TOXICOLOGY UNIT 1
Botulinum toxin
0.00001
Tubocurarine
0.5
Nicotine
1
NaCl
4,000
Morphine
900
Dioscorides
A Greek physician who wrote the De Materia Medica
Forensic toxicologist
A hybrid of analytical chemistry primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of the chemical.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
Added number of poison and clinical toxicology principle about bioavailability in therapy and overdosage
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
All substances are poison. Right dose differentiates a poison from remedy.
allergic reaction
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.
Sulla
First law against poisoning and become aa regulatory statute at careless dispensers of drugs
Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC)
First written record of Toxicology reported in Egyptian medicine. Contains info about poison including hemlock, aconite, opium and metals
Environmental toxicology
Focuses on the impact of chemical pollutants in the environment on living organisms.
Immediate versus delayed toxicity
Immediate toxicity of core or develop rapidly after a SINGLE administration of substance. Delayed toxicity occur AFTER the lapse of some time
Agent: ETHANOL
LD50, mg/kg: 10,000
Maimonides (1135-1204)
Moses ben Maimon Treatise in tx of poisoning from insects, snakes and mad dogs. (Poisons and their Antidotes 1198)
Book of Job
Speaks of poison arrows
Theophrastus
Student of Aristotle, De Historia Plantarum
Catherine de Medici
Tested toxic concoction. Noting the onset of action, potency, specificity and SOA and clinical signs and sx.
toxicologist
a scientist who studies the specific properties of potentially toxic substances
descriptive toxicologist
concerned directly with toxicity testing, which provides information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements
clinical toxicologist
concerned with identification of drugs and poisons to help with diagnosis and treatment of patients
idiosyncratic reaction
genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical. qualitatively similar to those observed in all individuals that may take the form of extreme sensitivity at low doses
Mechanical toxicologist
identifies the cellular biochemical and molecular mechanism by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organism. used as reference to design and produce a for chemicals and in rational therapy for chemical poisoning.
local vs systemic toxicity
local effects at site of first contact between biological system and toxicant. systemic effect require absorption and distribution of toxicant from entry of point to distant site.
Regulatory toxicologist
responsible for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologist. regulates the availability of chemicals (low-risk) to the market.
Developmental toxicology
study of adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents before conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally until the time of puberty.
Toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts
Reproductive toxicology
study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male or female reproductive system that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents.
reversible vs irreversible toxic effects
this effect can be identified by ability of affected tissue can regenerate