Tissues

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

All neurons are characterized by a _________ __________ and two types of processes: one _________, which transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body, and one or more _____________, which carry impulses toward the cell body.

cell body; axon; dendrites

4 signs of inflammation

redness, swelling, pain, an heat

Endocrine glands

release their secretion directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands

release their secretion through a duct

How do the types of tissue differ form each other?

size, shape, the amount and kind of material between the cells, the special functions they perform to help maintain the body's health and survival

Three kinds of muscle tissue

skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue

Glia

special connecting and supporting cells

Collagen

strong, but flexible fibrous protein

Fascia

the fibrous material that helps bind the skin, muscles, bones, and other organs of the body together

Regular columnar cells specialize in ___________

absorption

Keloid

an unusually thick scar that develops in the lower layer of the skin

Regeneration

the growth of new tissue

Simple squamous epithelium

-a single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped, scalelike cells -transport is easy

Brown fat

-burns its fuel when the body is cold to produce heat (helps restore homeostasis of body temperature)

How do tissues repair themselves?

-by allowing the phagocytic cells to remove dead or injured cells then filling in the gaps that are left -then regeneration

Fibrous connective tissue

-consists mainly of bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows -composes tendons -provides strength and flexibility, but doesn't stretch

Stratified squamous epithelium

-consists of several layers of closely packed cells -arrangement makes this tissue adept at protection (against microorganisms for example)

Epithelial tissue

-covers the body and many of its parts -packed close together with little or no interstitial fluid or other material between them -form continuos sheets that contain no blood vessels

cardiac muscle

-forms the walls of the heart -involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle produce the heart beat -have faint cross striations and intercalated discs (thicker dark bands)

Simple cuboidal epithelium

-forms tubules or other groupings adapted for secretory activity -secretory cuboidal cells usually function in clusters or tubes of secretory cells (glands)

Simple columnar epithelium

-found lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts -arranged in a single-layer lining the inner surface of the colon or large intestine -taller than they are wide -nuclei located toward the bottom of each cell

Nervous tissue

-function: rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions -consists of neurons and glia

Reticular tissue

-has thin, delicate webs of collagen fibers (reticular fibers) -forms a supporting scaffold for other soft tissues

Matrix

-intercellular material -the structural quality and appearance of the matrix and fibers determine the qualities if each type of connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

-involuntary because it is not under conscious or willful control -long, narrow fibers (not nearly as long as skeletal or striated fibers -smooth (not striated) and have one nucleus per fiber -helos form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs (such as intestines) -contractions propel food material through digestive tract -contractions in respiratory system can impair breathing and lead to asthma attacks

Cartilage

-its matrix is the consistency of a firm plastic or a gristlelike gel -chondrocytes are located throughout the matrix

Blood

-most unusual form of connective tissue -transportation and protective functions in the body

Areolar connective tissue

-most widely distributed of all connective tissue -the "glue" that helps keeps the organs of the body together -consists of webs of fibers (some make of collagen or rubbery elastin proteins) and of a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel -makes up the fascia of the body -can develop into adipose tissue

Muscle tissue

-muscle cells are the movement specialists of the body -have a higher degree of contractility than any other tissue

Bone

-one of the most well-known forms of connective tissue -hard and calcified -forms osteons -circular arrangements of calcified matrix and cells give the bone its characteristic appearance -storage area for calcium and provide support and protection for the body

Adipose tissue

-stores fat (lipids) -secretes hormones that help regulate metabolism and fuel storage in the body -special type of adipose tissue: brown fat

Skeletal muscle tissue

-striated muscle -voluntary muscle -individual cells- fibers -attached to bones and when contracted, produce voluntary and controlled body movements

Hematopoietic tissue

-the blood like connective tissue found in the red marrow cavities of bones and in organs (spleen, tonsils...) -responsible for the formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells important in our defense against disease

Connective tissue

-the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body -exists in more varied forms than any of the other tissue types -found in skin, membranes, muscles, bones. and all internal organs -exists as delicate, paper-thin webs that hold internal organs together and give them shape -also exists as strong and tough cords, rigid bones, and even blood -contains matrix between its cells

Pseudostratified epithelium

-typical in the trachea or windpipe -each cell touches the gluelike basement membrane that lies under all epithelial tissues -not two layers -pseudo:false -cilia are capable of moving in unison (the way they move mucus along the lining surface of the trachea)

Stratified transitional epithelium

-typically found in body areas subjected to stress and most be able to stretch -can be up to 10 layers of differently shaped cells of varying sizes in the absence of stretching -when stretching occurs, epithelial sheets expand, the number of cell layers decreases, and cell shape changes from roughly cuboidal to nearly squamous (flat) in appearance -(keeps bladder wall from tearing under pressure of stretching)

Four main types of tissues that compose the body's organs

1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue

Major types of connective tissue

1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose (fat) tissue 3. fibrous connective tissue 4. bone 5. cartilage 6. blood 7. hematopoietic tissue

Labels of epithelial tissue according to the arrangement of epithelial cells

1. simple- a single layer of cells of the same shape 2. stratified- many layers if cells, name for the shape of cells in the outer layer

Shape of epithelial cells

1. squamous- flat and scalelike 2. cuboidal- cube shaped 3. columnar- more tall than wide 4. transitional- varying shapes that can stretch

______________ and ____________ tissue have the greatest capacity to regenerate.

Epithelial; connective

Scar

a dense fibrous mass

Rubbery elastin fibers

help tissues return to shorter length after having been stretched

Inflammation may also the the result from an ____________, the presence of pathogens, such as carful bacteria, within the tissues.

infection

_________ and _________ tissues have very limited abilities to repair themselves

muscle; nervous

Neurons

nerve cells which are functional units of the nervous tissue