TOXICOLOGY UNIT 1

Botulinum toxin

0.00001

Tubocurarine

0.5

Nicotine

1

NaCl

4,000

Morphine

900

Dioscorides

A Greek physician who wrote the De Materia Medica

Forensic toxicologist

A hybrid of analytical chemistry primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of the chemical.

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

Added number of poison and clinical toxicology principle about bioavailability in therapy and overdosage

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

All substances are poison. Right dose differentiates a poison from remedy.

allergic reaction

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.

Sulla

First law against poisoning and become aa regulatory statute at careless dispensers of drugs

Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC)

First written record of Toxicology reported in Egyptian medicine. Contains info about poison including hemlock, aconite, opium and metals

Environmental toxicology

Focuses on the impact of chemical pollutants in the environment on living organisms.

Immediate versus delayed toxicity

Immediate toxicity of core or develop rapidly after a SINGLE administration of substance. Delayed toxicity occur AFTER the lapse of some time

Agent: ETHANOL

LD50, mg/kg: 10,000

Maimonides (1135-1204)

Moses ben Maimon Treatise in tx of poisoning from insects, snakes and mad dogs. (Poisons and their Antidotes 1198)

Book of Job

Speaks of poison arrows

Theophrastus

Student of Aristotle, De Historia Plantarum

Catherine de Medici

Tested toxic concoction. Noting the onset of action, potency, specificity and SOA and clinical signs and sx.

toxicologist

a scientist who studies the specific properties of potentially toxic substances

descriptive toxicologist

concerned directly with toxicity testing, which provides information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

clinical toxicologist

concerned with identification of drugs and poisons to help with diagnosis and treatment of patients

idiosyncratic reaction

genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical. qualitatively similar to those observed in all individuals that may take the form of extreme sensitivity at low doses

Mechanical toxicologist

identifies the cellular biochemical and molecular mechanism by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organism. used as reference to design and produce a for chemicals and in rational therapy for chemical poisoning.

local vs systemic toxicity

local effects at site of first contact between biological system and toxicant. systemic effect require absorption and distribution of toxicant from entry of point to distant site.

Regulatory toxicologist

responsible for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologist. regulates the availability of chemicals (low-risk) to the market.

Developmental toxicology

study of adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents before conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally until the time of puberty.

Toxicology

study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts

Reproductive toxicology

study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male or female reproductive system that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents.

reversible vs irreversible toxic effects

this effect can be identified by ability of affected tissue can regenerate