This time I WILL pass

Great Reform Bill (1832)

A limited reform of the British House of Commons and an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied classes. It laid the groundwork for further orderly reforms within the British constitutional system.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A limited revival of capitalism, especially in light industry and agriculture, introduced by Lenin in 1921 to repair the damage inflicted on the Russian economy by the Civil War and war communism.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Depression

A long period of financial and industrial decline

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

Valley

A low place between mountains

spinning jenny

A machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Nation-State

A modern concept of a government that controls an area and represents the people of that area, often idealized as a homogeneous people that share a common language and feeling of nationality.

Solomon's Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.

Col

A mountain pass; a depression in the summit line chain of mountain

Volcano

A mountains vent of the Earth's crust where lava, steam, or gases may erupt in intervals

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

monasticism

A movement in the Christian church that arose first in the East in the 3rd and 4th centuries C.E. in which first individual hermits and later organized communities of men and women (monks & nuns) separated themselves from the world to lead lives in imitation of Christ.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

vassal

A person granted an estate or cash payments in return for accepting the obligation to render services to a lord.

nomad

A person who lives a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

heretic

A person whose beliefs were contrary to those of the Catholic Church.

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

Stoics

A philosophical school founded by Zeno of Citium that taught that humans could only be happy with natural law. Human misery was caused by passion which was a disease of the soul. The wise sought apatheia, freedom from passion.

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France. Marks the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.

Mandate of Heaven

A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the the right to rule from divine authority.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

Great Depression

A prolonged worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange.

Satrapy

A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire.

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

spheres of influence

A region, city, or territory where a non-Western nation exercised informal administrative influence through economic, diplomatic, or military advisors.

Bourgeoisie

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Great Zimbabwe

A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.

mannerism

A style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance.

baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.

cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

Grid

A system on a more detailed map that shows the exact locations of places or landforms

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

ziggurat

A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.

Han

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.

Compass

A tool used for determining specific directions on the Earth's surface

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Inquisition

A tribunal created by the Catholic Church in the mid- 12th century to detect and punch heresy.

Theocracy

A type of government in which a deity is the ruler and the laws are interpreted by religious clergy

Monarchy

A type of government in which supreme and absolute power resides in the hands of a single monarch who rules over the lands for life through hereditary right

Communism

A type of government in which the states design and controls the economy under the power of an authoirty party. It eliminates private ownerships of property or individual capital in order to create a classless society where all good are shared equally by all individuals `

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

Desert

A very dry burden are with little to no rainfall, mostly covered with sand

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Mountain

A very tall natural place on Earth that rises above the surrounding levels of land

Anal stage

1 to 3 years libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through elimination and retention of waste material. Fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness.

autonomy vs shame and doubt

1 to 3 years is it okay to be me?

4 key ethical tenets of American Medicine

1) Beneficence- acting in the patient's best interest 2) Nonmaleficence- avoiding treatments for which risk is greater than the benefit 3) Respect for autonomy- respecting patients' right to make decisions about there own healthcare 4) Justice- treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

general adaptation syndrome

1) alarm stage: hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol that provides steady supply of blood sugar. It also activates the adrenal medulla which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine 2) resistance: continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic system to remain engaged 3) exhaustion: when the body can no longer maintain and elevated response.

Allport's three basic traits

1) cardinal traits are traits around which a person organizes his or her life. 2) central traits- represent major characteristics of the personality 3) secondary traits- personal characteristics limited in occurrence

Janis 8 factors of groupthink

1) illusion of invulnerability: the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking 2) collective rationalization: ignoring warnings against the idea of the group 3) illusion of morality: the belief that the group's decision are morally correct 4) excessive stereotyping: the construction of stereotypes against outside opinion 5) Pressure of conformity: the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal 6) self-censorship: the withholding of opposing views 7) illusion of unanimity: the false sense of agreement within the group 8) Mindguards: the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

What are the three ways humans can impact Earth

1. Consuming natural resources and changing natural patterns 2. By building structures 3. By competing for control

What effect does "decentralized decision making" have on a market economy's system?

1. Many individual economic decisions made daily 2. People COLLECTIVELY make the decisions that direct scarce resources into the uses consumers favor most, so EVERYONE HAS A VOICE in the way the economy runs

What is the question in terms of what to produce?

1. What should a society direct its' resources into producing 2. How should the limited resources be allocated (with regards to the economic situation of the majority of the population being low-income, middle-income, or upper-socioeconomic 1%) ex: should a society direct its' resources into the production of military equipment or to food, clothing, or housing? Should the limited resources be used to build low-income, middle-income, or upper-income

What does government oversee to preserve competition in the marketplace?

1. communications 2. interstate commerce 3. certain industries (ex: banking, nuclear power)

What is the result of high rates of inflation?

1. discourage business activity 2. interest rates on loans increase along with prices of goods and services

what characterizes a market economy?

1. freedom (people choose what they spend their money on, which then communicates to producers which products people want, helping them to decide WHAT to produce. Businesses are free to find best production methods when deciding HOW to produce. ) 2. Private ownership of resources.

What possible reasons are there for production at point E?

1. idle resources, such as factories or land that are available but not in use. --> as long as some resources are idle, the company cannot produce on its' frontier- in other words, it cannot reach its full production potential

Entrepreneurs benefit society, because they set off a chain of events that brings what?

1. new products 2. greater competition 3. more production 4. higher quality 5. lower prices (for consumers- buy more for less)

What is the implication of economic freedom?

1. people have the freedom to choose their jobs, employers, and how to spend their money 2. Businesses may choose what products to sell and how much to charge for them (freedom to risk success or failure)

Consumer Sovereignty

1. role of consumer as ruler of the market when determining the types of goods and services that will be produced for a profit. 2. Buying a product is like "voting" for it, giving consumers a say in what is and what is not produced. 3. Ultimately, it is the consumer who has the ultimate power in the economy, because they decide what to and what not to buy- therefore, giving them the power to decide what products are produced

Neolithic Revolution

10,000 B.C.E Began in the Middle East and spread into India, North Africa, and Europe Developed agricultural societies Improved economic, political, and social organizations Gave humans the ability to remain settled permanently Civilizations begin to form Developed alongside major rivers for agricultural production (river valley) Created a basic set of tools Introduced writing, mathematics, and politics

Juan Ponce de Leon

140-1521 Spanish explorer and solider who discovered the Gulf Stream and was the first European to set foot in Florida, while searching for the Fountain of Youth

John Cabot

1450-1499 English explore and navigator who explored the Canadian coastline looking for a northwest, passage Asia

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 Italian explorer who was the first person to realize that the Americas were separate from Asia, stating that the Americas were not the East Indies. In 1507, a mapmaker named the Americans after him

Herman Cortez

1485-1547 Spanish conquistador who wiped out the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain

Jacques Cartier

1491-1557 French explorer who discovered Canada. He paved the way for the French exploration of North America

Hernando De Soto

1496-1542 Spanish explorer who explored Florida and the southeastern United States. He is credited with the discovery of the Mississippi River.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

1510-1554 Spanish conquistador who explored the American Southwest (AZ,NM,TX,OK,KS). He killed many Native Americans because they would not convert to Christianity

Sir Walter Raleigh

1552-1618 British explorer, poet, historian, and solider who established English colonies in the Americas. He named the state of Virginia after Queen Elizabeth

Daniel Boone

1734-1820 An American pioneer, explorer, trapper, mountain man, and soldier who founded the first U.S settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. He also explored the Kentucky wilderness

Robert Gray

1755-1806 The first American-born explorer to circumnavigate the globe. He also expanded the northwestern United States and helped obtain the Oregon territory.

Stamp Act

1765 First direct tax placed on the colonies; required all printed media to have stamps

The Mayflower Compact

1776 This compact signed en route on the Mayflower, established a temporary majority-rule government for the Pilgrims

Articles of Confederation

1781 The first constitution of the 13 American states was later replaced in 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States

American government was formed?

1787

The Federalist Papers

1787-1788 This group of 85 articles was published in the New York newspaper to influence the decision to ratify the Constitution; even today it helps to explain intent of the Constitution

The U.S Constitution

1789 The document that established the basic principles of the American government

Jedediah Smith

1799-1831 An American mountain man, hunter, and fur trapper ho was the first person to travel from New York to California though the Rocky Mountains and the Mohave Desert. He was also the fist person to cross the Great Basin Desert via the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.

Kit Carson

1809-1868 An American explorer, guide, trapper and solider who explored the southwest and western United States with John Fremont. In 1683, Carson destroyed the Navajo settlement in Canyon De Chelley and forced Native Americans on the "Long walk"

Civil War

1861-1865 The two factions of the new nation, the North (Union) and the slave-owing states of the South (Confederacy), fought until the succession of the South was squelched, slavery, was abolished, and the federal government increased its power by uniting the country

Emancipation Proclamation

1865 This announcement issued during the Civil War by President Lincoln confirmed the end of slavery in the Confederate states

physiocrats

18th century French thinkers who attacked the mercantilist regulation of the economy, advocated a limited economic role for government, and believed that all economic production depended on sound agriculture.

World War I

1914-1918 Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, and the United States, and other allies defeated Germany, Austria-Hungry, Turkey, and Bulgaria, overthrowing four empires (German, Hapsburg, Turkish, and Russian empires) that resulted in the birth of the seven new nations

The Korean War

1950-1953 The struggle between communist North Korea (aided by China and USSR- former Russia) and noncommunist South Korea (aided by the United States, Britain, an the United Nations), resulted in the same boundaries between North and South Korea.

Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilization

2,500 B.C.E Developed along the Indus River Prospered in urban civilizations Traded with Mesopotamia Developed well-defined alphabet and artistic forms Maintained and regulated irrigation system Created advanced engineering and architectural technology Developed impressive intellectual establishments Constructed massive tombs and palaces Invaded and destroyed by Indo-Europeans

The Iraq War

2003-2011 The struggle in which the United States and Great Britain led a coalition of forces against Iraq to expel Saddam Hussein (dictator) and sought to establish a democratic society

Egyptian Civilization

3,000 B.C.E Emerged along the Nile River in northern Africa Modeled trade on Mesopotamia Built impressive architectural structures (Pyramids and Sphinx) Produced mathematical achievements Ruled by pharaohs Established effective government, defense, monetary, and transportation system Centralized the community to meet the needs of citizens

latency

5 years old to puberty libido is largely sublimated during this stage

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

5,000 B.C.E Originated n the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia Started from scratch with no model or examples (Sumerian People) Created cuneiform (earliest from of writing) Established political system with a king and organized city-states Developed astronomical sciences, religious belief Improved agriculture through the use of fertilizer Used sliver to conduct commercial trade Developed procedures for law courts and property rights Focused on a standard legal system

Bread and Circuses

A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

deism

A belief in a rational God who had created the universe but then allowed it to function without his interference according to the mechanisms of nature and a belief in rewards and punishments after death for human action.

Peninsula

A body of land surrounded by water on three sides

Pond

A body of water smaller than a lake that is surrounded by land on all sides

Channel

A body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

creed

A brief statement of faith to which true Christians should adhere.

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

moldboard plow

A heavy plow introduced in the Middle Ages that cut deep into the soil.

Iconoclasm

A heresy in Eastern Christianity that sought to ban the veneration of sacred images, or icons.

Butte

A high, isolated flattop rock or hill with steep sides formed by the impact of tectonic plates

Cliff

A high, steep face of rock and soil

Dunes

A hill or ride made of sand and shaped by wind

Enconmienda

A labor system set up by the Spanish government where Spanish colonists could work the native Americans on their land while compensating them and agreeing to educate some of them and teach them about Christianity. The system was meant to curb exploitation but actually made the exploitation of Native Americans worse.

Anarchism

A lack of government based on the political philosophy by people who hold beliefs that the state is unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful and have attitudes that reject compulsory government

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Ocean

A large body of salt water that surrounds a continent

Sea

A large body of slat water connected to an ocean, partly or completely surrounded by land

River

A large flowing body of water that empties into a sea or ocean

Biome

A large geographical area of distinctive plant life and animal life groups that have adapted to the particular environment. It is determined by climate and geography.

Cave

A large hole or hollow in the ground or side of mountain

hacienda

A large landed estate in Spanish America.

Continent

A large mass of land, of which there are seven on Earth, that covers a specific area of the Earth's surface

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Sound

A wide inlet of sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline, it separates coastlines from nearby islands

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Region

An area with similar characteristics, that include folklore, foods and language

Goths

An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.

Canal

An artificial waterway constructed for irrigation, drainage, river overflows,water supplies, communication, or navigation

guild

An association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their work and products.

Shang

An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

socialists

An umbrella term for people of diverse perspectives but many of whom typically advocate equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and state ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.

Triumvirate

An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Eventually results in civil war that brings down the republic and results in the Roman Empire.

Black economy

An unreported sector of the primary economic system in which transaction are handled in cash only

mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

Inca

Artistic pottery and clothing, metallurgy, architecture, irrigation, road systems, supreme military organization and agriculture

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Commonwealthmen

British political writers whose radical republican ideas influenced the American revolutionaries.

Fabians

British socialists in the late 19th century and early twentieth centuries who sought to achieve socialism through gradual, peaceful, and democratic means.

Winston Churchill

British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953

Corn Laws

British tariffs on imported grain that protected the price of grain frown within the British Isles.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. nationalism,Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe

czar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

G.W.F. Hegel's concept of how ideas develop. Thesis: is a dominant set of ideas. Antithesis: set of conflicting ideas. Synthesis: new pattern of thought.

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Kepler

German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Albert Einstein

German physicist, father of modern quantum physics.

Habsburg

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

How are the resources allocated in Socialist governments?

Government plans ways to allocate resources in key industries

Totalitarianism

Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.

Confucianism

Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)

Daoism

Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.

Cluster B personality disorders

Cluster B: antisocial (disregard for the rights of others), borderline ( instability in relationships, mood, and self image), histrionic ( constant attention seeking behavior), and narcissistic ( grandiose sense of self-importance)

Cluster C personality disorders

Cluster C: avoidant ( extreme shyness and fear of rejection), dependent ( continuous need for reassurance), and obsessive-compulsive (perfectionism/ inflexibility/ preoccupation for rules)

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

New England

Connecticut (CT), Maine (ME), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), Rhode Island (RI), Vermont (VT)

4th century CE

Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (Hint: ___ century CE)

10000 BCE

Date: Beginnings of Agriculture

32 CE

Date: Beginnings of Christianity (Hint: _2 CE)

1885

Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa (Hint: 1__5)

1347 CE

Date: Black Death hits Europe (Hint: ___7 CE)

1899

Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa (Hint: 1__9)

1949

Date: Chinese Communist Revolution

1911

Date: Chinese Revolution against traditional Chinese Imperial system. (Hint: 1__1)

1492

Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain (Hint: 1__2)

1853

Date: Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade (Hint: 1__3)

1815

Date: Congress of Vienna (Hint: 1__5)

1521

Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs (Hint: 1__1)

1962

Date: Cuban Missile Crisis

1959

Date: Cuban Revolution (Hint: 1__9)

1810s

Date: Decade when Independence in mainland Latin America began (Hint: 1__0s)

1588

Date: Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British (Hint: 1__8)

1488

Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope (Hint: 1__8)

1863

Date: Emancipation Proclamation in US (Hint: 1__3)

220 CE

Date: End of Han Dynasty (Hint: _20 CE)

180 CE

Date: End of Pax Romana (Hint: _80 CE)

1861

Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification (Hint: 1__1)

1433 CE

Date: End of Zheng He's Voyages/Rise of Ottomans (Hint: __33 CE)

476 CE

Date: Fall of Rome (Hint: _76 CE)

1095 CE

Date: First Crusade (Hint: ___5 CE)

1839

Date: First Opium War in China (Hint: 1__9)

1607

Date: Founding of Jamestown (Hint: 1__7)

1789

Date: French Revolution begins

1689

Date: Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights (Hint: 1__9)

5th century BCE

Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers (Hint "___ century BCE")

1258 CE

Date: Mongols sack Baghdad (Hint: __58 CE)

1066 CE

Date: Norman Conquest of England (Hint: __66 CE)

1898

Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Hint: 1__8)

1910

Date: Start of the ten year long Mexican Revolution. Not to be confused with Mexican war of Independence (1810-1821) (Hint: 1__0)

1929

Date: Stock Market Crash

1948

Date: declaration of of Israeli statehood

Major deserts

Deserts are land areas that are very dry and barren, mostly covered with sand and having specific plants and animals known only to that area. Some provide little possibility for human living conditions. Arabian, Atacama, Austrian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Patagonian, Sharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, Thar, and Turkestand

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization.

Who owns the resources in Capitalist governments?

Productive resources are privately owned and operated

Sophists

Professional teachers who emerged in Greece in the mid- 5th century B.C.E. who were paid to teach techniques of rhetoric, dialectic, argumentation.

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

congregationalist

Puts a groups or assembly above any one individual and prefers an ecclesiastical polity that allows each congregation to be autonomous, or self-govering.

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861.

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.

Dual Federalism

Is when the states govern the people directly and the national government governs foreign affairs. Continued until the Great Depression of 1930

The Mahdi

Last imam in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as an apocolyptic messiah at the end of time.

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Beguines

Lay sisterhoods not bound by the rules of a religious order.

tertiaries

Laypeople affiliated with the monastic life who took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience but remained in the world.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader Russia's Bolshevik movement.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945).

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin.

Seven Articles

Legislative Power (Popular Sovereignty) Executive Power (Republicanism) Judicial Power (Federalism) States' Powers and Limits (Separation of Powers) The Process of Amendments (Checks and Balances) Federal Powers (Limited Government) Ratification (Individual Rights)

Biosphere

Life, Ecosystems, habitats, and plant and animal realm

Dry

Limited rain with wide daily temperature ranges (semiarid and arid)

Checks and balance

Limits imposed on all branches of government by giving each the right to amend acts of the other branches

Consumption

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

Ausgleich

Meaning "compromise". The agreement between the Habsburg emperor and the Hungarians to give Hungary considerable administrative autonomy in 1867. It created the Dual Monarchy, or Austria-Hungary.

conquistadores

Meaning "conquerors." The Spanish conquerors of the New World.

insulae

Meaning "islands." The multistoried apartment buildings of Rome in which most of the inhabitants of the city lived.

cahiers de doléances

Meaning "list of grievances." Petitions for reforms submitted to the French crown when the Estates General met in 1789.

Lebensraum

Meaning "living space." The Nazi plan to colonize and exploit the Slavic areas of Eastern Europe for the benefit of Germany.

agape

Meaning "love feast". A common meal that was part of the central ritual of early Christian worship.

vingtième

Meaning "one twentieth." A tax on income in France before the Revolution.

glasnot

Meaning "openness." The policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s of permitting open criticism of the policies of the Soviet Communist Party.

Sinn Fein

Meaning "ourselves alone." An Irish political movement founded in 1905 that advocated complete political separation from Britain.

ulema

Meaning "persons with correct knowledge." The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy.

kleindeutsch

Meaning "small German." The argument that the German-speaking portions of the Habsburg Empire should be excluded from a united Germany.

Sturm und Drang

Meaning "storm and stress." A movement in German romantic literature and philosophy that emphasized feeling and emotion.

Eucharist

Meaning "thanksgiving." The celebration of the Lord's Supper. Considered the central ritual of worship by most Christians. Also called Holy Communion.

optimates

Meaning "the best men." Roman politicians who supported the traditional role of the Senate.

missi dominici

Meaning "the envoys of the ruler." Royal overseers of the king's law in the Carolingian Empire.

deacon

Meaning "those who serve." In early Christian congregations, deacons assisted the presbyters, or elders.

Anschluss

Meaning "union." The annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938.

catholic

Meaning "universal." The body of belief held by most Christians enshrined within the church.

Italia irredenta

Meaning "unredeemed Italy." Italian-speaking areas that had been left under Austrian rule at the time of unification of Italy.

sans-culottes

Meaning "without knee breeches." The lower-middle classes and artisans of Paris during the French Revolution.

Kulturkampf

Meaning the "battle for culture." The conflict between Roman Catholic Church and the government of the German Empire in the 1870s.

Bolsheviks

Meaning the "majority". Term Lenin applied to his faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. It became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.

Mensheviks

Meaning the "minority." Term Lenin applied to the majority moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party opposed to him and the Bolsheviks.

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Olmec

Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Persian Empire

Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.

domestic system of textile production

Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products.

Scholasticism

Method of study based on logic and dialectic that dominated the medieval schools. It assumed that truth already existed; students had only to organize, elucidate, and defend knowledge learned from authoritative texts, especially those of Aristotle and the Church Fathers.

Jose Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Marriage

Monogamy- exclusive relationship between two people

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Pearl Harbor

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II.

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others.

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Egalitarian

No one social group has grater access to economic resources, power, or prominence than another. Economic differences hold no bearing upon prominence within the society. For example a cook and a doctor have equal access to societal possessions

Minoans

One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.

Rigveda

One of the worlds oldest religious texts. It is a book composed by Vedic Brahman priests that contains hymns and Sanskrit poetry.

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

fascism

Political movements that tend to be antidemocratic, anti-Marxist, anti parliamentary, and often anti-Semitic. Fascists were invariably nationalists and exhalted the nation over the individual. They supported the interests of the middle class and rejected the ideas of the French Revolution and 19th century liberalism. The first fascist regime was founded by Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s.

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

Janapadas

Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Afica.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.

Guilds

Pre-industiral associations of businessmen and producers two work for their collective interest.

Conformal Map

Present land masses and the reaction of proper shapes, but these maps are often distorted

New Deal

President Roosevelt Brought forth a system of cooperative federalism in which national, states, and local governments would work together on programs rather than assigning specific functions to each level

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson'd idealistic war aims.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Types of circular reaction in sensorimotor stage

Primary circular reactions: repetition of a body movement in which the behavior is repeated because the child finds it soothing. Secondary circular reaction: manipulation is focused on something outside the body and are repeated because the child gets a response such as the environment.

Rainforest

Produces 40 percent of Earth's oxygen

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel

indulgence

Remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven.

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires.

Allien

Resident of another country who has not yet become a citizen of the country where the person currently lives

Nonrenewable Resource

Resources that can be cultivated and used only once

Renewable Resource

Resources that can replenish themselves after they are used

Flow Resource

Resources that must be used when,where and as they occur (water, sunlight, wind)

Physical Map

Reveals the features of actual geographical surfaces, such as mountains or rivers and the underlying geological structures, such as rocks or fault lines

Jacquerie

Revolt of the French peasantry.

Zapata

Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution who originated from the lower classes and was especially appealing to the peasants because he wanted to take land from the haciendas and return it to them.

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.

Amendment 4

Right of search and seizure

Amendment 2

Right to keep and bear arms

Amendment 7

Rights in civil cases

Amendment 6

Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions

Amendment 9

Rights retained by the people

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

Autocracy

Rule by one

Joesph Stalin

Ruled the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. Ruled with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.

Pericles

Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

politique

Ruler or person in a position of power who puts the success and well-being of his or her state above all else.

Authority

Rules of power are often dependent on gender in most societies

In the economy, the US gov has become a what?

1. Protector 2. Provider 3. Regulator 4. Consumer

Vitus Berig

1681-1741 A dutchman who explored Alaska and Siberia. The Bering Strait bears his name

Captain James Cook

1728-1779 British explorer and astronomer who led expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, the Arctic, and around the world. He is credited with discovering Hawaii.

Intolerable Act

1774 Massachusetts Government Act; Administration of Justice Act, Boston Port Act, Quartering Act

13 colonies rebelled when?

1775 against British ruled because people did not when continued taxation and government rule from England

American Revolution

1775-1783 A struggle in which United States won independence from Great Britain

Persian Gulf War

1990-1991 The United States led a coalition of forces and destroyed much of Iraq's military forces, resulting in driving in driving out of Iraqi army from Kuwait

Qin

1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

transportation

The British policy from the late 18th to the mid- 19th centuries of shipping persons convicted of the most serious offenses to Australia as an alternative to capital punishment.

Minoans

The Bronze Age civilization that arose in Crete in the third and second millennia B.C.E.

Perestroika

Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Atomists

School of ancient Greek philosophy founded in the fifth century B.C.E. by Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus of Abdera. It believed that the world consists of innumerable, tiny, solid, indivisible, and unchangeable particles called atoms.

Epicureans

School of philosophy founded by Epicurus of Athens. It sought to liberate people from fear of death and the supernatural by teaching that the gods took no interest in human affairs and that true happiness consisted in pleasure, which was defined as the absence of pain. This could be achieved by attaining ataraxia, freedom from trouble, pain, responsibility by withdrawing from business and public life.

Presbyterians

Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composted of semiautonomous congregation governed by "presbyteries."

Mycenae

Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.

Three Major Seas

Seas are defined as large areas of water that are partly enclosed by land. South China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Anarchism

Self-Regulated market with voluntary trade

ghetto

Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live.

Battle of Brandywine

September 11, 1777

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

Teotihuacan

A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.

Xia

A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.

Gulf

A part of an ocean or sea larger than a bay that us partly surrounded by land

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.

pictograms

A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept

Hill

A raised area or mound of land smaller than a mountain

romanticism

A reaction in early 19th century literature, philosophy, and religion against what many considered the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment.

Neoplatonism

A religious philosophy that tried to combine mysticism with classical and rationalist speculation. Its chief formulator was Plotinus.

Need

A requirement for survival

Glacier

A slow-moving river of ice

Swamp

A type of freshwater wetland that consists of spongy, muddy land full of water

Proxy war

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

water frame

A water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories.

Waterfall

A waterway created when a river falls steeply off a cliff

Fiscal Policy

A way to regulate economic activity

cuneiform

A writing system invented by the Sumerians that used a wedge-shaped stylus, or pointed tool, to write on wet clay tablets that were then baked or dried. The writing was also cut into stone.

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.

Ecosystem

An interwoven infrastructure that produces and consumes energy

Mesa

An isolated land or hill usually in a dry area with a flat top and steeply sloping sides

hubris

Arrogance brought on by excessive wealth or good fortune. The Greeks believed it led to moral blindness and divine vengeance.

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Sumerians

Cuneiform writing, city-state government, adopted silver as a means of exchange, agricultural advances using fertilizer, and improvements on the potter's wheel

1956

Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal (Hint: 1__6)

1994

Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa (Hint: 1__4)

1947

Date: independence & partition of India

1683

Date: unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna (Hint: 1_83)

Communist

Endorse the establishment of society based on common ownerships of the means of production

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.

laissez-faire

French phrase meaning "allow to do." In economics the doctrine of minimal government interference in the working of the economy.

Adolf Hitler

German leader of the Nazi Party.

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.

Movement

How people, goods, culture, and ideas move around the globe

Microeconomics

How specific markets function involving consumers and businesses

Macroeconomics

How the national economics function (income, composition, and investment)

imperium

In ancient Rome, the right to issue commands and to enforce them by fines, arrests and even corporal and capital punishment.

Rama

Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana

Caste system

India's traditional social hierarchy.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Planned economy (directed economy)

Is designed and managed through a primary authority

Subsistence economy

Is one in which the output of services and good meets only the population consumption of the area and resources are renewed and reproduced

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

electors

Nine German princes who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor.

Sunna

Meaning "tradition." The dominant Islamic group.

tabula rasa

Meaning a "blank page." The philosophical belief associated with John Locke that human beings enter the world with totally unformed characters that are completely shaped by experience.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

Recession

Period of slow economic growth plagued with high unemployment and minimal spending

Census

Periodic official count of the number of person living in a country

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

Place

Physical and human characteristic of a location

Twentieth-Centrury Development and and Transformation

Provided humankind with many advancements and technologies. From radio to cellphones to artificial intelligence,

Amendment 5

Provisions concerning prosecution

Coordinates

Numbers or letters used on map as a system to focus on finding specific locations

Five Major ocean

Oceans cover 70 percent of the Earth's surface and provide 97 percent of the world's water supply. Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern oceans

Aswan High Dam

One of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt. A key project under Gama Abdel Nasser.

Cove

A horseshoe-shape body of water along the coast surrounded by land formed of soft rock

tribunes

Roman officials who had to be plebeians and were elected by the plebeian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates.

Christopher Columbus

1451-1506 Italian explorer who took a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 hoping to find route to India. He sailed his three ships Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria and discovered North America

Henry Hundson

1565-1611 English explorer who explored the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America. The Hudson River, the Hudson Strait, and the Hudson Bay were named after him and he is credited with founding New York

Townshend Act

1767 Placed a tac on essential goods (paper,glass,tea)

Boston Tea Party

1773 A protest of the Tea Act by American colonists

Tea Act

1773 Tax break to the British East India Company

Phallic or Oedipal stage

3 to 5 years oedipal or electra conflict is resolved during this stage

industry vs inferiority

6-12 years Can I make it in the world of people and things?

Integrity vs despair

65 years to death Is it okay to have been me?

Ka'ba

A black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam's holiest shrine.

Cavern

A cave that is especially large, deep, and deep

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

Archipelago

A chain or group of island in a sea or ocean

ideograms

A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese)

Plains

A flat land area with very small changes in elevation, most often a level track of treeless country

Democracy

A form of government in which the people hold certain liberties and freedoms and retain the power and rule either directly through representatives Ruled by majority

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

civilization

A form of human culture marked by urbanism, metallurgy, and writing.

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

Cynic School

A fourth-century philosophical movement that ridiculed all religious observances and turned away from involvement in the affairs of the polis. Its most famous exemplar was Diogenes of Sinope.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

Phoenicians

A merchant society, elaborate trading networks, early alphabet, manufacturing advances (dyes), and improved the Egyptian number system

Strait

A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

seigneur

A noble French landlord.

protectorate

A non-Western territory administered by a Western nation without formal conquest or annexation, usually a de facto colony.

Green movement

A political environmentalist movement that began in West Germany in the 1970s and spread to a number of other Western nations.

Enlightenment

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

legalism

A school of Chinese philosophy. Prominent during Warring States Period. Had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. Based on a pessimistic view of human nature. Social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.

Republic

A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under a constitution and in some way claims to be "of the people."

Tributary

A stream or river that flows into larger waterway

gulag

Russian prison camp for political prisoners

Values

Set standards of human behavior

Hydrogen bomb

A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen

Dictatorship

A type of government in which a single ruler or small group alone has absolute power, not restricted by constitution or law, where citizens have no choice in the leadership

Outline map

Shows some geographic features but does not include others

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

Ming

Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644. Economy flourished and the government even explored the Indian Ocean through many expeditions led by Zheng He. Ultimately they were taken over by the Manchurians from the North in 1644.

benefice

Church offices granted by the ruler of a state or the pope to an individual. It also meant fief in the Middle Ages.

National

Citizen of a nation who is entitled to it protection

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athens and Sparta

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Perisa--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Manic episode

D istractibility I insomnia G graniodity F light of ideas A gitation S peech (pressured) T thoughtlessness (risky behavior)

1071 CE

Date: Battle of Manzikert (Hint: __71 CE)

1600

Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa (Hint: 1__0)

732 CE

Date: Battle of Tours (Hint: _32 CE)

3000s BCE

Date: Beginning of Bronze Age and river valley civilizations (Hint: _000s BCE)

1054 CE

Date: East-West Great Schism in Christian Church (Hint: __54 CE)

1871

Date: German Unification (Hint: 1__1)

1939

Date: German blitzkrieg in Poland starting WWII in Europe.

1804

Date: Haitian Independence (Hint: 1__4)

1979

Date: Iranian Revolution (Hint: 1__9)

1300 BCE

Date: Iron Age (Hint: 1_00 BCE)

1935

Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Hint: 1__5)

6th century BCE

Date: Origin of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism (Hint ___ century BCE)

1453 CE

Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople (Hint: __53 CE)

1941

Date: Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII

1533

Date: Pizarro Toppled the Incas (Hint: 1__3)

221 BCE

Date: Qin Unified China (Hint: _21 BCE)

632 CE

Date: Rise of Islam (Hint: __2 CE)

333 CE

Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople (Hint: _33 CE)

1857

Date: Sepoy Mutiny or failed Indian revolution against British East India Company colonial rule (Hint: 1__7)

1967

Date: Six-day war in Israel; Chinese Cultural Revolution (Hint: 1__7)

1325 CE

Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin (Hint: __25 CE)

1919

Date: Treaty of Versailles - End of WWI

1914-1918

Date: WWI (from start to finish) (Hint: "19__-19__")

Mid-Altanic

Delaware (DE), Maryland (MD), New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA)

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

Scarcity

State of not having enough resources to produce all the things people would like to have --> fundamental economic problem facing ALL SOCIETIES

Africa

Stateless societies

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

loess

Fine yellowish light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because of the tiny needle-like shape of its particles, it can be easily shaped and used for underground structures (but vulnerable to earthquake)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire.

Amendment 1

Freedom of religion, press, assembly, expression

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Seperation of powers

System of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.

Papal States

Territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870.

Schlieffen plan

Germany's plan for achieving a quick victory in the West at the outbreak of WWI by invading France through Belgium and Luxembourg.

July Monarchy

The French regime set up after the overthrow of the Bourbons in July 1830.

Lower Egypt

The Nile Delta.

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift

millets

Administrative units of the Ottoman Empire that were not geographic but consisted of ethic or religious minorities to whom particular laws and regulations applied.

Open economy

Allows export and import from the global market

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Methodism

An English religious movement begun by John Wesley that stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of attaining CHristian perfection in this life.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

April 19, 1775

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Citizenship

As the way we act and live our lives. It includes how an individual makes decisions that may affect others and how individuals demonstrate their concern about the community and nation

German Confederation

Association of German states established as the Congress of Vienna that replaced the Holy Roman Empire from 1815 to 1866.

Matriarchal Authority

The female has power and authority, often being the oldest maternal figure

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

Participatory economy

Guides the production, consumption, and allocation of resources through participatory decision-making of its society members

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.

Battle of Princeton

January 3, 1777

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

pogroms

Organized riots against Jews in the Russian Empire.

Mongol Empire

Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Civil

Realting to citizens, occurring within the community

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.

Industrial Revolution

Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th century.

WTO

The initials of the international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.

Platonism

Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models.

Zionism

The movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine.

Hellenistic Empire

The name of Alexander the Great's Empire

Nazism

National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

Symbols

The pictures or icons representing some item on a map (land masses, population), but the same icons and pictures are not consistently used the same on all maps

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.

Thermidorian Reaction

The reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution that began in July 1794. Associated with the end of terror and establishment of the Directory.

Century

The smallest unit of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.

African diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Yin and yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life.

proconsulship

In Republican Rome, the extension of a consul's imperium beyond the end of his term to office to allow him to continue to command an army in the field.

nomes

Regions of provinces of ancient Egypt governed by officials called nomarchs.

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

liberalism

In the 19th century, support for representative government dominated by the propertied classes and minimal government interference in the economy.

china

In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

humanitas

The Roman name for a liberal arts education.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.

ummah

The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries.

Salvador Allende

The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Pharisees

The group that was most strict in its adherence to Jewish law.

patricians

The hereditary upper class of early Republican Rome.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.

The Nature and Purpose of Government

Were establish to protect individual's, properties, and lives from other people Provide rules and laws also established procedures to settle conflicts and some create governmental bodies to mange the people

modernism

The movement in the arts and literature in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries to create new aesthetic forms and to elevate the aesthetic experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality as accurately as possibly.

Bantu migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Pan-Slavism

The movement to create a nation or federation that would embrace all the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe.

Late Antiquity

The multicultural period between the end of the accent world and the birth of the Middle Ages, 250-800 C.E.

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Pax Romana

The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)

Apostolic Succession

The Christian doctrine that the powers given by Jesus to his original disciples have been handed down from bishop to bishop through ordination.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s).

boyars

The Russian nobility.

Duma

The Russian parliament, after the revolution of 1905.

organizations

are bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals. They exist outside of each individuals membership within the organization

mirror neurons

are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both hen and individual performs and actin and when that individual observes someone else perform that action. They are thought to play a role in imitative learning.

groups

are made up of two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity

Indian Ocean

This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.

Judicial Branch

This branch of government contains the court system. The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court and included in the system are the federal courts, The courts must ensure that the rules of the Constitution are upheld, so members of the courts interpret the meanings of laws and how they should be applied

limbic system overview

This is a group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory.

soviets

Workers and soldiers councils formed in Russia during the Revolution.

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

physiological response to emotion

arousal is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system which can cause changes in HR, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure

hindbrain overview

consists of cerebellum (refined motor movements), medulla oblongata (vital functions including breathing and digestion) , and reticular formation (arousal and alertness)

midbrain overview

consists of inferior and superior colliculi that function in sensorimotor reflexes

somatic nervous system

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed through out the skin, joints, and muscles

explicit memory

consists of those memories hat require conscious recall. This if further divided into semantic memory (the facts we know) and episodic memory (our experiences)

role set

contain all of the different roles associated with a status

Force field theory

developed by Kurt Lewin who viewed the field as one's current state of mind which is simply the sum of forces on the individual at that time both acting for and against the individuals goals.

Determining shape

detected by parvocellular cells that have very high color spatial resolution but thy can only work with stationary or slow moving objects because they have very low temporal resolution.

humanists or phenomenological theorists

focus on the value of individuals and take a more person-centers approach. Personality is the result of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals.

How is labor organized in a communist government?

for the common advantage of the community, and everyone consumes according to their needs

acetlycholine

found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the central nervous system it has been linked to attention and arousal. Loss of cholinergic neurons connecting with the hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer's disease

James Watt

invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

social class

is a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics. The three main social classes are upper, middle, and lower class.

alcohol

is a depressant and it acts to increase the activity of the GABA receptor which is channel that caused hyperpolarization of the membrane. It also increases dopamine levels cause a sense of mild euphoria.

long term memory

is an essentially limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are able to recall on demand

secondary apprasial

is an evaluation of one's ability to come with stress

network

is an observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

role partner

is another individual who helps define a specific role within the relationship

immigration

is the movement into a new geographic area

attribute substitiution

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

Mixed Economy

systems that combine elements of all three types (market, traditional, and command). (government/tradition/markets answer some of questions of WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM to produce)

depressants

reduce nervous system activity resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduces anxiety

phonology

refers to the actual sound of language.

multiculturalism

refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

secure attachment

requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore knowing he or she has a secure base to return to. This creates a strong preference for the caregiver

Free Enterprise

resources are privately owned, and competition is allowed to flourish with minimum government interference.

Mita

When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America as a form of taxation. The Inca had previously used a similar practice.

Buddhism

the teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Inflation

a rise in general level of prices. Americans want stable prices when inflation occurs, workers need more money to pay for food, clothing, and shelter

Self-determination theory

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

top down processing

also called conceptually driven processing is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components

hindbrain

also called the rhombencephalon which controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. The medulla oblongata regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The pons lies above the medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways. The cerebellum helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements (alcohol impairs this affecting speech and balance)

market

arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to come together to exchange goods and services

behaviorist perspective

based on the concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described a the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishment (token economies)

Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

amphetaminines

cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their reuptake. In return this causes a decrease in appetite and need for sleep and people exhibit increased HR and blood pressure.

Babinski reflex

causes the toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

culture

describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society.

displacement

describes the transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another.

mating system

describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

observational learning

is the process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others

What does the value of a good depend on

its' scarcity and utility

What is productivity discussed in terms of?

labor

Four factors of production

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs

absolute threshold

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system. This is thus a threshold in sensation and NOT perception. With this we are merely trying to detect how bright, loud, or intense a stimulus must be before it is sensed.

Economic growth causes the PPF to what?

move outward

sterotypes

occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group

alpha waves

occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed.

disorganized attachement

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive. The child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregivers' absence or presence and my show repetitive behaviors

Economic growth

occurs when a nations total output of goods and services increases over time. Ability of the economy to increases production of goods and services

spreading activation

occurs when one node of our semantic network is activated and other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

grasping reflex

occurs when the infant closed his fingers around an object in his or her hand

What do local governments provide?

parks libraries sanitation bus services

Employment Act of 1946

goal of full employment (law) in effort to avoid wide-spread joblessness pre-WWII

Mixed (Modified) Free-Enterprise Economy

people and businesses carry on their economic affairs freely, but they are subject to some government intervention and regulation.

macula

has a high concentration of cones and its center point called the fovea contains only cones

forebrain

has the greatest influence on human behavior but are not absolutely necessary for survival. It is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavior processes including emotion and memory.

William James 1842-1910

his theories were amongst the first to form the idea functionalism, or a system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

law of pragnanz

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

Scientific Revolution

period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas.

sensitive period

is a time when environmental input has maximal effect on the development of an ability

factor markets

place where individuals earn their incomes, where the factors of production are bought and sold. Entrepreneurs hire labor for wages and salaries, acquire land in return for rent, borrow money.

preconventional morality

places and emphasis on the consequences of the moral choice age: preadolescent Stages: 1) obedience- avoiding punishment 2) self interest- gaining rewards and is also associated with instrumental relativist stage which is based on reciprocity and sharing

instinct theory

states that people are driven to do certain behaviors base on evolutionary programmed instincts. It is derived from Darwin's theory of evolution.

basic model

states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions, which can be understood across cultures

Weber's law

states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jng and the magnitude of the original stimulus

self-fulfilling prophecy

stereotypes can lead to expectation of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

absolutism

strong centralized continental monarchies that attempted to make royal power dominant over aristocracies and other regional authorities.

categorical perception

the ability to learn when subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not. An example of this would be the pronunciation of a word that varies between people.

Tao-te Ching

the central text of Daoism.

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Dual economy

Two system (local needs and global needs) within one country, occurs mostly in under-developed countries

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.

imperator

Under the Roman Republic, it was the title given to a victorious general. Under Augustus and his successors, it became the title of the ruler of Rome meaning "emperor."

U.S Constitution

Was written by the founding Fathers i order to avoid the power of one single figure and to create a strong centralized government away from Great Britain. 1787 delegates voted immediately to abandon the Articles of Confederation and draft a new constitution. Checkes and balances, federalism, and separation of powers Three branches of government

cottage industry

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.

Proprietary Colonies

Were owned by a single person or single family. These colonies were run more like a dictatorship, with the family appointing officials as they pleased

Nirvana

Within several Indian religious this is the peace of mind that comes from ending the cycle of rebirth. For some it is from overcoming suffering while for others it comes from joining with Brahman.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Imperialism of Free Trade

The advance of European economic and political interests in the 19th century by demanding that non-European nations allow European nations, mostly Great Britain, to introduce their manufactured goods freely into all nations or to introduce other goods, such as opium into China, that allowed those nations to establish economic influence and to determine the terms of trade.

revisionism

The advocacy among 19th century German socialists of achieving a human socialist society through the evolution of democratic institutions, not revolution.

home rule

The advocacy of a large measure to administrative autonomy for Ireland within the British Empire between the 1880s and 1914.

Golden Bull

The agreement in 1356 to establish a seven-member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor.

Neo-Assyrian

The agressive Mesopotamian empire created after an Assyrian resurgence, which initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them resulting in the Persian Empire.

Great Schism

The appearance of two and at times three rival popes between 1378 and 1415.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's concept of "the survival of the fittest" to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

Mandates

The assigning of the former German colonies and Turkish territories in the Middle East to Britain, France, Japan, Belgium, Australia, and South Africa as de facto colonies under the vague supervision of the League of Nations with the hope that the territories would someday advance to independence.

League of Nations

The associated of sovereign states set up after WWI to pursue common policies and avert international aggression.

naturalism

The attempt to portray nature and human life without sentimentality.

family economy

The basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe.

hoplite phalanx

The basic unit of Greek warfare in which infantrymen fought in close order, shield to shield, usually eight ranks deep. The phalanx perfectly suited the farmer-soldier-citizen who was the backbone of the polis.

Value

The basis for economics,used to describe and measure what is occurring in the market

collectivization

The bedrock of Stalinist agriculture, which forced Russian peasants to give up their private farms and work as members of collectives, large agricultural units controlled by the state.

Arianism

The belief formulated by Arius of Alexandria that Jesus was a created being neither fully man or fully God , but something in between. It did away with the doctrine of the Trinity.

Laissez Faire

The belief that the government shouldn't intervene much in the economy and should instead let the people do what they want with their property.

hieroglyphics

The complicated writing script of ancient Egypt. It combined picture writing with pictographs and sound signs. Hieroglyph means "sacred carvings" in Greek.

civilizing mission

The concept that Western nations could bring advanced science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration.

Council of Nicaea

The council of Christian bishops at Nicaea in 325 C.E. that formulated the Nicene Creed, a statement of Christian belief that rejected Arianism in factor of the doctrine that Christ is both fully human and fully divine.

clientage

The custom in ancient Rome whereby men became supporters of more powerful men in return for legal and physical protection and economic benefits.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.

cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.

Paleolithic Age

The earliest period when stone tools were used, from about 1,000,000 to 10,000 B.C.E. From the Greek meaning "old stone."

European Economic Community (EEC)

The economic association formed by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957. Also known as the Common Market.

war communism

The economic policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War to seize the banks, heavy industry, railroads, and grain.

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776).

plantation economy

The economic system stretching between Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates.

second industrial revolution

The emergence of new industries and the spread of industrialization from Britain to other countries, especially Germany and the United States, in the second half of the 19th century.

New Imperialism

The extension in the late 19th and early 20th centuries of Western political and economic dominance in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

imperialism

The extension of a nation's authority over other nations or areas through conquest or political or economic hegemony.

Imperialism

The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states.

Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Arthashastra

The famous ancient Indian book on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Written by Kautilya.

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

plebeians

The hereditary lower class of early Republican Rome.

Junkers

The noble landlords of Prussia

Siberia

The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.

Thirty-Nine Articles

The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism.

demesne

The part of a manor that was cultivated directly for the lord of the manor.

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Nubians

The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.

People

The people of the world are diverse and offer a rich contribution to global unity. The live throughout the regions of the Earth's surface and sometimes are the primary means to defining an area. People are categorized in many ways in order to better describe them as related to their specific characteristics. Knowing information about the people of certain regions will help understand their relationships to the spaces of the world:

Reign of Terror

The period between the summer of 1793 and the end of July 1794 when the French revolutionary stated used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

pax romana

The period of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas.

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

positivism

The philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, or positive, stage of human intellectual development because it involved exact descriptions of phenomena, without recourse to unobservable operative principles, such as gods or spirits.

mobilization

The placing of a country's military forces on a war footing.

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US

existentialism

The post-WWII Western philosophy that hold human begins are totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes them dread and anguish.

Processes

The practice of citizenship through activities and opportunities

polygyny

The practice of having two or more wives or concubines at the same time.

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and the individual state governments. State government have their own constitution, similar to the U.S constitution, but the laws of individual states cannot conflict with the federal Constitution. Every state constitution reflects its individual history, needs, philosophy, and geography and is uniquely different from all states.

Neolithic Revolution

The shift beginning 10,000 years ago from hunter-gatherer societies to settled communities of farmers and artisans. Also called the Age of Agriculture, it witnessed the invention of farming, the domestication of plants and animals, and the development of technologies such as pottery and weaving. The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Near East about 8000 B.C.E. "Neolithic" comes from the Greek word for "new stone."

feudal society

The social, political, military, and economic system that prevailed in the Middle Ages and beyond in some parts of Europe.

Judah

The southern Israelite kingdom established after the death of Solomon in the 10th century B.C.E.

utilitarianism

The theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest number of people, should be applied to government, the economy, and the judicial system.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Keynesian economics

The theory of John Maynard Keynes that governments could spend their economies out of a depression by running deficits to encourage employment and stimulate the production and consumption of goods.

Marxism

The theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that history is the result of class conflict, which will end in the inevitable triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social class.

natural selection

The theory originating with Darwin that organisms evolve through a struggle for existence in which those have a marginal advantage live long enough to propagate their kind.

Protestant Ethic

The theory propounded by Max Weber in 1904 that the religious confidence and self-disciplined activism that were supposedly associated with Protestantism produced an ethic that stimulated the spirit of emergent capitalism.

divine right of kings

The theory that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God.

heliocentric theory

The theory, now universally accepted, that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. (Opposite of geocentric theory)

id, ego, superego.

The three entities in Sigmund Freud's model of the internal organization of the human mind. Id: amoral, irrational instincts for self-gratification. Superego: external morality imposed on the personality by society. Ego: the balance between the two. Allows the personality to cope with external and internal demands.

Augustus

The title given to Octavian in 27 B.C.E. and borne thereafter by all Roman emperors. It was a semi religious title that implied veneration, majesty, and holiness.

caliphate

The true line of succession to Muhammad.

consuls

The two chief magistrates of the Roman state.

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.

Bundesrat

The upper house of the German federal parliament whose members are appointed by the various state governments.

empiricism

The use of experiment and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge.

Consumer Revolution

The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early 18th century and created the demand for sustaining the Industrial Revolution.

Longitude

The vertical lines that run parallel to the prime meridian and measure the distance in degrees east and west from the meridian; based on a 360 degrees system, but written as 180 degrees in each direction

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.

culture

The ways of living built up by a group and passed on from on generation to another.

Lewis and Clark

They explored and mapped the American West and the Pacific Coast. They traveled thorough the Louisiana Territory (Missouri to Oregon Coast) and were led by Sacagawea

Suppose that the company was producing at point A and wanted to move to point B, how would that be achieved?

This is possible as long as point B is not outside the production possibilities frontier. However, the company will have to give something up in return.

Goods

useful, tangible item that satisfies a want

discrimination

when a prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

what types of goods are available?

capital goods, consumer goods, durable goods, and nondurable goods

what is a market economy based on????

capitalism

Command economy

central authority makes major decisions. Headed by king, dictator, president, etc. Gov decides what is built, how it's built, and who will receive what is made.

how are the resources allocated in communist governments

central planning directs all resources

confomity

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group of society

ritual

a formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. It is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and predetermined order of events

Free-Enterprise Capitalism

a market economy in which private citizens own the factors of production and businesses compete with minimal government interference.

Productivity

a measure of the amount of goods and services produced with a given amount of resources in a specific period of time.

Markets can only exist as long as what

a mechanism is in place for buyers and sellers to meet

Socialism

a mixed economic and political system in which the government owns and controls some, but not all, of the basic productive resources. → In socialistic governments, the Gov. also provides some of the basic needs of its people, such as education and healthcare.

Christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

Yurt

a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia such as Mongols, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.

Crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

zone of proximal development

concept developed by Lev Vygotsky referring to those abilities and skills that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills successfully requires the help of a more knowledgable other, typically an adult.

narcoloepsy

condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep. Symptoms include cataplexy or lass of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours that is usually cause by an emotional trigger, sleep paralysis or the sensation of being unable to move despite being awake, and hypnagogic and hypnopomic hallucinations

posterior pituitary

connected to the hypothalamus and secretes ADH and oxytocin

Eustachian tube

connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity and helps to equalized pressure between the middle ear and the environment.

ventral prefrontal cortex

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

supression

consciously removing an idea or feeling form consciousness

id

consists of all the basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce. It functions according to the pleasure principle or immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. The primary process is to respond to frustration.

sensory memory

consists of both iconic and echoic memory and is the most fleeting kind of memory. It generally only last under 1 sec but during this time we can take in an incredible amount of detail.

forebrain overview

consists of cerebral cortex (complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes), basal ganglia (movement), limbic system (emotion and memory), thalamus (sensory relay station), and hypothalamus (hunger and thirst/ emotion)

implicit memory

consists of our skills and conditioned responses

fluid intelligence

consists of problem-solving skills and generally peaks in early adulthood.

temporal lobe

consists of the auditory cortex which aids in sound processing and Wernicke's area that is associated with language reception and comprehension. It also functions in memory processing, emotion, and language

information processing model

contains 4 key components: 1) thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli 2) stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision making 3) decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems 4) problem solving is dependent no only on the person's cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the problem

Inner ear

contains a body labyrinth which contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. This is filled with a potassium fluid called endolymph in which this is suspended in another fluid called perilymph providing cushioning and aids in transmission of vibrations from the outside.

retina

contains photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain can process. Vitreous humor is a gel like substance that lies behind the lens and supports the retina.

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

basal ganglia

coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay it to the brain and spinal cord. Parkinson's disease is a chronic illness associated with the destruction of portion of the basal ganglia. It may also play a role in schizophrenia and OCD.

Universal emotions

darwin explained that all humans evolved the same set of facial muscles to show the same expression when communicating emotions. Paul Ekman described 7 basic emotions that are recognized around the world including happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger.

aphasia

deficit of speech production or comprehension. Damage to Broca's area (expressive aphasia) shows speech comprehension is intact but the patient will have a reduced or absent ability to produce spoken language. Damage to Wernicke's area (receptive aphasia) shows that motor production and fluency of speech is retained but comprehension is lost. There can also be damage to the arcuate fasciculus (conduction aphasia) in which the patient is unable to repeat something that has been said because the connection between the two speech area's has been lost.

arousal

defined as the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. It involves the brain stem, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system.

gender identity

describes a person appraisal of him or herself on scales of masculinity and femininity

the bystander effect

describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

personality

describes the set of thoughts, feelings , traits, and behaviors with are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations

social facilitation

describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

Hieroglyphics

designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented

Determining motion

detected by magnocellular cells because they have very high temporal resolution but have very low spatial resolution.

personal construct psychology

developed by George Kelly is a process of insight whereby the individual acquires new constructs that will allow her to successfully predict troublesome events and be able to integrate these new constructs into already existing ones.

Tympanic membrane

divides the outer ear from the middle ear and collect sound waves from the external auditory canal

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

James-Lange theory

a stimulus results first in physiological arousal which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled. This theory predicts that individuals who cannot mount a sympathetic response like spinal cord injuries should show decreased levels of emotion. Subsequent studies have proven this claim to be false. (nervous system arousal --> conscious emotion)

Tanakh

a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon.

Dar al-Islam

a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.

Division of labor

a way of organizing work so that each individual worker completes a separate part of the work

Humanism

a worldview and a moral philosophy that considers humans to be of primary importance. It is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. A major component of the Italian Renaissance.

Ecstasy

acts as a hallucinogen combined with an amphetamine. It causes increased HR and blood pressure along with blurry vision, sweating, nausea, and hyperthermia.

thalamus

acts as an important relay station for incoming sensory information including all senses EXCEPT smell. Once it receives signals they are sorted and sent to the proper location.

Product market

after individuals receive their income from the resources they sell in a factor market, they spend it here. markets where producers sell their goods and services. wages and salaries individuals receive from businesses in the factor markets returns to the businesses in the product markets. Businesses use money to produce more goods and services

working memory

allow us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously to manipulate that information.

bottom up processing

also called data-driven processing refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection.

Schachter-Singer theory

also called the cognitive arousal theory or the two factor theory. It states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced. Unique to this theory is cognitive appraisal which states that one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to nervous system arousal to feel an emotion. (nervous system arousal + cognitive appraisal --> conscious emotion)

John Dewey 1859-1952

also played a major role in functionalism due to his 1896 article that criticized the concept of the reflex arc that breaks down the process of reacting to a stimulus into discrete parts. He believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole at it functioned to adapt to the environment.

Dar al islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Fixed Income

an income that does not increase even though prices go up

type theory examples

ancient Greek humors, Sheldon's somatotypes (body types), division into type A and B, and the MBTI

sensory receptors

are neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

secondary groups

are often temporary and contain fewer emotional bonds and weaker bonds overall

Benzodiazepines/ Barbiturates

are used as anxiety reducing and sleeping medications. They function to increase the GABA activity causing a sense of relaxation but can be fatal when mixed with alcohol.

circadian rhythms

are usually responsible for our daily waking and sleeping cycles when is controlled by biochemical signals. The retina has a direct connection to the hypothalamus when controls the pineal gland. The pineal gland will produce melatonin due to a decrease in light sensed by the retina.

gestalt principles

are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

social institutions

are well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Common social institutions include family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine.

norms

are what determine boundaries of acceptable behaviors within a society

stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle

as you fall even more deeply asleep you see slow-wave sleep (SWS) until only a few sleep waves per second are seen. These low frequency and high voltage sleep waves are called delta waves. This has been linked to cognitive recovery and memory consolidation as well as increase growth hormone release

game theory

attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

rooting reflex

automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek

conventional morality

based on understanding and accepting social rules age: adolescence to adulthood Stages: 3) conformity- seeks the approval of others 4) law and order- maintains the social order in the highest regard

learned behaviors

behaviors based on experience and environment

type and trait theorists

believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

social cognitive perspective

holds that individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. People mold their environments according to their personalities and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Middle ear

houses the three smallest bones in the body called ossicles which help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the TM to the inner ear. The malleus or hammer is attached to the TM and it acts o the incus or anvil which acts on the stapes or stirrup.

What are the disadvantages of a command economy

ignore the basic wants and needs of consumers. Lacks effective incentives to get people to work requires large bureaucracy, which consumes resources. --> army of clerks, planners, and other administrators needed to operate the system. slows decision making and raises production costs. planning bureaucracy lacks flexibility to deal with minor day-to-day problems. as a result, tends to lurch from one crisis to the next--or collapse completely as did the former soviet union lacks room (or rewards) for individual initiative each person is expected to perform a job in a factory or on a farm according to the decisions made by central planners.

Aryans

immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

Marijuana

exerts its effects on the cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, and opioid receptors. The active ingredient THC also act to increase GABA activity (neural inhibition) and dopamine activity (causing pleasure). Physiologically it causes eye redness, dry mouth, fatigue, impairment of short term memory, increased HR, increased appetite, and lowered blood pressure.

Drive reduction theory

explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states. Certain physiological conditions result in a negative internal environment that the drive motivation and seeks homeostasis in order to reduce the uncomfortable internal state.

opponent-process theory

explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology. This theory can also explain tolerance to a drug.

short term memory

fades quickly but over the course of approximately 30 sec and is usually limited to a capacity of seven items

conflict theory

focuses on how power differentials are crated and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

signal detection theory

focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal and external context

functionalism

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those component fit together. Manifest functions are deliberate actions that serve to a given system. Latent functions are unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions.

The social interactionist theory

focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes. Language acquisition is driven by the child's desire to communicate and behave in a social manner. This theory allows or the role of brain development in the acquisition of language and later the child then reacts with others to either reinforce or de-emphasize certain brain circuits.

attribution theory

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people behaviors. Dispositional causes are those that relate to the feature of the person whose behavior is being considered. Situational causes are related to features of the surroundings or social context

What are the two categories of economic products?

goods and services

Gestalt theory

in which practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete persoin rather than reducing him to individual behaviors or drives

anxiety disorders

include generalizes anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: is a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 moths. Specific phobias: are irrational fears of specific objects or situations. Social anxiety disorder: anxiety due to social or performance situations. Agoraphobia: is the fear of places and situations when it is hard for an individual to escape. Panic disorder: is marked by recurrent panic attacks which are intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with not clear stimulus.

Depressive disorders

include major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder. Major depressive disorder: contains at least one major depressive episode. Pervasive depressive disorder: is depressed for at last two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder. Seasonal affective disorder: is the name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset usually during the winter months.

hallucinogens

include such drugs as LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin containing mushrooms. The exact mechanism is unknown but thought to be the result of a complex interaction between various NT, especially serotonin. Psychologically they cause increased HR and blood pressure, dilation of pupils, sweating, and increased body temperature

Primary drives

include the need for food, water, warmth, and motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostatis

Secondary drives

includes certain emotions and are thought to stem from learning

behavioral response to emotion

includes facial expressions and body language

Physical Characteristic

includes water system, animal life, plant life, landforms, and climate

gross motor skills

incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion

How can division of labor and specialization reduce the price of goods?

increasing productivity and therefore output of goods

Entrepreneurs

innovators, risk-takers, driving force in an economy, start new businesses or bring new products to market

What do state governments oversee to preserve competition in the marketplace?

insurance rates

Korsakoff's syndrome

is a form of memory loss that is cause by thiamin deficiency in the brain and is marked by retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Another symptoms includes confabulation or creating vivid but fabricated memories.

spacial inequality

is a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines.

algorithms

is a formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

reference group

is a group to which an individual compares him or herself

Gemeinschaft community

is a group unified by feeling of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

Gesellschaft society

is a group unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal

deindividuation

is a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

inclusive fitness

is a measure of an organism's success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others.

demographic transition

is a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

cultural syndrome

is a shared set of beliefs, norms, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography

amygdala

is a small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. It plays a major role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions and defensive behaviors/aggressive behaviors including fear and rage.

poverty

is a socioeconomic status referring to the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life

anomie

is a state of normlessness. Anomic conditions erode social solidarity by mean of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation.

classical conditioning

is a type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli

sympathetic nervous system

is activated by stress and associated with "fight-or-flight" reactions. Here the bronchi relax and heart rate accelerates. The main neurotransmitters for these responses are norepinephrine and epinephrine.

ethnicity

is also a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

source amnesia

is another memory construction error involving confusion between semantic and episodic memory where a person remembers the details of an event but confuses the context under which those details where gained

Carl jung

is another psychoanalysts who identified the ego as the unconscious mind and divided the unconscious into two parts. Personal unconscious are thoughts that have been repressed and collective unconscious that is a system shared among all human. It is considered to be a residue of the experiences of out early ancestors.

dorsal prefrontal cortex

is associated with attention and cognition

prevalence

is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time

incidence

is calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

is caused by a deficiency in of thiamine or vitamin B12 and is characterized by severe memory impairment with changes is mental status and loss of motor skills.

threshold of conscious perception

is centralized around the idea of subliminal perception which refers to the perception of a stimulus below a given threshold. Here the signal arrives at the central nervous system but does not reach higher brain regions that control attention and consciousness.

body dysmorphic disorder

is characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part. The individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection.

Parkinson's disease

is characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremors, pill-rolling tremors (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth), masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb), and a shuffling gait with stooped posture. Biologically this disease is thought to be caused by decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra that permit the proper functioning of the basal ganglia. It is often treated with L-DOPA which is a precursor molecule that is converted to dopamine once it is in the brain.

prejudice

is defined as an irrational positive, or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience

Front part of the eye

is divided into the anterior chamber in front of the iris and the posterior chamber which is between the iris and the lens.

drug addiction

is highly related to the mesolimbic reward pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegumental area (VTA), and the connection between them called the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). This area is generally associated with motivation and emotional response.

ascribed status

is involuntarily assigned to an individual based on race, ethnicity, gender, family background, and so on

Trial and error

is less sophisticates type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work

Parietal lobe

is located on the postcentral gyrus and involved somatosensory information processing. This projection area is the destination for all incoming sensory signals including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. The central region of this lobe is associated with spacial processing.

alertness

is maintained by neurological circuits in the prefrontal cortex at the very front of the brain. Fibers of the prefrontal cortex communicate with the reticular formation (located in the brain stem) to keep the cortex awake. A brain injury to this area can result in a coma.

Sleep

is measured with EEG patterns including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. There is a 5th wave that corresponds to REM sleep which is when we dream. These sleep stages form a complete cycle lasting about 90 min.

crystallized intelligence

is more related to use of learned skill and knowledge and generally tends to peak in middle adulthood.

consciousness

is one's level of awareness of both the world and one's own existence within that world. The levels include alertness, sleep, dreaming, and altered states of consciousness

superego

is refined and focused on the ideal self by judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures. It can be subdivided the the conscious which is a collection of the improper actions that are punishable and the ego ideal which consists of proper action that are rewarded.

regression

is reversion to an earlier developmental state.

hypothalamus

is subdivided into lateral (eating and drinking), ventromedial (satiety center), and anterior (sexual behavior/sleep/body temp) sections aiding in homeostatic functions as well as emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggressive behavior, and sexual behavior. It also helps to control some endocrine function and the autonomic nervous system.

intuition

is the ability to act on perception that may not be supported by available evidence

parallel processing

is the ability to simultaeously analyze and combinde information regarding color, shape, and motion. These can then be compared to our memories to determine what we are viewing.

elaborative rehearsal

is the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory. These are usually things we can relate to our own lives.

fertility rate

is the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

fundamental attribution error

is the bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributes on regard to the actions of others

morbidity

is the burden or degree of illness associate with a give disease

power

is the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. It often depends on unequal distribution of values resources.

obedience

is the change in behavior based on command from someone seen as an authority figure

iris

is the color part of the eye and is composed of two muscles: the dilator pupillae which opens the pupil under sympathetic control and constrictor pupillae which constricts the pupil under parasympathetic control.

associative learning

is the creation of pairing or association either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

projection

is the defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feeling to others Tests: Rorschach inkblot and Thematic Apperception Test

cognitive development

is the development of one's ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan

stigma

is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group base on perceived differences form the rest of society

sleep depravation

is the loss of even on night of sleep or multiple nights of poor quality or short duration. It is marked by irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance, slowed reaction time, and in some cases psychosis. People often go into REM rebound or earlier onset and grater duration of REM sleep after depravation.

fictional finalism

is the notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences

cerebral cortex

is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with everything from language processing to problem-solving, and from impulse control to long-term planning.

pinna (auricle)

is the outer part of the ear and functions to channel sound waves into the external auditory canal

status

is the position in a society used to classify individuals

assimilation

is the process by which a group or individual's culture begin to melt into another culture

socialization

is the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

schizophrenia

is the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature. It contains positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms: add something to behavior, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior Negative symptoms: are the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition.

birth rate

is the relative to a population size over time usually measure as the number of birth per 1000 people per year

gender

is the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with biological sex.

master status

is the status by which an individual is primarily identified

cognition

is the study of how our brain process and react to the information presented. The frontal lobe in humans is disproportionately large compared to our anthropological ancestors.

symbolic interactionism

is the study of the ways individuals interact through shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

emotion

is the subjective experience of a person in a certain situation

cognitive response to emotion

is the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced which is largely based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion.

group think

is the tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within a group without considering outside ideas. Ethics may be disturbed as a pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group

just-world hypothesis

is the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

confirmation bias

is the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them.

reliance on central traits

is the tendency to organize the perception of other base on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

halo effect

is when judgements of an individual's character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

recency effect

is when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impression

front stage

is where an individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image

back stage

is where the individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image

nondurable good

item that lasts for fewer than three years when used on a regular basis

concrete operational stage

lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age. In this stage children can understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others. Additionally, they are able to engage in logical thought when working with concrete objects or information. At this stage they have NOT yet gained the ability to think abstractly.

How do improvements in technology when regarding the production process benefit a company?

lower costs make manufactured items cheaper. Cheaper goods are available/accessible to a wider range of people.

Human capital

major contribution to productivity comes from investments in the sum of people's skills, abilities, health, knowledge, and motivation.

Capital goods

manufactured goods used to produce other goods and services(inputs)

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.

somatic symptom and related disorders

somatic symptom disorder: involves at lest one somatic symptoms, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern. illness anxiety disorder: is a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with a serous medical condition. conversion disorder: involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma.

Formal operational stage

starts around age 11 and is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas. "Pendulum experiment" played a significant role in determining this.

sensorimotor stage

starts at birth and lasts until two years of age. During this stage a child learns to manipulate his or her environment in order to meet physical needs. The key milestone of this stage is the development of object performance which occurs when the child understands that objects continue to exist even when out of view. This marks representational thought where the child has begun to create mental representation of external objects and events.

learning theory

states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and condidtioning

elaboration likelihood model

states that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing/high elaboration, peripheral route processing/low elaboration)

social cognitive theory

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

problem-solving dream theory

states that dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping

cognitive process dream theory

states that dreams are merely the sleeping counter part of stream-of-consciousness.

social construction model

states that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions

context effects

states that memory is aided by being in the physical location when encoding took place

functional attitudes theory

states that there are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

Wealth

the accumulation of products that are tangible, scarce, useful, and transferable from one person to another.

semantic network

the brain organizes ideas in which concepts are linked together based on similar meanings

GDP

the dollar value of all final goods, services, and structures produced within a country's borders in a 12-month period.

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

adaptive value

the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species leading to adaptation through natural selection.

Profit

the extent to which persons or organizations are better-off financially at the end of a specific period than they were at the beginning. → "profit motive" is largely responsible for the growth of a free-enterprise system.

Chavin

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

How can "human capital" be invested in?

the government can provide education and health care; businesses can invest in training and other programs improving the skills of their workers

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

sleep apnea

the inability to breath while sleeping and can be obstructive or central.

functional fixedness

the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

Zhou dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.

Mahabharata

the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

minimum wage

the lowest legal wage that can be paid to most workers.

parasympathetic nervous system

the main goal of this system is to conserve energy. It is concerned with resting and sleeping states and acts to reduce heart rate and constrict the bronchi. It also aids in managing digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions. The main neurotransmitter for these responses is acetylcholine.

threshold

the minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception

urbanization

the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work.

neuroplasticity

occurs when neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli

role conflict

occurs when one has difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously

accomodation

occurs when the contraction of the ciliary muscle under parasympathetic control also pulls on the suspensory ligaments changing the shape of the lens

long term potentiation

occurs when the stimulus is repeated, neurons becomes more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sides on the other side of the synapse increase increased receptor density. This is thought to be the basis of long term memory.

Economic Systems

organized ways of providing for the wants and needs of people

Market economy

people make decisions in their own best interest

Important Jungian archetypes

persona-the aspect of out personality we present to the world anima- a "man's inner woman" animus- a "woman's inner man" shadow- unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in out consciousness

Erik Erickson

personality development is base on a series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands.

Daoism

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Most heavily tested receptors

photoreceptors: respond to electromagnetic waves Hair cells: respond to movement of fluid in the ear nociceptors: respond to painful or noxious stimuli thermoreceptors: respond to temperature changes osmoreceotors: respond to the osmolarity of blood olfactory receptors: respond to volatile compounds taste receptors: respond to dissolve compounds

serotonin

plays a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming. Over supply of this is thought to cause mania and under supply is thought to produce depression.

What things can cause the PPF frontier to expand?

population growth, stock of capital expanding, improvements in technology, or increase in productivity. Any of these changes will result in the company being able to produce more in the future

Yerkes-Dodson law

postulates that a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. It states that performance is worse at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level. Lower levels are optimal for cognitive tasks while higher levels are optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina.

The PPF represents what?

potential output at a given point in time. Eventually, changes may cause the PPF frontier to expand.

Brain areas and language production

predominantly reside in the left hemisphere of the brain and include Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Broca's area: located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe and is responsible for controlling the motor function of speech via the motor cortex. Wernicke's area: located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe and is responsible for language comprehension. These two areas are connected by the arcuate fasciculus which is a bundle of axons controlling language comprehension and speech production.

Amacrine and horizontal cells

receive input form multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to ganglion cells. They increase our perception of contrast

meritocracy

refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

second sickness

refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

deviance

refers to any violations of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

role performance

refers to carrying out the behaviors of a given role

mortality

refers to deaths caused by a given disease

syntax

refers to how words are put together to form sentences

perceptual organization

refers to the ability of bottom up and top down in tandem with all of the other sensory clues about an object to create a complete picture or idea

proprioception

refers to the ability to tell where one's body is in space and plays a major role in hand-eye coordination, balance, and mobility.

pragmantics

refers to the dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge. In other words, the manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship with that audience

self-serving bias

refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

social reproduction

refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

vestibule

refers to the portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule. These are sensitive to linear acceleration and used as part of the balancing apparatus

ethnocentrisim

refers to the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of ones own culture

urbanization

refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration thus creating cities.

perception

refers to the processing of sensation information to make sense of its significance

cultural relativism

refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

peer pressure

refers to the social influence placed on individuals by other they consider equals

demographics

refers to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. Some of the most common are age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status.

morphology

refers to the structure of words.

response bias

refers to the tendency of subjects for systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to non-sensory factors. Experimental Design: Catch trials: trials in which the signal is presented Noise trials: trials in which the signal is NOT presented Hit -> correctly perceives the signal miss -> fails to perceive the given signal false alarm -> perceives a signal that was not given correct negatives -> correctly identifies that no signal was given

lotus of control

refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives (internal/external)

primacy effect

refers to when first impressions are more important that subsequent impressions

What do local governments oversee to preserve competition in the marketplace?

regulate economic activity with building and zoning permits

variable interval schedules

reinforce the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time

Factors of production

resources required to produce things we want/need.

who is eligible for social security?

retirees survivors: spouses and children of deceased persons covered by Social Security disabled persons Medicare recipients: health insurance provided for persons 65 and older.

law of good continuation

says that elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together

law of similarity

says that objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

Pavlov's Experiment

unconditioned stimulus was the meat which would cause the dog to salivate reflexively. The neutral stimulus was ringing a bell. Pavlov repeatedly rang the bell before placing meat in the dogs mouth. After this the dog began to salivate when he heard the bell thus turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus causing a reflexive response to be a conditioned response .

punishment

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior Positive: adds an unpleasant consequence in response to behavior to reduce that behavior negative: is the reductions of a behavior when a stimulus is removed

consumers

the people who use goods and services to satisfy their wants and needs

social support

the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network. Different types of support include emotional, esteem, material, informational, and network support

Warring States Period

the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty.

accommodation

the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information

recognition

the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned. This is much easier than recall.

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

dishabituation

the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

maintenance rehearsal

the repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to story it in short term memory and eventually long term memory

escape learning

the role of a behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists

layers of meninges

these help protect the brain, keep it anchored within the skull, and resorb cerebrospinal fluid. It is composed of 3 layers including dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Peptide neurotransmitters

these neuromodulators are slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters. Endorphins are a prime example and act as natural pain killers. Morphine and other opioids provide a similar effect.

Capital "capital goods"

things used in production of goods and services to include: 1. tools 2. equipment 3. machinery 4. factories 5. finished product

Cocaine

this also causes a decrease in the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin but by a different mechanism. It also has anesthetic and vasoconstrictive effects and is sometimes used in surgeries in highly vascularized areas such as the nose and throat.

Assyrian Empire

this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE

Optic disk

this is a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no photoreceptors here

Cochlea

this is a spiral shaped organ with three parts. The organ of Corti is housed in the middle scala which is the actual hearing apparatus. The other two scalae surround the hearing apparatus and are continuos with the oval and round windows of the cochlea. Sound entering the cochlea though the oval window causes vibrations in perilymph which are transmitted to the basilar membrane. In the round window however, perilymph actually moves within the cochlea. The hair cells in the organ of Corti convert physical stimulus into and electrical signal that is carried to the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Choroid

this is the middle lining of the eye and is continuous with the iris and ciliary body

optic chiasm

this is where the fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross paths. From here information travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the temporal and parietal lobes and ends up in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

Interpersonal attraction

what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors including the golden ratio, similarities, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

Three basic questions in economics

what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce

moro reflex

when an infant reacts to an abrupt movement of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying.

contralaterally

when cerebral hemispheres communicate with the opposite side of the body

ipisilaterally

when cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body

How does a society decide for whom they will produce?

when producing a product, they decide if it should be the kind wanted by upper class, low-income workers, or middle income. If not enough is available, they must decide who receives the existing supply

When is the role of the government in the economy justified?

when the benefits outweigh the costs

When does productivity go up?

whenever more can be produced with the same amount of resources

what is a market's focus

where the goods and services are exchanged

Whorfian hypothesis

which is also called the linguistic relativity hypothesis that suggest that our perception of reality is determined by the content of language. In other words language affect the way we think rather than the other way around.

the circular flow becomes larger how?

with more factors of production, goods, and services flowing in one direction and more payments in the opposite direction

Value

worth that can be expressed in monetary terms

Totalitarian

A type go government that controls all political aspects, economic matters, attitudes, values, and beliefs of the population keeping the individual subordinate to the state

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.

Intolerable Acts

Measures passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the colony of Massachusetts and strengthen Britain's authority in the colonies. The laws provoked colonial opposition, which led immediately to the American Revolution.

Waldensians

Medieval heretics who advocated biblical simplicity in reaction to the wordiness of the church.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Equal-area map

Shows land area with relatively proper sizes: however, distortion can occur

Islam

Meaning "submission." The religion founded by the prophet Muhammad.

pontifex maximus

Meaning "supreme priest." The chief priest of ancient Rome. The title was later assumed by the popes.

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.

Cixi

Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Deductive reasoning

starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given

Panhellenic

"All Greek." The sense of cultural identity that all Greeks felt in common with each other.

American-Indian Wars

1587-1890 These struggles involved European settlers in the colonies who defeated Native Americans and tribes in order to expand ownership of land , resulting in the placement and confinement of Native Americans on reservations

The Declaration of Independence

1776 The principles set fourth in this document justified the separation of the 13 American Colonies from Great Britain and provided responsibilities to individuals, with a government rules by the people

Atoll

A ring or partial ring of coral that forms an island in a sea or ocean

Monophysite

Adherent of the theory that Jesus had only one nature.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.

neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

Theodosius

Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

The Preamble

Is the formal introduction to the Constitution. It summarizes the basic premises and the explains the purpose of the Constitution

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with many deaths.

Magna Carta

The "Great Charter" limiting royal power that the English nobility forced King John to sign in 1215.

Ionia

The part of western Asia Minor heavily colonized by the Greeks.

Executive Branch

This branch of the government ensures that the laws of the United States are followed. The head of the Executive Branch is the President of the United States, who also command the military. The President has assistance from the Vice President, Cabinet members, Department members, and federal agencies, all of whom help carrying out policy and providing special services

Carthage

This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.

Comfort girls

Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded.

Phenomena

a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. (Example- Earth's surface and activities that occur on Earth)

sensation

aligns with transduction or the conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system

Fully employed resources

all points on the curve ( a, b, c, d, and e) represent maximum combinations of output that are possible if all resources are fully employed.

Who owns Communist resources?

all productive resources are gov. owned and operated

social mobility

allows one to acquire higher-level employments opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience. Social mobility can either occur in a positive or negative direction depending on if one is promoted or demoted in status

Why is economic growth necessary to meet all needs

bc a nation's population is likely to increase

genital state

beginning of puberty to adulthood if prior developments have proceeded correctly, the person should enter into healthy heterosexual relationships. If sexual traumas have not been resolved this may result in homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism.

consumer goods

goods intended for final use by individuals

What is the role of a communist government in the economy?

government makes ALL economic decisions

androgyny

is defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

emigration

is the movement away from a geographic area

sublimation

is the transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

social perception/social cognition

is the way by which we generate impression about people in our social environment. It contains a perceiver, their target, and the situation or social context of the scenario

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

correspondent inference theory

is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors performed by another person

IQ tests

largely pioneered by Alfred Binet IQ= (mental age/chronological age) x 100

Ciliary body

produces aqueous humor that bathes the front part of the eye and drains into the canal of Schlemm

what is the most important contributing factor in terms of economic growth?

productivity

semantics

refers to the association of meaning with a word

basal rate fallacy

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

1905

Date: Russo-Japanese War (Hint: 1__5)

Huguenot

A French Protestant

Fjord

A long narrow sea inlet bordered by steep cliffs

How are resources allocated in capitalist governments?

Capital for production is obtained through the lure of profits in the market

Seven major continents

About 30 percent of the world is comprised of land mass, which is divided into separate continents, each unique to its area and its people. These continents are large and continuous plots of land usually separated by water. They are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia

categorical imperative

According to Emmanuel Kant, the internal sense of moral duty or awareness possessed by all human beings.

1502

Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas (Hint: 1__2)

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion.

Amendment 8

Bail, fines, and punishment

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

foederati

Barbarian tribes enlisted as special allies of the Roman Empire.

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam.

Gift economy

Believes that goods and service should be given without specific reason, such as for generosity

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

1618

Date: Thirty Years War begins (Hint: 1__8)

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century

Corporate Colonies

Charter---- colonies were led by joint-stock companies. These were run business with backing of wealthy investors. The more money the colony made, the wealthier the investors became. The investors voted in officials and elected the leaders in this type of colony

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.

1917

Date: Year of successful Russian Revolution(s)

1931

Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Hint: 1__1)

527 CE

Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire (Hint: _27 CE)

1950

Date: Korean War starts

1324 CE

Date: Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage (Hint: __24 CE)

1848

Date: Many European Revolutions / Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto (Hint: 1__8)

1271-1295 CE

Date: Marco Polo Travels (Hint: "__71-__95 CE")

1517

Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses (Hint: 1__9)

1987

Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada (Hint: 1__7)

2001

Date: 9/11 Attacks

National Government

Declares War Manages foreign relations Oversees international, foreign, and interstate Mints money in a treasury

Formal Region

Defined in two ways though either common human features such as language, religion, nationality or culture or common physical features such as climate, landform, or vegetation

Politcal map

Demonstrates government boundaries and territorial borders for major countries, states, territories, and provinces

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

tetrarchy

Diocletian's system for ruling the Roman Empire by four men with power divided territorially.

League of Nations

Diplomatic organization created after World War I. Proposed by Wilson but the US did not join. The organization is widely regarded as a huge failure.

Climate Map

Displays weather and typical climatic conditions of a region

Logos

Divine reason, or fire, which according to the Stoics was the guiding principle in nature. Every human had a spark of this divinity, which returned to the eternal divine spirit after death.

utopian socialism

Early 19th century theories that sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities.

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

What are the American economic goals

Economic Freedom Economic Efficiency Economic Equity Economic Security Economic Growth Full Employment Price Stability

Rank

Economic resources and power are equal to all social groups, but prominence is unequally distributed. Often a river or chief maintain the highest prominence status

Capitalism

Economic system with private and corporate ownership of property and competitive markets. However, since its origins in the 18th and 19th century it was also often correlated to large-scale collusion between governments and private industries such as through establishing royal charters, copyrights and patents, corporate law, and eventually even subsidies of taxpayer money to private industries.

Polar

Extremely cold with permanent ice and tundra present

Specialization

Factors of production perform only tasks they can do better or more efficiently than others

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

Polis

Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state.

Indictment

Formal accusation through a legal process

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.

émigrés

French aristocrats who fled France during the Revolution.

Yuan Empire

He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.

perestroika

Meaning "restructuring." The attempt in the 1980s to reform the Soviet government and economy.

arete

Manliness, courage, and the excellence appropriate to a hero. It was considered the highest virtue to Homeric society.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim journey to Mecca.

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17, 1775

Encomienda

Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.

fief

Land granted to a vassal in exchange for services, usually military.

capital goods

Machines and tools used to produce other goods.

Budget

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

Witchcraft

Many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.

Holocaust

Mass murder of Jews under the Nazi Regime

Magna Graecia

Meaning "Great Greece" in Latin, it was the name given by the Romans to southern Italy and Sicily because there were so many Greek colonies in the region.

Romanitas

Meaning "Roman-ness." The spread of the Roman way of life and the sense of identifying with Rome across the Roman Empire.

Qur'an

Meaning "a reciting." The Islamic bible, which Muslims believe God revealed to the prophet Muhammad.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

condottieri

Military brokers who furnished mercenary forces to the Italian states during the Renaissance.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).

Gaul

Modern France

Mesopotamia

Modern Iraq. The land between the Tigris and Euphrates River where the first civilization appeared around 3000 B.C.E.

Asia Minor

Modern Turkey. Also called Anatolia.

scutage

Monetary payments by a vassal to a lord in place of the required military service.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Capitalism

Mostly private-owned for profit

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

septal nuclei

contain the primary pleasure centers and is often associated with addictive behaviors

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Maya

Never an empire but an extensive and culturally advanced Mesoamerican society with many cities in the Yucatan.

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Mongolians

Nomadic society with law code unification, strong military, but transmitted disease across continents

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

State Government

Oversees export and important within its boundaries Manges public health and safety Ratifies amendments

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Economic growth will eventually allow the PPF to produce at what point that it could not before?

PPC1

secular clergy

Parish clergy who did not belong to a religious order.

Julius Caesar

Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.

Octavian

Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.

Guomindang

Political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

serfs

Peasants tied to the land they tilled.

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture.

Interaction of people and environment

People adapt, modify, and depend on the environment which can cause change in the environment

Labor

People with all their efforts, abilities, and skills

Cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Community

Populations of different plants and animals

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.

Autarky economy (closed economy)

Self- sufficient systems that limits outside trade, relying on its own resources

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware

Shipped Crops and traded furs

Nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

conservatism

Support for the established order in church and state. In the 19th century, it implied support for legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservatives favored only gradual or "organic", change.

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

aristocratic resurgence

Term applied to the 18th century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies.

Concert of Europe

Term applied to the European great powers acting together (in "concert") to resolve international disputes between 1815 and the 1850s.

Counter-Reformation

The 16th century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Reformation

The 16th century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism.

Enlightenment

The 18th century movement led by the philosophes that held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science.

Mycenaean

The Bronze Age civilization of mainland Greece that was centered at Mycenae.

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Bolsheviks

The Marxist revolutionaries who eventually gain control of Russia in 1917.

SA

The Nazi parliamentary forces, or storm troopers.

Safavid

The _________ Empire that ruled Persia (Iran) between 1502-1736.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

Supply and demand

The amount of goods and services, which is directly related to the request for them when the request (demand) goes up, the amount (supply) must go up, and therefore, the price goes up

robot

The amount of labor landowners demanded from peasants in the Habsburg Monarchy before 1848.

Phoenicians

The ancient inhabitants of modern Lebanon. A trading people, they established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.

polis

The basic Greek political unit. usually, but incompletely, translated as "city-state", the Greeks thought of the polis as a community of citizens theoretically descended from a common ancestor.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

symposium

The carefully organized drinking party that was the center of Greek aristocratic social life. It featured games, songs, poetry, and even philosophical disputation.

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

enclosure

The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields.

Neo-local

The couple chooses a place of residence separate from either set of patterns

"mystery" relgions

The cults of Isis, Mithra, and Osiris which promised salvation to those initiated into the secret or "mystery" of their rites. These cults competed with Christianity in the Roman Empire.

Caesaropapism

The direct involvement of the ruler in religious doctrine and practice ad if he were the head of the church as well as the state.

taille

The direct tax on the French peasantry.

predestination

The doctrine that God had foreordained all souls to salvation or damnation. It was especially associated with Calvinism.

transubstantiation

The doctrine that the entire substances of the bread and wine are changed in the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ.

papal infallibility

The doctrine that the pope is infallible when pronouncing officially in the capacity as head of the church on matters of faith and morals, enumerated by the First Vatican Council in 1870.

apostolic primacy

The doctrine that the popes are the direct successors to the Apostle Peter and as such heads of the church.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Chartism

The first large-scale European working-class political movement. It sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in the 1830s and 1840s.

Chavin

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

Hegira

The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.

parliamentary monarchy

The form of limited or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 in which the monarch was subject to the law and ruled by the consent of parliament.

Zoroaster

The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion.

encomienda

The grant by the Spanish crown to a colonist of the labor of a specific number of Indians for a set period of time.

Catholic Emancipation

The grant of full political rights to Roman Catholics in Britain in 1829.

Ottoman Empire

The imperial Turkish state centered in Constantinople that ruled large parts of the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East until 1918.

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.

Scale

The measurement used to describe the size of real objects represented on a map (miles, structures, and land masses)

Estates General

The medieval French parliament. It consisted of three separate groups, or "estates": clergy, nobility, and commoners. It last met in 1789 at the outbreak of the French Revolution.

liberal arts

The medieval university program that consisted of the trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and logic, and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.

Curia

The papal government.

Upper Egypt

The part of Egypt that runs from the delta to the Sudanese border.

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Messiah

The redeemer whose coming Jews believed would establish the kingdom of God on earth. Christians considered Jesus to be the Messiah.

gabelle

The royal tax on salt in France.

Homo sapiens

The scientific name for human beings, from the Latin words meaning "Wise man." Homo sapiens emerged some 200,000 years ago.

Peloponnesus

The southern peninsula of Greece where Sparta was located.

Cultural anthropology

The study and comparison of ancient and modern cultures and groups of people Which can include Food-getting structures Economic systems Social stratification Patterns of residence Political Organizations Religions Arts

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.

Colombian Exchange

The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

chiaroscuro

The use of shading to enhance naturalness in painting and drawing.

Monetary Policy

The way government controls the money supply, such as interest rates

polytheism

The worship of many gods.

Albigensians

Thirteenth-century advocates of a dualist religion. They took their name from the city of Albi in southern France. Also called Cathars.

Hadith

Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins.

Production Possibilities Curve

a diagram representing various combinations of goods and services an economy can produce when all its' resources are in use.

agression

a physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

attachment

an emotional bond to another person, and usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver

Communism

an extreme form of socialism; an economic and political system where all property is collectively—not privately—owned

innate behavior

genetically programed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience

How would using more workers benefit a society in terms of how to produce?

if a community has many unemployed people, using more workers is more economically beneficial

operant conditioning

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in efforts to alter the frequency of those behaviors

Land

natural resources. Finite amount of natural resources (fixed/limited supply)

peripheral nervous system

nerves tissue and fiber outside the brain and spinal cord.

subjective contours

no shapes may be present but there is a shape carved out by perceiving contours

limbic system

primarily associated with memory, emotion, and motivation. Associate structures include the septal nuclei, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, fornix, and parts of the cerebral cortex

fixed-ratio schedules

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

family studies

rely on the assumption that geneticaly related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals

habituation

repeated exposure o the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

Want

something we would like to have

family group

the group into which is individual is born, adopted, or married

opportunity cost

the cost of the next-best alternative

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

assimilation in the brain

the process of classifying new information into existing schemata

Prehistory Period

time of unwritten records

repression

unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

achieved status

voluntarily earned by an individual

Hermann von Helmholz 1821-1894

was the first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse. He is often credited with the transition of psychology into a field of the natural sciences.

Eysenck's three major traits

1) Psychoticism - nonconformity 2) extraversion - tolerance for social interaction and stimulation 3)neuroticism - arousal in stressful situations

US gov has laws against what

1. false/misleading advertising 2. unsafe food and drugs 3. environmental hazards 4. unsafe automobiles 5. abuses of individual freedoms (ex: protection of private property)

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Sufi

A member of the more mystical third sect of Islam famous for their dance and their poetry.

Island

A small area of land surrounded by water on all sides

suffragettes

British women who lobbied and agitated for the right to vote in the early 20th century.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

concentration camps

Camps first established by Great Britain in South Africa during the Boer War to incarcerate noncombatant civilians; later, camps established for political prisoners and other persons deemed dangerous to the state in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The term is now primarily associated with the camps established by the Nazis during the Holocaust.

Human Characteristic

Can consist of values, religious belief, language system, political structures, economic methods, and socioeconomic status

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Old Regime

Term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in Europe before the French Revolution.

mercantilism

Term used to describe close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests.

Athens

This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god.

sleep walking

also called somnambulism usually occurs during SWS in which people carry out various task without having any recollection of the events

sensory neurons

also known as afferent neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

taste

carried out by chemoreceptors that are sensitive to dissolved compounds. Includes sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami (savory)

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions ( repetitive tacks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life)

insomnia

difficulty falling or staying asleep. This is the most common sleep disorder and may be related to anxiety, depression, medications, or disruption of sleep cycles.

social constructionism

explores the ways in which individuals are groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Franz Gall 1758-1828

had one of the earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and even personality might be linked to brain anatomy. He believed that one could measure psychological attributes by feeling or measuring the skull (phrenology).

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness. They are the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system. Low levels of norepinephrine are associate with depression and high levels are associated with anxiety and mania

undifferentiated

is a person scoring low on both the masculine and feminine scales.

delirium

is a rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical causes

peer group

is a self-selected group formed around similar interests, ages, and statuses

social exclusion

is a sense of powerlessness when individuals fell alienated from society

role

is a set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectation of a certain status in the social situation

brain stem

is composed of the hindbrain and midbrain which is sometimes considered the most primitive region of the brain. These parts are associated with basic survival needs

hippocampus

is located in the temporal lobe and plays a vital role in learning and memory processes. Specifically helps consolidate information to form long-term memories. It communicates with other portions of the limbic systems thorough the fornix.

avoidance learning

is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

self-efficacy

is our belief in our ability to succeed. This can sometimes lead to overconfidence or learned helplessness.

primary appraisal

is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated stress

gender inequality

is the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

agnosia

is the loss or ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds. It is usually cause by physical damage to the brain such as a stoke or neurologic disorder like multiple sclerosis

reinforcement

is the process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behaviors positive: increased a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior Negative: increase the frequency of a behavior and do so by removing something unpleasant.

globalization

is the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

recall

is the retrieval and statement of previously learned information

what causes economic growth?

labor- technology, training, participation rate going up. availability of natural resources increases of capital stock

autonomic nervous system

manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands. Its functions are automatic , or independent of conscious control.

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories of personality

most agree that there are unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality. Freud is one of the most noteworthy supporter of psychoanalytic theory.

physiological response to stress

occurs via the sympathetic nervous system causing increased HR and decreased digestion leaving more energy available to react to the stressor

dopamine

plays an important role in movement and posture. High concentration are usually found at the basal ganglia which help smooth movements and maintain postural stability disruption in this can aid in parkinson's disease. Imbalances in transmission dopamine have also been associated with schizophrenia.

ethnic identity

refers to one's ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.

variable ratio schedules

reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant. This is the fastest and is also more resistant to extinction

fixed interval schedules

reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

A shift of the PPF in WHAT DIRECTION means economic growth?

right

Empress Wu

the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

identity vs role confusion

12 -20 years Who am I? What can I be?

How are Trade-offs among goals resolved?

1. through a comparison of the costs to the benefits

initiative vs guilt

3- 6 years Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.

Wetland

A damp area of land often with wet soil that is low in oxygen (swamp, riparian, bog, moor, peatland, mire, marsh, slough

Canyon

A deep valley carved by a river with steep sides; includes a deep gorge with a running stream or river

Malay

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malaysian Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

Domesday Book

A detailed survey of the wealth of England undertaken by William the Conqueror between 1080 and 1086.

Khmer Empire

Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia

Atmosphere

Air and Climate and meteorology

West

Alaska (AK), Colorado (CO), California (CA), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), Oregon (OR), Utah (UT), Washington (WA), Wyoming (WY)

Bay

An area of water smaller than a gulf that is partly enclosed by land

Equator

An imaginary circle around the Earth halfway between the poles that divides the Northern and Southern hemisphere; 0º latitude

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Wheel of Life

An important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation.

Both (State and National)

Create and enforces laws Set taxes Borrow money

Cyrus

Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name

Congressional district

Divison or part of a state, each district elects one person to the House of Representatives

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

nonaligned

During the Cold War, countries who did not want to support either side sometimes declared themselves to be.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Iliad and the Odyssey

Epic poems by Homer about the "Dark Age" heroes of Greece who fought at Troy. The poems weren't finally written down until the 18th century.

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

Consulate

French government dominated by Napoleon from 1799 to 1804.

syndicalism

French labor movement that sought to improve workers' conditions through direct action, especially general strikes.

Convention

French radical legislative body from 1792-1794.

parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility. THe most important was the Parlement of Paris, which claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

Trireme

Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina

Grew tobacco, rice, and indigo

Third Reich

Hitler's regimes in Germany's which lasted from 1933 to 1945.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Geography

Is the study of places and encompasses four main concepts Physical Characteristic (Lands and Vegetation) Geopolitical information (boundaries and capital cities) Demographics (size, density, and population) Economic information (agricultural and manufacturing)

Economics

Is to explain how financial systems work and how the financial entities interact and function

Political Science

Is to promote citizenship education , so students can learn to make informed decisions that improve and enhance society. Focus themes of Power, Authority, and Governance and Civic Ideals and Practices, which provide students with knowledge about the forms of government and the importance of community participation in a society

keiretsu

Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

anti-Semitism

Prejudice, hostility, or legal discrimination against Jews.

Competition

Producers and sellers compete with one another to attract consumers, while lowering costs. Consumers compete with one another to obtain the best products at the lowest prices.

Constantine

Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital

populares

Roman politicians who sought to pursue a political career based on the support of the people rather than just the aristocracy.

Socialism

Rule by all

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true.

Socialist

System of social control regarding property and income rather than individual control

petitie bourgeoisie

The lower middle class.

Ptolemaic System

The pre-Copernican explanation of the universe, with the earth at the center of the universe, originated in the ancient world.

Compass Rose

The precise direction on a map or globe (north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest)

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

Ghana

West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's

biological theorists

claim that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression

stereotype threat

is concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group

out-group

one with which an individual competes or composes

GABA

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity by causing hyperpolarization.

law of proximity

says that elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

foraging

searching for and exploiting food resources

cognitive dissonance

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thought or opinions which generally leads to a state of discomfort

1954

Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu (Hint: 1__4)

1991

Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq (Hint: 1__1)

Führer

Meaning "leader". The title taken by Hitler when he became dictator of Germany.

Duce

Meaning "leader." Mussolini's title as head of the Fascist Party.

Capitalism

Property is privately owned and goods are privately

kulaks

Prosperous Russian peasant farmers.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to his new city of St. Petersburg.

oral stage

0 to 1 year libidinal energy centered on the mouth. Fixation can lead to excessive dependency

trust vs mistrust

0 to 1 year Can I trust the world?

bourgeois

A French word used to describe something associated with the middle class or to describe a middle-class person.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.

Veto

Cancel or postpone a decision, bill or so on

jus naturale

Meaning "natural law." The stoic concept of a world ruled by divine reason.

jus gentium

Meaning "law of peoples." The body of Roman law that dealt with foreigners.

Laisses-farie

Promotes private to maintain freedom, security, and property rights

New England

Relied on ship building, sailing, and fishing

Cortes

The Spanish conqueror of Mexico.

cultural barrier

is a social difference that impedes interaction

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle." Hitler's statement of political program, published in 1924.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass." Refers to the looting and destruction of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany in November 1938.

blitzkrieg

"lightning war", German tactic used in early WWII of employing fast-moving, massed armored columns supported by airpower to overwhelm the enemy.

Early civilizations brought the following

-Basic achievements included the invention of the wheel, alphabets, math, and time measurements. -Art and architecture was influential -Alphabetic writing -Religions were defined and practiced -Commonality and diversity became known (separate and geographically and culturally but all developed trade. writing, cities)

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).

What are the disadvantages of a market economy?

1. Rewards only productive resources (does not provide for people too young, too old, or too sick to work) 2. Does not produce enough public goods (Private producers concentrate only on providing products they can sell for a profit) Ex: Defense, universal education, healthcare 3. Workers and businesses face uncertainty as a result of competition and change

Four Noble Truths

1. Suffering is always present in life 2. Desire is the cause of suffering 3. Freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana 4. The Eightfold Path leads to nirvana

What are five are major concepts that explain the interaction and impact of physical processes on the Earth?

1. System 2. Boundary 3. Force 4. State of Equilibrium 5. Threshold (point of change)

The Civilization of China

1029 B.C.E Was the longest-lasting civilization in world history and one of the most influential. They had three dynastic cycles. Zhou, Qin, Han, all of which developed strong political institutions, created active economies, and promoted central tax systems. As one dynasty began to falter, the next rose developed through a prominent general, peasant, or invader who took the lead.

The Magma Carta

1215 The clauses of this document (63 total) explained and restricted the rights of the monarch

John Smith

1580-1631 Captain in the English military who founded Jamestown, Virginia. He explored Chesapeake Bay and New England coast

War of 1812

1812-1814 Congress declared war on Britain which resulted in increased national patriotism, united the states into one nation, and built confidence in U.S military strength. The Star-Spangled banner, the national anthem, was written.

The Vietnam War

1945-1975 A long conflict in which communist North Vietnam (supported by China and the Soviet Union) tired to take over noncommunist South Vietnam (supported by the United States). It resulted in the defeated of South Vietnam, with North Vietnam imposing a socialist republic where the communist party now governs

intimacy vs isolation

20-40 years Can I love?

generativity vs stagnation

40-65 years Can I make my life count?

The Civilization of India

600 B.C.E The development of India's Civilization was shaped by it topography since it is partially separated from Asia by its northern mountain range. Most agricultural regions were along the Ganges and the Indus rivers. River in India was sporadic and divided into widespread empires (invaders) small kingdoms. During both types of rule, culture, and economics advanced. The Mauryn and Gupta were the two successful dynasties and were managed completely by India's culture spread widely due to its extensive trading practices, which allowed the open acceptance of outside influences. Buddhism crossed cultures and became a globally practiced religion.

The Civilization of Greece and Rome

800 B.C.E Both Greece and Rome were extremely powerful and influential throughout the world and they created a rise in the city-state. The Greeks set up large expanding colonial and trading systems or webs. Rome gained territory and power by acquiring lesser developed cultures, causing it grow into an empire.

Jansenism

A 17th century movement within the Catholic Church that taught that human beings were so corrupted by original sin that they could do nothing good nor secure their own salvation without divine grace.

Yellow Turban Revolt

A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

corvée

A French labor tax requiring peasants to work on roads, bridges, and canals.

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Apostle Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan

Direction

A concept of space an location (right-left, up-down, north-south) to aid reading map information

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

Plateau

A flat area of land with grasses and few trees

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

Zollverein

A free-trade union established among the major German states in 1834.

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Italian Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600

Shakespeare

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.

Congress System

A series of international meetings among the European great powers to promote mutual cooperation between 1818 and 1822.

Fronde

A series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652.

System

A set of connected parts functioning together. There are two primary systems critical to the ongoing changes on the Earth: 1. Physical 2. Human

Lagoon

A shallow body of water located against a coast

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Janissary

A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army

Isle

A small island or peninsula

Islet

A small island usually isolated

postimpressionism

A term used to describe European painting that follow impressionism, the term actually applies to several styles of art all of which to some extent derived from impression or stood in reaction to impressionism.

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.

Atlantic

After 1500, world economic activity gradually began to shift toward this body of water, noncontributing to the rise of Western European colonialism and economic dominance in the world.

South

Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), Florida (FL) Georgia (GA), Kentucky (KY), Louisiana (LA), Mississippi (MS) North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Tennessee (TN), Virginia (VA), West Virginia(WV)

Plebeians

All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Warsaw Pact

Alliance against democracy, supporting communism

Delian League

Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age."

NATO

Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.

Yellow River

Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Delian League

An alliance of Greek states under the leadership of Athens that was formed in 487-477 B.C.E. to resist the Persians. In time the league was transformed into the Athenian Empire.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Hittites

An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron.

Jainism

An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor).

Inflation

An increase in overall prices for products and services

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Table of Ranks

An official hierarchy established by Peter the Great in imperial Russia that equated a person's social position and privileges with his rank in the state bureaucracy or army.

apartheid

An official policy of segregation, assignment of peoples to distinct regions, and other forms of social, political, and economic discrimination based on race associated primarily with South Africa.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Mayans

Astronomy and mathematic, elaborate written language system, architecture, and art

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.

13 Colonies

Began with founding of settlements called Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629). In 1773 is was established. They are 1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut 5. New York 6. New Jersey 7. Pennsylvania 8. Delaware 9. Maryland 10. Virginia 11. North Carolina 12. South Carolina 13. Georgia

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

Shi'a

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

Cannon-Bard theory

Cannon studies the expression of emotion and its relationship to feedback from the sympathetic nervous system using cats whose afferent nerves have been severed. He hypothesized that physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occurred at the same time. Bard further explained that when exposed to a stimulus , sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus. This theory however fails to explain the vagus nerve that functions as a feedback system. (nervous system arousal + conscious emotion --> action)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.

What is the government involved in in a market economy?

Care for the elderly Ex: social security National defense Environmental protection

Ming

Chinese dynasty that followed the overthrow of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. It was mostly a time of vibrant economic productivity. It is regarded as the last great Chinese dynasty (1368-1644). In 1644 they fall to Manchurian (Qing Dynasty) from the North who who rule China until the Nationalist revolution in 1911.

war guilt clause

Clause 231 of the Versailles Treaty, which assigned responsibility for WWI solely to Germany.

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Twelve Tables

Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic following demands by plebeians.

Amendment 3

Conditions for quarters of soldiers

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Mental map or sketch map

Conjures a sketch in a person's mind and is constructed mentally without any particular references: demonstrates what a person knows about location and characteristics of places

Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

Market economy

Considered a compromise system, as it allows public and privately owned companies or business to operate simultaneously

Perceptual Region

Constructed around human feelings and attitudes of the area, these regions are defined by peoples' subjective images if an area and can be based on biases and stereotypes that may be incorrect or inappropriate.

Three important citizenship are

Content Values Processes

Tang

Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires.

Cluster A personality disorders

Custer A: paranoid (mistrust/suspicion), schizotypal (magical thinking/eccentricity), and schizoid ( detachment from relationships/limited emotion)

1756

Date: 7 years war between France and Britain begins (Hint: 1__6)

323 BCE

Date: Alexander the Great dies (Hint: "_23 BCE")

1776

Date: American Revolution/Smith writes Wealth of Nations (Hint: 1__6)

1571

Date: Battle of Lepanto (Hint: 1__1)

1989

Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany

1945

Date: end of WWII

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Thematic Map

Demonstrates the location of specific ideas or distributions such as population of children, languages of the world, and time zones

excommunication

Denial by the church of the right to receive the sacraments.

creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

Topographer

Designs, describes, and develops maps

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

Mentuhotep I

Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

banalities

Exactions that the lord of a manor could make on his tenants.

Fact-book maps

Examines the actual facts of events or activities in certain regions or specific places such as life expectancy rates and energy consumption

Relief map or topographical map

Exhibits a three-demesional variation in the topography of land and water areas

Classical Civilizations

Expanded trade and provide other influences to areas outside their own borders Reevaluated and restructured key institutions upon decline and fall empires or rules, policies, and values Created new and varied religions Increased agricultural options and opportunities Extended the land territories and boundary areas Integrated the people and societies (social cohesion)

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.

coloni

Farmers or sharecroppers on the estates of wealthy Romans.

Liu Bang

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.

Hussites

Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist.

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy.

Glorious Revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

Abbasid Dynasty

From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.

assignats

Government bonds based on the value of confiscated church lands issued burring the early French Revolution.

What is the role of the socialist government in the economy

Government directs the completion of its' economic plans in key industries

Kievan Russia

Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.

autocracy

Government in which the ruler has absolute power.

What's the role of government in capitalist governments

Government may promote competition and provide public goods

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Lithosphere

Ground and Surface and Rock formation, soil formation, plate tectonics and erosion

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Caesar Augustus

He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Helots

Hereditary Spartan serfs.

Tropical

High temperatures year-round with large amounts of rain

Confucius

His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).

Ptolemy

His ideas on science influenced Muslim and European scholars from Roman times until the Scientific Revolution. He was a Greco-Roman writer famous as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

How would using machinery benefit a society in terms of how to produce?

If machinery is WIDELY AVAILABLE, automatons can lower production costs.

Midwest

Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), South Dakota (SD), Wisconsin (WI)

Historical map

Illustrates the people of an area and the population such as trade routes and religions

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.

What are the main advantages of a market economy?

Individual freedom for everyone → Able to adjust to change gradually ( Ex: gas prices low before 2005; people bought gas-inefficient cars. When the price of gas rose dramatically, gas-guzzling car-sales dropped, and, smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles became popular.) → Lack of government interference → Decentralized decision making → Incredible variety of goods and services → High degree of consumer satisfaction

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Agricultural Revolution

Innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.

Gunpowder

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.

Muslim/Islam

Islamic religion, chemistry advances, high-quality maps, influential arts and sciences

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 First founding document of the United States of America that dissolved any any connection of the 13 Colonies with Great Britain This declaration led to the development of the Articles of Confederation and later the U.S. Constitution, both of which served to outline the rights and responsibilities of U.S citizen

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

Jung's work laid the groundwork for this creation which is a classic personality test.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

Content

Knowledge that helps promote good citizenship

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

latifundia

Large plantations for growing cash crops owned by wealthy Romans.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294). Ruled the Mongol Empire from China and was the founder of the Yuan Empire in China after finishing off the Song Dynasty.

equestrians

Literally "cavalrymen" or "knights." In the earliest years of the Roman Republic those who could afford to serve as mounted warriors. The equestrians evolved into a social rank of well-to-do businessmen and middle-ranking officials. Many of them supported the Gracchi.

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

zemstvos

Local government set up in the Russian Empire in 1864.

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.

Carbonari

Meaning "charcoal burners." The most famous of the secret republican societies seeking to unify Italy in the 1820s.

presbyter

Meaning "elder." A person who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.

grossdeutsch

Meaning "great German." The argument that the German-speaking portions of the Habsburg Empire should be included in a united Germany.

orthodox

Meaning "holding the right opinions." Applied to the doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

Citizen

Member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection

regular clergy

Monks and nuns who belong to religious orders.

Opiates/Opioids

Naturally occurring form are called opiates and include morphine and codeine. Semisynthetic derivatives are called opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and heroine. They bind to the opioid receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system causing a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria. Overdoses of these can cause death by respiratory suppression.

Battle of Yorktown

October 19, 1781

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

censor

Official of the Roman republic charged with conducting the census and compiling the lists of citizens and members of the Senate. They could expel senators for financial or moral reasons. Two censors were elected every five years.

Nuremberg Trials

One key set of trials held for certain Germans accused of war crimes.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.

Isfahan

Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.

peninsulares

Person born in Spain who settled in the Spanish colonies.

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Amendment

Ratified in 1791 are considered the Bill of Rights Is a modification, addition, or deletion to a low or bill Are incorporated into the meaning of the Constitution

Sandinista

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Crusades

Religious wars directed by the church against infidels and heretics.

Republic

Rule by law

Oligarchy

Rule by minority

Anarchy

Rule by no one

scientific induction

Scientific method in which generalizations are derived from data gained from empirical observations.

Cold (Continental)

Seasonal temperatures that vary widely with low overall precipitation; found on the interior of large land masses

What is the question in terms of how to produce?

Should factory owners use: 1. automated production methods that require more machines and fewer workers or 2. should they use fewer machines and more workers

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.

Kushites

Skilled in iron use, metal technological advantages in military and agricultural realms, extensive trade, strong economic system, and established cities

Timur

Sometimes known as Tamerlane, this was the Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His empire included Persia (Iran) and many surrounding lands. He is the great great grandfather of Babur. who later founds the Mughal Empire in India.

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader from 1962 to 1984 who is most known internationally for actions such as his hard-line stance against the pro-democracy Prague Spring protesters in 1968 and well as overseeing Russia's long, costly, and futile war in Afghanistan.

Hacienda

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Mercantilism

States that a nation must depend on its capital and that the world market is unchangeable

Amendment 10

States' right

Laissez-faire

Strict free market with absence of government involvement

Meteorologist

Studies climates and the affects upon the Earth

Geographer

Studies land formations and the Earth's composition

Sociologist

Studies the behavior of people and how they impact the world

Anthropologist

Studies the history of people such as their culture and language

Cartographer

Studies the science or practice if map drawing

Zhou

Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.

scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

nationalism

THe belief that one is part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguished it from other nations and make it the primary focus of a person's loyalty and sense of identity.

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

What would the opportunity cost of the unemployed resources be if workers in the clothing industry went on strike?

The 100 units of lost clothing production

philosophes

The 18th century writers and critics who forged the new attitudes favorable to change. THey sought to apply reason and common sense to the institutions and societies of their day.

What is the opportunity cost of producing 100 additional units of clothing?

The 30 units of cars given up. We know this, because when you follow the dotted line connected to 400 (which is the result of producing 100 additional units), you reach 40, which is how many cars can be produced when 400 units of clothing are produced. You then subtract 40 from 70 to find how many cars you aren't producing as a result of the 100 additional units of clothing produced

appeasement

The Anglo-French policy of making concessions to Germany in the 1930s to avoid a crisis that would lead to war. It assumed that Germany had real grievances and Hitler's aims were limited and ultimately acceptable.

ENIAC

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. The first genuine modern digital computer, developed in the 1940s.

levée en masse

The French revolutionary conscription of all males into the army and the harnessing of the economy for war production.

Nazis

The German Nationalist Socialist Party.

Luftwaffe

The German air force in WWII.

Weimar Republic

The German democratic regime that existed between the end of WWI and Hitler's coming to power in 1933.

Reichstag

The German parliament, which existed in various forms, until 1945.

agora

The Greek marketplace and civic center. It was the heart of the social life of the polis.

oikos

The Greeks household, always headed by a male.

ten lost tribes

The Israelites who were scattered and lost to history when the northern kingdom of Israel fell t0 the Assyrians in 722 B.C.E.

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.

Vulgate

The Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome that becomes the standard bible used by the Catholic Church.

Holocaust

The Nazi extermination of millions of European Jews between 1940 and 1945. Also called the "final solution to the Jewish problem."

humiliores

The Roman term for the lower classes.

honestiores

The Roman term to denote the privileged classes: senators, equestrians, the municipal aristocracy, and soldiers.

Muscovy

The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

Fertile Crescent

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago.

Marshall Plan

The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall of providing economic aid to Europe after WWII.

Socialization

The acceptance and practice of the behavior patterns of a culture (following the norms)

The Rise of Non-European Civilizations

The advent of civilization furnished a framework for the majority of the developments in the world. Specifically, the rise of civilizations in Africa and the Middle East provided structure and cultural systems. Numerous civilizations began during this period

Third Estates

The branch of the French Estates General representing all of the kingdom outside the nobility and the clergy.

Black Death

The bubonic plague that killed millions of Europeans in the 14th century.

SS

The chief security units of the Nazi state.

Why is there a high degree of consumer satisfaction in a market economy?

The choice one group makes does not affect the choices of other groups Ex: if 51% of people want to buy classical music, and 49% want to buy rap music, people in both groups can still get what they want

Talmud

The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

Euro

The common currency created by the EEC in the late 1990s.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Matrilocal

The couple lives with or near the family of the wife

Patrilocal

The couples lives with or near the family of the husband

Act of Supremacy

The declaration by Parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England.

Augsburg Confession

The definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530.

vernacular

The everyday language spoken by the people as opposed to Latin.

Aborigine

The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.

Akbar

The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.

Donatism

The heresy that taught the efficacy of the sacraments depended on the moral character of the clergy who administered them.

Summit

The highest point of a mountain

Pinnacle

The highest point of rock, ice, or land

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age

Latitude

The horizontal lines that run parallel to the equator and measure the distance in degrees north and south from the equator; based on 90˚ in each direction

Cold War

The ideological and geographical struggle between the United States and its allies and the USSR and its allies that began after World War II and lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in 1989.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

Great Purges

The imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens by Stalin between 1934 and 1939.

syncretism

The intermingling of different religions to form an amalgam that contained elements from each.

Patricians

The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome

Glorious Revolution

The largely peaceful replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688. It marred the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Montezuma II

The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.

Pragmatic Sanction

The legal basis negotiated by the Emperor Charles VI for the Habsburg succession through his daughter Mariea Theresa.

Sejm

The legislative assembly of the Polish nobility.

Estuary

The location where a river meets the sea or ocean

Magyars

The majority ethnic group in Hungary.

Shi'a

The majority of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the caliph Ali who was assassinated in 661 C.E.

Patriarchal Authority

The male has the power and authority demonstrated in personal as well as governmental law

Apostle Paul

The man who was instrumental in its spreading Christianity beyond its early Jewish roots, particularly to the Greeks.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small

Great Trek

The migration of Boer (Dutch) farmers during the 1830s and 1840s from regions around Cape Town into the eastern and northeastern regions of South Africa that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Orange Free State and Transvaal.

Acculturation

The modification and adaptation of an individual or group as a result of contact or interaction with another culture. It can also be the manner by which an individual learns a culture

gold standard

The monetary system in which the value of a unit of a nation's currency is related to a fixed amount of gold.

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.

Akbar

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

mantra

The repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism.

reparations

The requirement incorporated into the Versailles Treaty that Germany should pay for the cost of WWI.

Renaissance

The revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries.

World War II

The struggle in which the United Sates, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union China and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. Two atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in Japan to end the war, Of the many outcomes of war there are a few to note: Germany was divided into four parts and controlled by the Allied powers: geopolitical power shifted away from western and central Europe: the United States and Russia became known internationally as superpowers; new technology appeared (computer, jet engine, nuclear fission) and many global organizations sprouted (United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Internal Monetary Fund

Estates General

The traditional group of representatives from the three Estates of French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Louis XVI assembled this group to deal with the financial crisis in France at the time, but the 3rd estate demanded more rights and representation.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

Henry The Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Legislative Branch

This branch of government is composed of Congress and government agencies that provide support to the Executive Branch. Congress has the power to make laws for the United States and is divided in two parts: the House pf Representatives and the Senate. The Senate allows for the representatives from each state and the House permits representatives from the states population, with a total of 435 seats.

Pancho Villa

This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920.

Zimmerman telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

White Russians

Those Russians who opposed the Bolsheviks (Reds) in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1921.

Old Believers

Those members of the Russian Orthodox Church who refused to accept the reforms of the 17th central regarding church texts and ritual.

Sunnis

Those who follow the "tradition" (sunna) of the Prophet Muhammad. They are the dominant movement within Islam to which the vast majority of Muslims adhere.

Punic Wars

Three wars between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean that were fought from 264 to 146 B.C.E.

Amend

To change the wrong or meaning of a motion, bill, constitution, and so on by formal procedure

The Golden Triangle

Trade triangle between US, Britain, and Africa. Ships would take valued goods to Britain from America, get money, sail down to Africa, buy slaves, and take them back to America

What are the three major economic systems

Traditional, command, and market

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Stereotype

Unsophisticated and strongly held belief's about the characteristic of a group of people

Industrialism

Uses large industries rather than agriculture or craftsmanship to create a system

manor

Villages farms owned by a lord.

Map

Visual representation of a particular area

Temperate

Warm and dry summers with cool and wet winters

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Royal Colonies

Were under direct control of the king or queen.

Residence

When people marry, they decide where to live, which is dependent on the societal norms and conforms

Location

Where something happened: relative location (compared to another place or absolute location (latitude, longitude)

Nuclear Family

Which consists children (biological or adopted) all which resides in a single household and interact with one another in respective social positions

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

dementia

a disorder that begins with impaired memory but later progresses to impaired judgement and confusions. Personality changer are also very common.

Social Security

a federal program of disability and retirement benefits that cover most working people

Market

a location or other mechanism allowing buyers and sellers to exchange a specific product

Buddhism

a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.

motor neurons

also know as efferent neurons transmit motor information form the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

trade-off

alternative choices. all the other alternatives one could have chosen.

capitalism

an economic system where private citizens own the factors of production (Private ownership of resources)

durable goods

any good that lasts three years or more when used on a regular basis

Diaspora

any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.

social movements

are organized to either promote or resist social change

personality disorders

are patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulsive control. The three clusters weird, wild, and worried.

heuristics

are simplified principles used to make decisions and are generally called rules of thumb

attitudes

are tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something

primary groups

are those that contain strong emotional bonds

display rules

are unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

cones

are used for color vision and to sense fine detail. There are nearly 6 million cones in the eye

Who owns resources in socialist govs

basic productive resources government owned and operated. The rest are privately owned and operated

What is the advantage of a command economy?

capable of dramatic change in a short time; health and public services available to all at little to no cost

Utility

capacity to be useful and provide satisfaction

WHat type of economy does a communist gov have?

command

adoption studies

compare the similarities between biological relative and the adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and the adopted child. It helps us to understand environmental and genetic influence on behavior.

twin studies

comparing concordance rates for a train between identical and fraternal twins

Vedas

compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests

occipital lobe

contains the visual cortex or striate cortex. It also has roles in learning and motor control

Alzheimer's disease

degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus an decreased in senile plaque of beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protien. With this we see shrinkage of the cerebral cortex, enlarged ventricles, and shrinkage of the hippocampus.

post conventional morality

described a level of reasoning that not everyone was capable of based on social mores age: adulthood Stages: 5) social contract- uses moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights 6) universal human ethics- decisions should be made inconsideration of abstract principles

What are the drawbacks of a traditional economy

discourages new ideas and new ways of doing things. Strict roles punish those who "color outside the lines" Leads to economic stagnation/lack of progress Lower standard of living

Bubonic plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Free-Enterprise Economy

economy where consumers and privately owned businesses, rather than the government, make the majority of the WHAT, HOW, and FOR WHOM decisions.

What do state governments provide?

education highways public welfare

Wudi

emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control

incentive theory

explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

Sir Charles Sherrington 18-57-1952

first inferred the existence of synapses. Many of his conclusions have held over time except one- he thought that synaptic transmission was an electrical process but we now know it is primarily a chemical process.

interneurons

found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons. They are located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to reflexive behavior

what is the difference between a good and a service

goods are tangible services are not

beta waves

have high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration

bipolar/related disorders

have manic or hypomanic episodes Bipolar I: contains at least one manic episode Bipolar II: contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. Cyclothymic disorder: contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia.

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual development

he believed that human physiology and human sexuality were inextricably linked. Libido is present at birth and the drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

he classified needs into 5 groups and assigned different levels of priority to each group. The most primitive, essential, and important needs are at the base and the highest level corresponds to self-actualization or the need to realize one's fullest potential.

Paul Broca 1824-1880

he examined the behavioral deficits of people with brain damage. Specifically, he demonstrated that functional impairments could be linked to specific brain lesions.

stage 2 of the sleep cycle

here along with theta waves you begin to see sleep spindles and k complexes

Lawrence Kohlberg

his theory on personality development focused on the development of moral thinking and reasoned that our cognitive abilities grow affecting the way we resolve moral dilemmas and perceive right and wrong.

Cost of idle resources

if some resources were not fully employed, it would be impossible for alpha to reach its' maximum potential production.

fine motor skills

involve smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes providing delicate movement

altruism

is a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some const to him or herself

B.F. Skinner

is considered the father of behaviorism in which he theorized that all behaviors were conditioned.

social capital

is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks are one of the most powerful forms of social capital and can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties

rationalization

is the justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

retrieval

is the name given to the process of demonstrating that something has been learned

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

The nativist theory (Biological)

largely credited to Noam Chomsky, advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language . This innate ability is called language acquisition device (LAD), a theoretical pathway in the bran that allows infants to process and absorb language rules. People that believe in the theory think that there is a critical period between 2 years of age and puberty.

peroperational stage

lasts from about two to seven years of age and is characterized by symbolic thinking (ability to pretend, play make believe, and have imagination), egocentrism (the inability to presend to imaging what another person may think or feel), and centration (the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon).

Khomeini

leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Hegemony

leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.

latent learning

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated one a reward is introduced

lens

lies behind the ires and helps control the refraction of the incoming light

self-discrepancy theory

maintains that each of us has three selves. Actual self is the way we see ourselves as we currently are. Ideal self is the person we would like to be. Ought self is our representation of the way others think we should be. The closer together these three views are to one another the higher our self-esteem is thought to be.

What type of economy is prevalent in most countries?

mixed

Economic interdependence

mutual dependency of one persons', firms', or regions' economic activities on others. this is highly prevalent in the us economy

The US gov. provides what goods and services to its' citizens

national defense subsidies (ex: agriculture) provides funding to state & local gov's for programs like road construction.

Aryans

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system

avoidant attachment

occurs when a care giver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child. The child shown no preference for the caregiver compared to a stranger.

ambivalent attachment

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child's distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful. The child will become distressed when the caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when they return.

fixation

occurs when a child is overindulging or overly frustrated during a stage of development forming a personality pattern base on that particular stage that persists into adulthood as a mental disorder known as neurosis.

compliance

occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the request of others. Some methods include foot-in-the-door technique, lowball technique, door-in -the-face technique, and that's-no-all technique

olfactory pathway

odor molecules are inhaled into the nasal passages then contract the olfactory nerves which activate receptor cells and send signals to the olfactory bulb that are then relayed via the olfactory tract to the higher regions of the brain

William James

often coined the father of modern psychology. He states that human were driven by many instincts including 20 physical instincts and 17 mental instincts that often act in direct conflict and could be overridden by experience.

night terrors

often occur in child as they enter the SWS and show signs of sympathetic overdrive with high HR and rapid breathing. The child is hard to wake during this time and often does not remember the dream the next morning.

somatosensation

often referred to as touch and includes pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature. Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure Meisner corpuscles: respond to light touch Merkle discs: respond to deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings: respond to stretch Free nerve endings: respond to pain and temperature

Jean Paget

one of the most influential figures in developmental psychology and she insisted that there are qualitative differences between the way that children and adults think. She believed that the lifespan was divided into four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, peroperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

in-group

one with which an individual identifies

rods

only allow sensation of light and dark because they contain a pigment called rhodopsin. They have low sensitivity to detail but permit night vision. There are nearly 120 million rods in the eye.

ego

operates according to the reality principle in which the secondary process takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id/pleasure principle.

heroine

or diacetalymorphine was originally created as a substitute for morphine. Treatment for opioid addiction may include the use of methadone which is a long acting opioid with lower risks of overdose.

REM

or rapid eye movement is interspersed between the NREM (stages 1-4) cycles. It is also called paradoxical sleep because ones HR, breathing patterns, and EEG mimic wakefulness yet the muscles are paralyzed and the individual is still asleep. Dreaming occurs here.

serial position effect

participants have a much hight recall for both the first few (primacy) and last few (recency) items on the list

frontal lobe

prefrontal cortex: manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions. Associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. To regulate attention and alertness if communicates with the reticular formation. Damage to this section causes impulsive behavior or depression. Motor cortex: located on the precentral gyrus and initiate voluntary motor movements by sending neural movements the spinal cord toward the muscles Broca's area: speech production

cortisol

produced by the adrenal cortex is also related to the sleeping and waking cycle. Its levels will slowly increase during early morning because increasing light causes the release of CRF from the hypothalamus. This then causes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which stimulates cortisol release.

What would happen if a clothing company was producing at point B when workers in the industry went on strike?

production of clothing would fall, causing total output to change to point E

The learning theory (behaviorist)

proposed by B. F. Skinner, explained language acquisition by operant conditioning. He believed that parents and caregivers repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most like the language spoken by the parents. However, many point out that this theory cannot explain the explosion of vocabulary that occurs during childhood.

Midbrain

receives sensory information and motor information from the rest of the body and is also associated with involuntary responses triggered by visual (superior colliculus) or auditory (inferior colliculus) stimuli

subcultures

refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

impression management

refers to the maintenance of a public image, which is accomplished through various strategies 1) self-disclosure: sharing factual information 2) managing appearances: refers to using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations to create a positive image 3) ingratiation: using flattery or conformity to win over someone else 4) aligning actions: is the use of excuses to account for questionable behavior 5) alter-casting: is imposing an identity onto another person

Difference threshold

refers to the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.

encoding

refers to the process of putting new information into memory

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

dramaturgical approach

says that individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

law of closure

says that when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure

pineal gland

secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms

What are the advantages of a traditional economy

sets forth certain economic roles for all members of the community. Stable, predictable, and continuous life

auditory pathway

signal begins in the vestibulocochlear nerve and travels to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. Some information is also sent to the superior olive and the inferior colliculus

inductive reasoning

starts with specific instances and then draws a conclusion from them

implicit personality theory

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behaviors are related.

arousal theory

states that people perform action in order to maintain and optimal level of arousal

expectancy-value theory

states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she/he values succeeding at the goal

Duplicity theory of vision

states that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors including those specialized for light-and-dark detection and those specialized for color detection.

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

terrorism

targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.

Client-centered, person-centered, or nondirect therapy

technique developed by Carl Rogers who believed that people have freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to the unconscious, nor subjects of faulty learning. Therapist could help clients reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, and determine his own destiny.

Dharma

the fulfillment of one's social and religious duties in Hinduism

Concordat

the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.

Economics

the study of how people try to satisfy seemingly unlimited and competing wants through the careful use of relatively scarce resources

group polarization

the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme then the thought of the individual group members

Traditional economy

the use of scarce resources stemming from ritual, habit, or custom.

inferiority complex

theorized by Alfred Alder is an individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially

activation-synthesis theory

theorizes that dreams are caused by wide spread, random activation of neural circuitry.

Empiricism

theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.

unconditional positive regard

therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive environment.

Gyri and sulci

these are bumps and folds that cover the cerebral cortex which aids in increased surface area

theta waves

these are characterized by irregular wave forms with slower frequencies and higher voltages. These waves mark stage 1 of the sleep cycle.

semicircular canals

these are sensitive to rotational motion. When the heads are rotated endolymph resists the motion bending the underlying hair cells sending a signal to the brain

theory of multiple intelligences

this is one of the most all-encompassing definitions described by Howard Gardner with 7 defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical- musical, visual-spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. In most cases western cultural tends to value the first two traits first.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Pierre Flourens 1794-1867

was the first person to study the functions of the major sections of the brain. He did this by extirpation on rabbits and pigeons where he would remove parts of the brain and observe their behavior. It was concluded that the brain had specific parts for specific functions and removal of parts weakened the brain as a whole.

hierarchy of salience

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

synaptic pruning

weak neural connections are broken when strong ones are bolstered increasing the efficiency of our brains ability to process information

service

work done for someone (doctors, teachers, lawyers, haircuts, home repairs, entertainment)

Shinto

"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

Hydrosphere

(Water); Water Cycle, currents of rivers and tides of oceans

Gupta Dynasty

(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature

containment

The U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.

Axis

The alliance between Germany, Japan, and Italy during WWII. AKA Pact of Steel.

conciliar theory

The argument that General Councils were superior in authority to the pope and represented the whole body of the faithful.

Acropolis

The religious and civic center of Athens. It is the site of the Parthenon.

anarchism

The theory that government and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals.

investiture controversy

The medieval conflict between the church and lay rulers over who would control bishops and abbots, symbolized by the ceremony of "investing" them with the symbols of their authority.

Zionism

A Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the migration of Jews to Palestine and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Daoism

Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.

Authoritarianism

A form of government that demonstrates strict control and may coerce and use oppressive measure to ensure obedience

Teotihuacan

The most significant pre-Columbian Mesoamerican city.

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

Bronze Age

The name given to the earliest civilized era (4000-1000 B.C.E.) The term reflects the importance of the metal bronze, a mixture of tin and copper, for the people of this age for use as weapons and tools.

Achaemenid Empire

The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.

Basic Knowledge for Political science

The nature and purpose of government The Forms of government The United States Constitution The rights and responsibilities of citizen The state and local governments

European Union

The new name given to the EEC in 1993. It included most of the states of Western Europe.

Marsh

A freshwater, brackish water, or saltwater wetland with plants growing out of the water found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts

Region

A geographical unit of measure and is defined as a specific area consisting of unifying characteristics

ulama

The theologians and legal experts of Islam. Best known as the arbiters of sharia law.

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.

Estruscans

A people of central Italy who exerted the most powerful external influence on the early Romans. Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509 B.C.E.

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Bluff

A cliff with a board face

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Tundra

A cold, treeless area, considered the coldest biome

Code of Hammurabi

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world.

Delta

A falt silt, sand, an rock area that is formed at the mouth of a river and often shaped like a triangle, often produces fertile and soil

Neo-Assyrian Empire

A major Mesopotamian empire between 934-608 BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They were an iron-age resurgence of a previous bronze age empire.

three-field system

A medieval innovation that increased the amount of land under cultivation by leaving only one third fallow in a given year.

Sikh

A member of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India. Developed in the 15th century. They believe in One Immortal Being and the teachings of ten Gurus, starting with Guru Nanak.

Samurai

A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.

Cape

A narrow pointed piece of land that juts out from a coastline into a body of water

Isthmus

A narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land with water on two sides

Geyser

A natural hot spring in which boils intermittently and shoots streams of water and steam into the air

Mestizo

A new racial concept that develops in Latin America following the intermixing that occurred between European colonists and the native American population.

city state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

deme

A small town in Attica or a ward in Athens that became the basic unit of Athenian civic life under the democratic reforms of Clisthenes in 508 B.C.E.

fealty

An oath of loyalty by a vassal to a lord, promising to perform specified services.

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.

Macedonia

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great

South-West

Arizona (AZ), New Mexico (NM), Oklahoma (OK), Texas (TX)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

dissociative disorders

Dissociative amnesia: is an ability to recall past experience without an underlying neurologic disorder. In severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location many involve the assumption of a new identity. Dissociative identity disorder: is the occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person's behavior. depersonalization/derealization disorder: involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment.

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

studia humanitatis

During the Renaissance, a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, philosophy, and politics.

5 Characteristics of Free-Enterprise Capitalism

Economic Freedom Voluntary Exchange (buyers and sellers may engage freely and willingly in market transactions). Private Property Rights (people may control their possessions as they wish). Profit Motive (people and organizations can improve their material well-being by making money). Competition

Mercantilism

Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.

civic humanism

Education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and cultural life.

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Babylonian Empire

Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.

Natural economy

Operates on a bartering or trade system rather than a monetary foundation for the exchange of goods and services

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)

Functional Region

Organized around a central hub with the surrounding areas connected to the center by transportation system, communication, systems, manufacturing or trading. Most common-Metropolitan area

bishop

Originally a person elected by early Christian congregations to lead them in worship and supervise their funds. In time, bishops become the religious and even political authorities for Christian communities within large geographical areas.

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.

Creoles

Person of Spanish descent born in the Spanish colonies.

Constituent

Person who is represented by an elected official

Delegate

Person who is represented by an elected official

Immigrant

Person who moves from one country to another to live permanently

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

Varna

The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.

Martin Luther

The german monk who is widely regarded as the leader of the Protestnat Reformation. He was excommunicated by the Catholic church due to his opposition to certain practices and he began his own sect of Christianity in the 16th century.

pharaoh

The god-kings of ancient Egypt. The term originally meant "great house" or palace.

Areopagus

The governing council of Athens, originally open only to the nobility. It was named after the hill on which it met.

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).

Sasanid Empire

The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years

assimilation

The process by which people are gradually absorbed and integrated into another culture.

decolonization

The process of European retreat of colonial empires following WWII.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Collectivization

The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing--from private hands to large, collective, government operations.

Peloponnesian Wars

The protracted struggle between Athens and Sparta to dominate Greece between 465 and Athen's final defeat in 404 B.C.E.

racism

The pseudoscientific theory that biological features of race determine human character and worth.

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Jacobins

The radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins.

Julian Calendar

The reform of the calendar by Julian Caesar in 46 B.C.E. It remained in use throughout Europe until the 16th century and in Russia until the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Attica

The region of Greece where Athens is located.

Latium

The region of Italy in which Rome is located. Its inhabitants were called Latins.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Holy Roman Empire

The revival of the old Roman Empire, based mainly in Germany and northern Italy, that endured from 870 to 1806.

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

relativity

The scientific theory associated with Einstein that time and space exist not separately but as a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observers as on the entities that are being measured.

Diffusion

The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another

Physical anthropology

The study of physical characteristic and difference between groups of people

humanism

The study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values.

realism

The style of art and literature that seeks to depict the physical world and human life with scientific objectivity and detached observation.

coup d'état

The sudden violent overthrow of a government by its own army.

Monophysites

The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.

scientific revolution

The sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. The new scientific concepts and the method of their construction became the standard for assessing the validity of knowledge in the West.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

plenitude of power

The teaching that the popes have power over all other bishops of the church.

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

monotheism

The worship of one universal God.

How many major Biomes are there?

There are 9 major biomes which are... 1. Alpine-Snow, ice, cold, high winds 2. Chaparral- Hot, dry, fire and droughts are common 3. Deciduous Forest- Four separate seasons- spring, fall, winter, summer 4.Desert- (2 types) Hot and dry with little rainfall; extreme cold and snow 5. Grassland- (2 types) Tall grass, humid, and very wet; short grass, dry and hot summers, with cold winters 6. Rain Forest- Year-round warmth and high rain levels 7. Savanna- Warm temp. year-round with two seasons; 1. winter (long and dry). 2. summer (short and wet) 8. Taiga- Winters are cold with much snow and summers are warm, humid and rainy (LARGEST BIOME) 9. Tundra- Cold, dark winters with soggy, warm summers in which sun shines 24 hours each day (WORLD COLDEST and DRIEST BIOME)

How many types of Regions are there

There are three types of regions 1. Formal 2. Functional 3. Perceptual

Anarchist

There is no established control or guidelines

Class

There is unequal distribution in economic resources, and prominence among social groups. It can be a closed system or an open system

Norms

These include the general rules by which a society exes.

monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

steppes