Topic 2

Discovery

recognition and observation of new objects

THE DAWN OF FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

Ancient humans were able to discover and invent tools and methods as science developed and progressed

Paleolithic Period

Basic tool kits; fire was the most important discovery and invention of man

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Cradle of the world's earliest known civilization

seed plow and irrigation

Developed systematize technique of farming

3000-5000 B.C

EVIDENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING PRE-HISTORIC TIMES

Engineering

Egyptians engaged in ship building and the liked

Blank Ink

Egyptians used mixed vegetable gum, soot and bees wax to create black ink

Sumerian Civilization

First astronomers, they mapped the movement of stars, planets and moon into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks

Mesolithic Period

Hand axes were made with exquisite craftsmanship, and eventually gave smaller, more diverse toolkits, with an emphasis on flake tool rather than larger core tools

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Location: Situated in the northeastern part of the African continent

Mesopotamia

Location: Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

Location: present-day Iraq

Bronze Age

Marks the beginning of mining and metallurgy. Tools development is more weapons.

Neolithic period

Primarily characterized by herding societies and shift from food gathering to food producing; agriculture was developed

Sailboat

Since Mesopotamia was situated between two rivers: Euphrates and Tigri, they needed water transportation for travel and trade

Stone Age

This period was marked by which stone was widely used to make tools and implements. Dated roughly about 3.4 million years ago.

Iron Age

Tools are for weapons and agriculture. It did not flourish until they discovered smelting and removing of impurities and regulating carbon in alloy

Sumerian clay tablet

contains the Sumerian historical information and culture. Symbols that are used for writing down laws and stories

Sexagesimal system

counting in units of 60 which served as the basis of 360 degree circle and the counting of 60 minute hour

Hieroglyphics

form of writing used

Medicine

knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, surgery and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming their dead

Hammurabi

law code that served as a rule of standards which helped maintain a period of stability in this region, as well as the establishment of science and technology.

Invention

mental process wherein man's various discoveries, observation and experience are put together to produce new ways (operation) and means (tools) of obtaining things (useful)

Papyrus reeds

paper used by Egyptians

Weapons and utensils

the ancient Egyptians learned to heat metal or to make

Cuneiform

the first writing system; a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks around 3100 BC

Numerals

they learned geometry which allowed them to build pyramids

Agriculture

was supported mainly by extensive irrigation system

Nebuchadnezzar II

was the Neo Babylonian Emperor who order the construction of the famous "hanging Gardens of Babylons" (one of the seven wonders of the world) and the Isthar Gate