Topic Review #1

Based on the graphs in the figure above, which of the following plant species is most likely NOT to form mycorrhizal associations?

. Carex flacca (graph a)

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land?1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores)2. the relative number of competitors3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

1, 2, and 3

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues.How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus? Select one:

16

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true?1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods.4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

2 and 5

Suppose that S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions make sense on the basis of this information?1. S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes.2. S. schenkii should be reclassified.3. S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage.4. The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species.5. S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick. Select one:

2 and 5

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure above?

3

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?1. They have exposed ovules.2. They have flagellated sperm.3. They are pollinated by animals.

3 only

The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

7

Refer to Figure A. Which of the following results would support Simard et al.'s (1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? [Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.]

Carbon-14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon-13 in the birch

Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?

Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?

Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

Deuteromycetes _____.

are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate.Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.

breezes

he multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____.

by convergent evolution

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.

ferns

The laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms?

fruit dispersal

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____.

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.

is surrounded by a cuticle

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that included all plants that are pollinated by animals, and only plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be _____.

polyphyletic

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.

putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.The shell of a fertilized animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms?

seed coat

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____.

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

sporopollenin

Referring to Simard et al. (1997), which design element is the control in this experiment and why?

the cedar seedling, because it forms arbuscular mycorrhizae