among the approaches to psychotherapy integration, this approach has the strongest empirical support

person-centered therapy

an approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

MBCT

an example of assimilative integration

EFT

an example of theoretical integration

countertransference

any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client

counseling task

assist individuals in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values

psychotherapy integration

attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives and how clients can benefit from a variety of ways of conducting therapy

assessment and diagnosis

can be understood as providing direction for the treatment process

the client-therapist relationship

central to therapeutic change and is a significant predictor of both effectiveness and retention of therapy outcomes

postmodern approach

challenge the basic assumptions of most of the traditional approaches be assuming that there is no single truth and that reality is socially constructed through human interactions

therapeutic relationship

characterized by collaboration, trust, mutual investment in the therapeutic process, shared respect, genuineness, positive emotional feelings, and a holistic understanding of clients and their backgrounds and environments

spiritual resources

clients who are experiencing a crisis situation may find a source of comfort, support, and strength in drawing upon their:

assimilative integration

combines the advantages of a single coherent theoretical system with the flexibility of a variety of interventions from multiple systems

assessment

consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

values

core beliefs that influence how we act, both in our personal and professional lives

Witmer and Sweeney's Holistic Model for Wellness and Prevention

deficits in any of these five areas ( work love, friendship, self-regulation, spirituality) are likely to impair functioning, cause distress, require help, and be an appropriate focus for treatment

Feminist Therapy

emphasizes the role of social, political, and economic stresses facing women as a major source of their psychological problems

intentional counseling

ethical and effective helping behavior

confidentiality

ethical concept, it is the legal duty of the therapist not to disclose information about the client

Adlerians

focus on meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious action, belonging, and social interest. Although Adlerian theory accounts for present behavior by studying childhood experiences, it does not focus on unconscious dynamics

technical integration

focuses on differences, uses techniques drawn from many approaches, and is based on a systematic selection of techniques

Feminist Therapy

focuses on women's issues and strives to help women achieve greater personal freedom and self-determination

reality therapy

focusses on clients current behavior and stresses developing clear plans for new behaviors

Gestalt therapy

form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

these 5 areas serve as a map of healthy functioning

friendship, love, work, self-regulation, spirituality

assimilative integration

grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches

Gestalt therapy

has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them

Gestalt therapy

help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the present Gestalt therapists tend to take an active role, yet follow the leads provided by the client tend to emphasize emotion as a route to bringing about change

REBT and cognitive therapy

highlight the necessity of learning how to challenge inaccurate beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems used to help people modify their inaccurate and self-defeating assumptions and to develop new patterns of acting

psychoanalytic therapy

human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and and conflicts are central in present behavior. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts

evidence-based practice

integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences

love (W&S Holistic)

intimate, trusting, sharing, and cooperative long-term relationships

informed consent

involves the ight of the clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it

theoretical framework

know what your theoretical framework is, but be flexible to use what will most be of assistance to clients -it is important to be able to use several theories/ interventions effectively to best meet the needs of our clients

cognitive behavioral approaches

known as action-oriented therapies because they all emphasize translating insights into behavioral action

bracketing

managing personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process

diagnosis

may include an explanation of the causes of the client's difficulties, an account of how these problems developed over time, a classification of any disorders, a specification of preferred treatment procedure, and an estimate of the chances for a successful resolution

psychotherapy integration

movement that is based on combining the best of differing orientations so that more complete theoretical models can be articulated and more efficient treatments developed

psychotherapy integration

no single theory is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behavior, especially when the range of client types and their specific problems are taken into consideration

psychoanalytic therapy

normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior

countertransference

occurs when we are triggered into emotional reactivity, when we respond defensively, or when we lose our ability to be present in a relationship because our own issues become involved

work (W&S Holistic)

paid employment, volunteer experiences, child rearing, homemaking, and education that provides psychological, social, and other rewards

Psychoanalytic

perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware

friendship *W&S Holistic)

positive interpersonal relationships and social supports that provide rewarding activities and interactions

Person-centered therapy

positive view of people; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness

thinking, feeling, and doing

practitioners must pay attention to what their clients are:

group counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, child and adolescent therapy

privileged communication does not apply in:

diagnosis

provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client

behavior therapy

puts a premium on doing and taking steps to make concrete changes

person-centered approach

rooted in humanistic philosophy places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist maintains that the quality of the client-therapist relationship is the prime determinant of the outcomes of the therapeutic process assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active intervention and direction on the therapist's part

common factors approach

searches for common elements across different theoretical systems

self-regulation (W&S Holistic)

sense of worth, mastery of one's own life, spontaneity and emotional responsiveness, sense of humor, creativity, awareness of reality, physical health

psychotherapy

should be flexibly tailored to the unique needs and contexts of the individual client

common factors

some of these ___________________ include empathic listening, support, warmth, developing a working alliance, opportunity for catharsis, practicing new behaviors, feedback, positive expectations of clients, working through ones own conflicts, understanding interpersonal and intrapersonal dynamics, change that occurs outside outside of the therapy office, client factors, therapist effects, and learning to be self-reflective about one's work

diagnosis

sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms

Witmer and Sweeney's Holistic Model for Wellness and Prevention

spirituality, self-regulation, work, friendship, love

existential approach

stresses a concern for what it means to be fully human. It suggests certain themes that are part of the human condition, such as freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world, and shaping one's future by making active choices.

systems

stresses the importance of understanding individuals in the context of the surroundings that influence their development to bring about individual change it is essential to pay attention to how the individual's personality has been affected by his or her gender-role socialization, culture, family, and other systems

family systems therapy

the guiding assumption is that most people's problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication

syncretism

the practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work, often making little attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are indeed effective

person-centered therapy

therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems

Gestalt therapy

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

theoretical integration

this approach emphasizes integrating the underlying theories of therapy along with techniques from each

theoretical integratio

this approach emphasizes integrating the underlying theories of therapy along with techniques from each. Examples include DBT and acceptance and commitment therapy

theoretical integration

two or more systems of therapy are combined or blended to take advantage of the strengths of each

spirituality (W&S Holistic)

values, beliefs, ethics, purpose and direction, optimism, inner peace


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