Tissue Organization (Quiz #3) A and P

Extracellular fibers:

All the protein fibers outside the cells in any tissue

Describe the features that characterize an epithelial tissue. a. Two separated environments -

Epithelia for barriers to keep these environments different

Describe the structure, function, and location of blood (a fluid connective tissue).

Erythcrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells) suspended in a specialized fluid called plasma, transport medium for blood gases and all other chemicals for systemic circulation, and protective chemicals for immunity and blood clotting.

Describe two organ locations where stratified columnar epithelia are found:

Largest salivary ducts (parotid ducts), penile urethra (male only)

Describe two organ locations where transitional epithelia are found:

Lines lumens of the uretors and lines lumen of the urinary bladder.

Describe the unique structure and function for erythrocytes (a.k.a. red blood cells).

Red blood cells lack most organelles, so they can carry more hemoglobin that binds for a higher concentration in cell and enzyme that connects CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

Ground substance:

The characteristic material between extracellular fibers (not the fibers) in the connective tissues' extracellular matrix (nor the cells)

Describe functional and histological characteristics of serous membranes (a.k.a. serosae), including body locations.

They line the outside of surfaces of viscera (internal organs) and the deep surfaces of the body walls facing the viscera, providing smooth surfaces and fluid (serous fluid) to lubricate movement of the organs.

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for areolar connective tissue.

a loose extracellular matrix with a mixture of all three major fiber types and a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts that make the fibers.

State two possible specialized mechanisms of simple cuboidal epithelia:

active synthesis and active absorption of material into tissues

Describe the unique structure and function for adipocytes.

adiocytes are relatively large cells composed mostly of very large lipid droplet that squeeze the cytoplasmic organelles and nucleus into a thin peripheral layer next to the plasmalemma

What structural characteristic and functional role do all stratified epithelia share?

all stratified epithelia keep the contents seperated between the apical and basal environments keeping them from changing each other.

Describe at least two organ locations, where simple squamous epithelia are found:

any two of lining lumens of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Which epithelial cells are the basis for classification of epithelia? __________________

apical cells

At right, draw a simple squamous epithelium, including its cell sheet and basement membrane

apical fluid

Which epithelial cells are stem cells that can regenerate epithelia? __________________

basal cells

Describe the structure, function, and locations of osseus connective tissue (bone tissue). Warning: Without "tissue" the word "bone" refers to a complex organ, NOT a single tissue!

bone tissue has the hardest extracellular matrix, which has amineral of calcium phosphate salts crystalized between the strong collagen fibers, instead of fluid. It forms the hard parts of bones, where forces are most effectively conducted.

Reticular fibers -

branching spongy fibers with greatest ability to hold open filtration pores, but very weak tonsile strength.

Describe the structure, function, and location of cardiac muscle tissue.

cardiac muscle tissue is dominated by branching more abnormal length cells connected to each other at intercalated discs. They have contracive bundles of cytoskeleton tha give each cell a striated appearance. This is the tissue that pumps blood out of the heart. Only located in the heart.

What characteristics identify a structure as a single tissue (a level of organization)?

cells organized in the same extracellular material

b. cell sheet -

cellular junction attach epithelia

Elastic fibers -

coily fibers that can stretch, until straight, then resists stretch when pulling stopped and released, they recoil to original shape.

_________________________ tissues structurally attach other tissues together, provide stronger mechanical properties, or act as a fluid transport media.

connective

List three major types of loose connective tissues

connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue

Describe the Basal side -

contains extracellular matric (fluid and fibers) in the environment; attached side

All muscle tissues use what specialized mechanism to achieve their functions? ____________________

contraction

List three major types of dense connective tissues (fibrous tissues).

dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

Describe the structure, function, and locations of hyaline cartilage.

due to small collagen fibers, extracellular matrix appears the most smooth and has the most shock-absorbant proteoglycon - rich ground substance, making it the best shock absorber for costal cartilages, airway cartilages, and articular cartilages.

Innervation -

during development of body, nerve fibers growing into tissues to connect to receptors or effectors.

Describe the structure, function, and locations of elastic cartilage.

elastic cartilage replaces collagen with elastic fibers for a superficial tissue that can stretch and recoil to its original shape, which is needed in the outer ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Explain the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands:

endocrine epithelia form closed sacks that lack ducts, and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. secrete basally. exocrine glands always have ducts that connect to surfaces, where their products provide, usually protective or digestive functions.

Describe at least two organ locations where stratified cuboidal epithelia are found:

epidermis, lining of oral cavity, lining lumens of pharynx and esophagus.

Describe at least two organ locations where stratified squamous epithelia are found:

epidermis, lining of orl cavity, lining lummens of pharynx and asophagus

_________________________ tissues separate apical and basal extracellular environments in organs, and some move materials between these environments.

epithelial

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for elastic connective tissue.

extracellular matrix densely packed with elastic fibrils, which allow it to stretch and recoil when released with good stretch resistance when completely stretched. In walls of heart and arteries, it helps pumping and conducting of blood to be more efficient, and in spinal elastic ligaments.

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for dense regular connective tissue.

extracellular matrix densely packed with large collagen fibrils oriented in the same direction to resist the stretch of all tendons and most ligaments fibroblasts making fibrils are the most abundant cells.

Describe the structure, function, and locations of fibrocartilage.

fibrocartilage replaces some of the shock absorbing ground susbtance with thick collagen fibrils to resist tearing where their is too much tension, such as intervertebral discs or the pubic symphysis.

Describe the Apical side -

filled with fluid in the environment; free/unattached side

State two possible specialized mechanisms of pseudostratified columnar epithelia:

goblet cells secrete mucus or ciliated cells move mucus along apical surface

State two possible specialized mechanisms of simple columnar epithelia:

highest active synthesis and secretion of product or highest active absorption into tissue

List three major types of cartilage (cartilaginous supporting tissues).

hyaline cartilage, fibro cartilage, and elastic cartilage

Describe at least two organ locations, where simple columnar epithelia are found:

lines lumen of stomach for secretion of mucus that protects us from stomach acid. lines lumen of small intestine for absorption of all materials in body, except O2.

Describe at least two organ locations, where pseudostratified columnar epithelia are found:

lines nasal cavity to move nasal mucus to pharynx. lines lumens of lower respiratory tract to move mucus to pharynx

Describe at least two organ locations, where simple cuboidal epithelia are found:

lining lumens of most glands, where product is secreted. lining lumens of kidney (renal) tubules, where urine is being processed.

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for reticular connective tissue.

loosest and weakest extracellular matrix composed only of reticular fibers holding open large filtration pores filled with blood or lymph

Osteocytes -

maintain the mineralize extracellular matrix in bone tissue

Fibroblasts -

make the extracellular fibers in connective tissue proper (loose and dense connective tissues)

Chondrocytes -

make the extracellular matrix in cartilage tissue

Explain the difference between merocrine glands, apocrine glands, and holocrine glands:

merocrine glands secrete an exocrine product only by exocytosis of the clear solutions in their secretory vesicles (merocrine secretion -> clear product). Apocrine glands secrete a complex suspension by cytokinesis without mitosis, which seperate a basal cell from an apical fragment of the cell, including lipid products. Holocrine glands secrete whole cells by mitotic cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis) which releases the most lipid-rich products.

Macrophages -

most highly specialized for phagocytosis and digestion of foreign and damaged large cells which cannot be circulated in blood or lymph

Describe functional and histological characteristics of mucous membranes (a.k.a. mucosae), including body locations.

mucosae have a variable surface epitelium, on a connective layer containing glands that secrete mucus to the surface. mucose line the most surfaces where out body meets external materials like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract.

_________________________ tissues provide contractile effectors for active movements or holding relative positions of other structures

muscle or muscular

What specialized cytoskeletal bundles are only in striated muscles? _______________________

myofibfrils

_________________________ tissues specialized for rapid control system components needed to control of gland cell or muscle cell effectors in other tissues.

nervous

Describe the relative size, abundance, and roles between neurons and neuroglia in nervous tissues:

neurons are much larger than average cells, whereas neuroglia ae more normal sized cells. For each neuron, there are hundreds to thousands of neuroglia which look tiny compared ot neurons. neurons deal with all signaling in nervous control systems; whereas neuroglia provide support and protection around the neurons for better homeostasis.

Specialized mechanism(s) of simple squamous epithelia: _________________________________

passive transport through the barrier including filtration, osmosis, or dialysis

Leukocytes (a.k.a. white blood cells) -

several different types, including phagocytes that can circulate in blood, and immune cells that secrete chemicals to fight foreign invading cells or viruses.

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for dense irregular connective tissue.

similar to dense regular connective tissue, except the large collagen fibrils are oriented in multiple directions to resist stretch in those directions.

Describe the structure, function, and locations of skeletal muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle tissue is dominated by incredibly long cylindrical muscle cells (muscle fibers) that extend the whole length of the muscle. The cells are filled with contractile bundles of cytoskeleton that give fibers a striated (striped) appearance.

Describe the structure, function, and locations of smooth muscle tissue.

smooth muscle tissue is dominated by spindle-shaped cells tha tlack the organized bundles of cytoskeleton so they lack striations. they are effectors for positions of structure in internal organs other than heart, such as in walls of digestine, repiratory, urinary, reproductive organs and blood vessels.

Collagen fibers -

straight but flexible fibers with strongest stretch resistance often filaments bundles into even stronger fibrils.

Nervous receptors -

structures to detect stimuli and send signals on nerve fibers.

Describe functional and histological characteristics of synovial membranes (a.k.a. synovia), including body locations.

synovia line deep surfaces of joint capsule, producing the synovial fluid for lubrication and shock obserbane in synovial joints.

Describe functional and histological characteristics of the cutaneous membrane, including its body location.

the cutaneous membrane is the whole body's outermost skin, composed from superficial to deep, of an epidermis of stratisfied squamous epithelium, a papillary layer of arcolar connective tissue.. (idk what it's saying)

Basement membrane -

the extracellular matric on the basal side, connecting basal cells to other tissues.

Calcium phosphate-rich salt -

the specialized ground substance of bone tissue which makes it the hardest ground substance of any tissue for strength and conducting forces.

Proteoglycan-rich material -

the specialized ground substances of cartilage tissues which provides the best mechanical shock absorbance.

Interstitial fluid -

the standard extracellular material in most tissues that contains transported materials to/from blood; fluid that fills the spaces between cells. It is composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products.

Describe the structure, function, and organ locations for adipose connective tissue.

A loos extracellular matrix like that in areolar connective tissue, except dominated by adipocytes that fill the spaces between the fibers, squeezing the extracellular matrix into thin layers between the adipocytes