Tri 2 final (no treatment)

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

Babbling is not

An imitation of adult speech, it includes sounds from various languages, including those not in the household

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Critical Period

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. Many attachments based on familiarity formed during this time.

Psychosexual Stage #2

Anal. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

What is the most dangerous combination of esteem

And adolescent or adult who is swelled head is deflated by insult is potentially dangerous. Finding their self-esteem threaten people with large egos may react violently

Personality

And individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

Free association

And psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial Or embarrassing

Example of a cultural disorder

Anorexia in the west because of body image

Cluster C

Anxious-fearful -dependent -obsessive compulsive -avoidant

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Dissociative Fugue

Apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical information

Association Areas

Areas of the brain linked with thinking, memory, and language. Last areas to develop

Julian Rotter

Argued that a person's sense of personal power, or locus of control, is key in shaping both personality and the manner of approaching a problem

Steven Pinker

Argues that biological as well as social influences affect gender differences in life priorities, risk-taking, and math reasoning and spatial ability

Satoshi Kanazawa

Argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems, while more common problems require a different sort of intelligence

Personality to Freud

Arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint

Spillover Effect

Arousal from a previous action can intensify the emotional reaction to another

Sympathetic Nervous System

Arouses the body

Binet and Simon

Assumed all kids follow the same course of intellectual development, so they tried to determine mental age

Intellectualization

Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects

Macrophage

BIG EATER, which identifies pursues and ingests harmful invaders and warn out cells.

Rooting Reflex

Babies always look for food when touched

Productive Language

Babies' abilities to produce words. Matures after receptive language

Receptive Language

Babies' abilities to understand what is said to and about them

what happens when we move away from our conceptual boundaries

Because a whale fails to match our "mammal" prototype, we are slower to recognize it as a mammal. Similarly, when symptoms don't fit one of our disease prototypes, we are slow to perceive an illness.

Adopted kids intelligence scores overtime...

Become more and more like their biological parents'

WhaT brain activity is associated with insight

Before Aha!: activity in frontal lobe(involved in focusing attention) During: a burst in activity in the right temporal lobe just above the ear

Babbling Stage

Beginning at about 4 months. The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Two-Word Stage

Beginning at about age 2. The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word sentences

Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck

Believe that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions including extroversion - introversion, emotional stability - instability

Erikson and Morality

Believed each stage of life has its own psychosocial task crisis that needs to be resolved *adolescence is searching for an identity

Jonathan Haidt and Morality

Believed most of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions (quick gut feelings)

Paul Ekman

Believes that the facial language for basic emotions is innate and thus universal *blind and deaf children display the same facial expressions as other children

Fixed Mindset and Learning

Believing intelligence is biologically set and changing, harder to learn and grow

Growth Mindset and Learning

Believing intelligence is changeable, results in a focus on learning and growing

When growing older, are children more like their biological parents or adoptive parents?

Biological

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively un influenced by experiences

Identification (defense mechanism)

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Is personality more stable or changing?

Both because traits are most likely to persist over time however our behavior in certain situations is ever-changing

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors

Stage 4 (KTMD)

CONVENTIONAL. Authority Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules and law, which should be obeyed rigidly

Stage 3 (KTMD)

CONVENTIONAL. Good Boy/Girl Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by others' approval or disapproval

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body

Neurocognitive Disorders

Can affect memory, attention, learning, language, perception, and social cognition -alzheimer's -TBI -substance abuse

Benefits to everconfidence

Can live more happily and seem more credible

Carcinogens

Cancer-producing substances

Belief perseverance example

Capital punishement opposing views, each shown two pieces of evidence, one supporting and one refuting. Each side said that the eveducne supporting their original stance was more impressive and readily disputed the other evidence. After this study, the two sides disagreement jncreased.

Collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung. Concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

alternate-form reliability

Carrying out two different forms of the test to the same people

availability heuristic example

Casinos entice us to gamble by signaling even small wins with bells and lights-making the memorable-whereas losses have no sounds or lights at all

Lateral Hypothalamus

Causes organisms to eat

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Causes organisms to stop eating

Catalonia

Causes people to be motionless for long periods of time and then become agitated

Trait

Characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Pica

Characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive

Horney

Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. Women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy"

Psychosexual stages

Childhood stages of development (oral anal phallic latency genital) during which according to Freud the ids pleasure seeking energies focused on distinct erogenous zones

Approach Avoidance

Choice that has good and bad sides

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to one's initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Gender Expression

Communication of gender identity through behavior or appearance

Rumination

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Secondary Drive

Conditioned reinforcers

To avoid belief perseverance you shoukd

Consider the opposite

How to Assess Test Reliability?

Consistency of two scores on... -two halves of a test -alternate forms of a test -retesting

Which Type of Phoneme Carries More Information?

Consonants over vowels

Insecure Anxious Attatchment

Constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection

How do kids construct their understanding of the world according to Piaget?

Constructed while they interact with it

Preconscious Area

Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved

Means-Ends Analysis

Continually checking on where you are in relation to your final goal and then deciding how you can get one step closer to it

Did Piaget view stage changes as continuous or abrupt?

Continuous

What causes rumination?

Continuous firing of a frontal lobe area

Broca's Area

Controls language expression. Area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernicke's Area

Controls language reception. A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression. Usually in the left temporal lobe

Person-Situation Controversy

Controversy about whether personality persists

Stress is much more closely linked to_______________ _than __________________

Coronary HEart disease cancer

Injury to certain areas of the frontal lobe can leave reading, writing, and math skills intact but destroy——

Creativity (creativity in frontal lobe)

Achievement Motivation

David McClellan. A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, and ideas, for rapidly attaining a higher standard

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Standardization

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

What is the #1 reason why people seek mental health services?

Depression

Achievement Test

Designed to assess what a person has learned

Aptitude Test

Designed to predict a person's future performance

Schizoid

Detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotion

Schizotypal

Detachment from, and great discomfort in social relationships, odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors

Who Did Maslow Study?

Developed his ideas by studying healthy, creative people, not troubled by clinical cases

Physiology and Emotions

Different emotions don't have distinct outward physical signatures nor do they engage sharply distinct brain regions. Although there are small differences in brain activity that can signal different emotions

PYY

Digestive tract hormone that tells the brain when the body is no longer hungry

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Example: The thief thinks everyone else is a thief

Neophobia

Dislike of unfamiliar things

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Two big questions about emotion

Does your bodily arousal come before, after, or at the same time as you'd emotional feelings? How do thinking and feeling interact? Does cognition always come before emotion?

Cluster B

Dramatic-erratic -histrionic -narcissistic -borderline personality disorder

Telegraph Speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs. Ex. "go car"

Flat Affect

Emotionless state

"Low Road" Emotions Track

Emotions like simple likes/dislikes, and fears. The neural shortcut bypasses the brain's cortex, the stimulus travels by the thalamus directly to the amygdala *like basic physical reflexes

We as humans respond more to _______ and less to _________

Emotions/pictures Stats

Libido

Energy that controls our behavior (in Id)

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Culture

Everything shared by a group and transmitted across generations

Construct validity

Evidence shows that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (construct of extraversion)

Narcicism

Exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements, preoccupation with fantasies of success, arrogance

Histrionic

Excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention, emotional shallowness, overly dramatic behavior

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self absorption, is also rising, report psychologist Jean twinge

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self-absorption

Divergent Thinking

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

The wisdom to know when we know something and know when we do not is based off of

Experience

Kholer did what experiment

Experiment with chimpanzees who showed insight by figuring out how to obtain food (can also exhibit foresight like storing things for future use)

Overjustification Effect

Extrinsic motivation will displace a person's internal motivation

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucination

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

language requires just one neural network T or F?

False! there are many diff networks that are associated to the different aspects of language( just like vision)

What is the ideal form of stored energy?

Fat

Plutchicks 8 basic Emotions (Evolutionary Theory)

Fear Anger Joy Disgust Anticipation Surprise Sadness Acceptance "Diversity in human emotion is a product of variations in emotional intensity, as well as blendings of primary emotions

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt a loss of control and panics

Insecure Avoidant Attatchment

Feeling discomfort over getting too close to others

Social Support

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family

Menarche

First menstrual period

Big five factors

Five factors that reveal much of waters to say about our personality

Mental set is a prime example of:

Fixation

Emerging Adulthood

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to the mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

T lymphocytes

Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells,viruses and foreign substances

B Lymphocytes

Formed in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T Lymphocytes

Formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Steven Spencer

Found that when telling people that they will succeed on a test, they actually do better

Defensive Self-Esteem

Fragile. Focuses on sustaining itself which makes failures and criticism threatening

Who invented the concepts of correlation and percentile

Francis galton

Jung

Freud's disciple turned the center, he placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence, but to young the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. He believed we also have a COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Type A

Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive and hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing relaxed people

As we gain more experiences And get older....

GENETIC INFLUENCES , NOT environmental , become more apparent Ex:twins as they grow up become more and more like their biological parents

Gardner and Savants

Gardner argues that wedon't have just one intelligence, but many

Which of the intelligence theories holds the most support?

Gardner's 8 intelligences theory because it is the broadesf

Psychosexual Stage #5

Genital. Maturation of sexual interests

What did Terman's Studies Show

Gifted children tend to be socially mature and well-adjusted

How is gifted represented on the IQ distribution curve

Gifted students are in the upper 2-3 percent of the distribution

Individualism

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Collectivism

Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Collectivist

Giving priority to the goals of one's group, often once extended family or work group, and defining one's identity accordingly

who created GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

Hans Selye

Schizophrenia with negative symptoms

Have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies

what did lazarus think?

He said that our brain processes vast amounts of info withoug our consious awareness. Emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous, whether we truly know it is or not. Cognitive appraisail sometimes without our awareness defines emotion. EX: the sound is "just the wind"

What did cannon say was wrong with James Lange theory?

He said that the body's responses like heart rate, perspiration, and temp are all too similar, and they change too slowly, to cause different emotions

What did Galton try to measure and how

He tried to measure innate human intelligence by measuring simple sensory processes like reaction time, acuity, muscular power, and body proportions DIDNT WORK

What was Albert Binet asked to do and why

He was asked to devise a test to identify mentally subnormal children (like kids with special needs) he was asked to do it to get rid of teacher bias

Allport

He was the one who interviewed Freud He came up with a new theory about personality that aims to identify behavior patterns. He was less concerned with explaining individual traits then with describing them

Person centered perspective

Held that a growth promoting climate require three conditions: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Dependent Disorder

Helplessness, excessive need to be taken care of, submissive and clinging behavior, difficulty in making decisions

How heretical are the big five

Heritability varies with the diversity of people study but it generally runs 50% or tad more for each dimension, and genetic influences are similar and different nations.

Factor analysis

Hey statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tapestry compounds of intelligence such a special ability, or verbal skills. Say someone describe themselves as liking excitement jokes and not liking quiet reading, such a statistical correlated class or behaviors reflects a basic factor, or trade - in this case, extroversion

optimum levels arousal for diff tasks?

High arousal is best for easy tasks, low arousal for difficult tasks

Problem Solving

Higher-order cognitive process that requires the control of more routine or fundamental skills

Bias (Scientific Definition)

Hinges on a test's validity, on whether it predicts future behavior only for some groups of test-takers

What is the physiological aim of drive-reduction?

Homeostasis

Insulin

Hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Self-Esteem

How one feels about themself

Ghrelin

Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Orexin

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

which factors increase the risk of heart disease?

Hypertension and family history of the disease, smoking, obesity, high fat diet, and physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level, and stress

Efforts to identify gifted children focus on _______________ and ignore _____________________________

IQ CREATIVITY

When do we consider a test biased?

If it detects not only innate differences in intelligence but also performance differences caused by cultural experiences

Some critics of the concept of self serving bias claim that overlooks those who feel worthless and unlovable however...

If self-serving bias prevails why do some people disparage themselves? For for reasons: -Self-directed put downs can be subtly strategic: they illicit reassuring strokes like saying "no one likes me "may at least elicit "but not everyone has met you! -Before an important event such as a gay more test so disparaging comments prepares for possible failure. The coach who textiles the superior strength of the upcoming opponent makes a loss understandable and a victory noteworthy -Hey self disparaging "how could I've been so stupid "can help us learn from our mistakes

Terror management theory

If theory of deaths related anxiety export people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. Death anxiety increases contempt for others and the steam for oneself face with a threatening real people acting all away to enhance their self-esteem but also to hear more strongly to worldview study answer questions about life's meaning. Contemplating death people also cleared to close relationships.

Damage to Broca's Area

Impairing speaking

Damage to Wernicke's Area

Impairing understanding

Aphasia

Impairment of language. Usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area

Intimacy

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Grammar

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Phonemes

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morphonemes

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word

How stable are the big five

In adulthood the big five traits are quite stable with some tendencies like emotional instability , extroversion , openness , weaning a bit during early and middle adulthood and others like agreeableness and consciousness rising. Conscientious increases the most during peoples 20s as people mature and learn to manage their jobs in relationships. Agreeableness increases the most during peoples 30s and continues to increase through their 60s

Self

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Self

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizers of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Defense mechanisms

In cycle analytic theory the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Behavioral Approach

In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Underlies all other defense mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. For Freud, all of these function indirectly and unconsciously

Grit

In psychology, is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Catharsis

In psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

What causes twins?

In the early days the zygote splits into 2

When does the learning of language begin?

In the womb. Can tell because infants cry with the tone of their mother's language

Testosterone levels in men vs. women

In women: lower levels can affect sexual drives In men: lower levels doesn't have much of an effect, but fluctuations are more of a response to sexual stimulation

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall memories before age 3

Fixation

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

"High Road" Emotions Track

Includes more complex emotions like love and hate. A stimulus travels by the thalamus to the brain's cortex where it is analyzed and labeled before a command is sent out via the amygdala to respond

The Flynn Effect

Indicates the average person's intelligence score in 1920 is lower than today's

Percentile score

Indicates the percentage of people who scored at or below the score one has obtained

Actualizing Tendency

Individual has a tendency to continue to grow and develop

Intersex

Individuals born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features

Infant and Childhood's Major Social Achievement

Infant- attachment Childhood- positive sense of sense

Avoidant Disorder

Inhibition in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, oversensitivity to criticism

Philippe Pinel

Insisted that madness is not caused by demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and in humane conditions

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion, impulsive, angry outbursts, intense fear of abandonment, suicidal gestures

Behavioral Medicine

Integrating behavioral and medical knowledge

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of social situations, leading to the avoidance of such

Assimilate

Interpret ting our new experiences by using our existing schemas

Moral Treatment

Involves boosting patient moral by unchaining them and talking with them. A much more humane and less brutal method of dealing with mental illness in this time

Representative heuristic example

Is this quiet shy person most likely a lawyer or librarian?

how can botox help people with depression?

It can paralyze the frowning muscles and then facial feedback effect takes over

What is wrong with the Cannon-Bard theory?

It doesn't support the fact that emotion involves cognition

Critics of humanism

It is very subjective and Vague. For example the descriptions of open, spontaneous, loving, self excepting , and productive are not scientific descriptions. -people also have different ideals for example: Margaret Thatcher and Napoleon would have different descriptions of Sav self actualizing people than Rogers would -People didn't like how the individualism encouraged by humanistic can create self indulgence selfishness and in a Rosian of moral restraints

Representative Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information

Rationalization

Justifying one's actions by using socially acceptable explanations

Selection Effect

Kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests

Psychosexual Stage #4

Latency. A phase of dominant sexual feeligns

Ectomorph Body Type

Lean. Quiet, fragile, restrained

Secure Self-Esteem

Less subject to change on external evaluations

Placenta

Life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo

Second Criterion of and Intellectual Disability

Limitation in conceptual, social, and practical skills

Psychophysiological Illness

Literally "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Do more difficult tasks require lower or higher arousal for optimal performance?

Lower

Bipolar Disorder 2

Major depression to hypomania, which is less severe than the manic episodes in bipolar 1

Insecurely Attached Kids

Marked by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships. They are less likely to explore their surroundings

Possible Selves

Markus. Your visions of the self you dream of becoming

Who created the strange situation experiment

Mary Ainsworth

Who created the hierarchy of needs

Maslow

People Associated with Humanism

Maslow and Rogers

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs. Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher level safety and psychological needs become active

General (from puberty on)

Maturation of sexual interests

Schizophrenia with positive symptoms

May experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate emotions

internal consistency reliability

Measures whether several items that propose to measure the same construct produce similar scores .

Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

behavioral medicine reminds us that

Mind and body interact, everything psychological is simultaneously physiological.

Type A Type B experiment supports the idea that:

Minds and hearts interact

is there a link between stress and cancer in humans?

Mixed results. Some studies show that people who have been depressed in the last year or report workplace stress have higher rates of cancer. However there is no elevated risk of cancer in concentration camp survivors

Psychodynamic theories

Modern day approaches that you personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Psychodynamic Theories

Modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. View our behavior as emerging from the interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind

Harlow Experiment

Monkey experiment. Contradicts the idea that attachment derives from nourishment/food

Consonant phonemes carry___________meaninf thang vowel phonemes

More

Testosterone

Most important male sex hormone. In both males and females but additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests. Gives scores for each individual section and an overall score

Inferiority Complex

Much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings. Alder.

Mesomorph Body Type

Muscular. Active, assertive, vigorous, combative

If you want to scare people more using framing yuh should use:

NUmbers not percents( 10 out of 10 million will die instead of .0000000001 percent will die)

Convergent Thinking

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

learning window/critical period example

Natively deaf children who learn sign language after age 9 never learn it as well as those who lose their hearing at age 9 after learning English. They also never learn English as well as other natively deaf children who learned sign in infancy

Today's psychologists claim that all behavior arises from the interaction between...

Nature and nurture

Primary Drive

Necessary for survival

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual traits

Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase...

Norepinephrine or serotonin supplies

Galton coined what phrase

Nurture vs nature

Mental sets can sometimes be a__________________ to problem solving

Obstacle

Frustration

Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is let down

Conflict

Occurs when two or more incompatible motivation or behavioral impulses compete for expression

Cluster A

Odd-eccentric -paranoid -schizoid -schizotypal

Rationalization

Offering self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. Example: a habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends just to be sociable

Self-esteem

Once feelings of high or low self-worth

conceptual shifting

Once we place an item in a category, our memory of it later shifts toward the category prototype,People who viewed 70 percent male faces categorized them as male (no surprise there) and then later misremembered them as even more prototypically male

availability heuristic example

One extremely cold day will lead people to believe that global warming isn't happening as fast as it really is or that it doesn't exist at all

Self efficacy

One sense of competence and Effectiveness

Self-Esteem

One's feelings of high or low self-worth

Anchoring Heuristic

One's initial judgement prevents them from deviating very far from their initial beliefs, even in the face of contradictory information

Self-Efficacy

One's sense of competence and effectiveness

What are three ways in which individuals in environment interact: social Cognitive perspective

One. Different people choose different environments Two. Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events, just people are doing to potentially threatening events does they perceive the world is threatening and react accordingly Three. Our personalities help create situations to which we react, mini experience reveal that how are you and three people influences how the intern treat us. If we have an easy-going positive disposition we will likely enjoy close supporter friendships and if we give the cold shoulder we can expect the same thing back

Psychosexual Stage #1

Oral. Pleasure centers on the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age

Lazarus

Our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness. Some emotional responses don't require conscious thinking. *even though we may not be consciously processing it, it is still a mental function

Optimal Arousal Theory

Our levels of arousal can influence our performance

Gender Identity

Our sense of being male or female

Identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Language

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Our tendency to judge various stimuli in comparison with our past experiences

Spotlight effect

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Stage 6 (KTMD)

POSTCONVENTIONAL. Individual Principles and Conscience Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Stage 5 (KTMD)

POSTCONVENTIONAL. Social Contract Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute

Stage 2 (KTMD)

PRECONVENTIONAL. Naive Reward Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded

Stage 1 (KTMD)

PRECONVENTIONAL. Punishment Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by what is punished

Authoritative Parenting Style

Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but also explain the reasons for the rules and they encourage open discussion about the rules and allow exceptions

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Permissive Parenting Style

Parents submit to their child's desires, they make few demands and use little punishment

Superego

Part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides the standards for judgement (conscience) and future aspirations. Focuses on how we ought to behave

Self-Transcendence

People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion

Transgender

People whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Magda Arnold (Cognitive Theory of Emotion)

Perception->Appraisal->Body change->Emotion->Action

What do today's IQ tests represent?

Performance relative to the average performance of others at the same age

Acting Out

Performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing

Psychosexual Stage #3

Phallic. Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incentuous sexual feelings

Psychosomatic

Physical (unreal) symptoms caused by our brains

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Carl Jung

Placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence. Though said that the unconscious contains more than just our repressed thoughts and feelings

Oral stage 0 to 18 months

Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking biting and chewing

Anal 18 to 36 months

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination , coping with demands for control

Phallic 3 to 6 years

Pleasure zone is the genitals coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Endomorph Body Type

Plump. Relaxed, sociable, tolerant, peaceful

Second Pillar of Positive Psychology

Positive character

First Pillar of Positive Psychology

Positive emotions

Third Pillar of Positive Psychology

Positive groups, communities, and cultures

Difference between positive and negative symptoms

Positive is the presence of inappropriate behaviors and negative is the absence of appropriate behaviors

Post Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Martin Seligman

Positive psychology

What chromosome may cause AD/HD?

Possible variation in the Y chromosome. May explain why this disorder shows up much more often in males

Piaget & Kohlberg on Moral Development

Proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions *today more think it occurs unconsciously

Leptin

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells. When abundant, they cause the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Norms

Provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test

What are the five major personality theories we went over?

Psychoanalytic - Freud Psychodynamic - Adler, horny, Jung Humanistic - Rogers, Maslow Trait- Allport, Eysenck, McRae, Costa Social cognitive-Bandura

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Natural Killer Cells

Pursue diseased cells

Bipolar Disorder 1

Rare, extreme highs and lows separated by periods of relatively normal behavior

Self-serving bias

Readiness to perceive oneself favorably -People except more responsibility for good deeds done for bad, and for successes than failures -Most people see themselves as better than average

Displacement

Redirecting anger and other unacceptable impulses toward a less-threatening person or object

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. Example: a person denies evidence of his loved ones affair

Longitudinal Study

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time

Regression

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

regression

Retreating to more infantile psychosexual stage were some psychic energy remains fixated. Example = A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school

Who were the two main humanness

Rogers and Maslow

Person-Centered Perspective

Rogers. Says that a growth promoting climate requires three conditions: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Things that are both phonemes and morhpemes

S and I

Standardization group

Sample of people that the norms are based on

Who Created the Two-Factor Theory?

Schachter and Singer

Defensive self-esteem is fragile and focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening

Secure self-esteem is less fragile because it is less contingent on external valuations. To feel excepted for who we are, and not for looks well or claim relieves pressure to succeed and enable us to focus be on yourselves. But losing ourselves in relationships and purpose is larger than self we may achieve a more secure service even greater quality of life

Reality Principle

Seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring about long-term pleasure

Underlying Source of ASD

Seems to be poor communication between Bain regions that let us take another's viewpoint. Have impaired theory of mind, much less mirroring of emotion

Collectivism values

Self - interdependent, identity from the longing Life task - maintain connections, fit in, perform roll What matters - us, group goals in solidarity, so social responsibilities and relationships, family duty Coping method- Accommodate to reality Morality - defined by social networks, duty -based Relationships - few, close and enduring, harmony valued Attributing behavior - behavior reflects social norms and roles

Individualist values

Self-independent, identity from individual traits Life task - discover an express one's uniqueness What matters -Me, personal achievement and for filament, rights and liberties, self-esteem Coping method:Change reality Morality - defined by individuals, self based Relationships - Manny, often temporary or casual, confrontation acceptable Attributing behavior - behavior reflects one's personality and attitudes

Subjective Well-Being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life

General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress (ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION)

Estrogen

Sex hormone that is more prominent in females

General Adaptation System (GAS)

Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. Example: a little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room

Pruning Process

Shuts down unused neural pathways and strengthens others

Binge-Eating Disorder

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that defines bulemia

adjustment to lingusitic determinism

So our words may not determine what we think, but they do influence our thinking

Situational Tests Personality Measurements

Solving problems in certain situations

Zajonce and ledoux view on emotion

Some embodied resonses happen instantly without consicioys appraisal . EX: we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labelling it as a threat.

how does being paralyzed affect experience of emotion?

Some emotions like anger werent felt as strongly (its more just mental). other emotions were felt more intensely, like emotions involving areas above the neck. For example: increases in weeping, lumps in the throat, and getting choked up when saying goodbye,worshipping, or watching a touching video.

External Locus of Control

Some external force controls the fate of your life/situation

Zajonc

Some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking

Set Point Theory

States that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body-fat level

Mental Disability

Sub average general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills ORIGINATING BEFORE 18

Paranoid

Suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile

Aerobic Exercise

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Example: Repressing angry feelings a person displays exaggerated friendliness

Reaction Formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. When angry, repress and outwardly express friendliness

The discovery that what disease impacts the brain prompted more treatment reform?

Syphillis

T OR F Stress and negative emotions can predict a faster decline in those with AIDS

TRUE

T OR F Stress and negative emotions can speed the transition from HIV infection to AIDS in someone already infected.

TRUE

T OR F: different emotions do not have sharply distinct biological signatures and do not engage sharply distinct brain regions

TRUE

Who came up with post traumatic growth?

Tedeschi and Calhoun

Task oriented stress reaction

Tend to deliver positive actions or outcomes and achieve a goal. Ex: if there is a fire the person evacuates.

Barnum Effect

Tendency to accept favorable descriptions that could be for everyone

Who agreed with Galton's eugenics?

Terman

Who had the longest running psych study and what is it?

Terman, He studied 1500 children with IQ over 135 -research shows that gifted children tend to be socially mature and well adjusted -concerns arise with the PROFOUNDLY gifted students

Francis Galton

Tested intellectual strengths and because of Darwin, he wondered if smarted individuals could mate to make a smarter population

Piaget's Core Idea

That the driving force behind our. Intellectual progression is an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences

Social Identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

DSM-5

The American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Injury to the left parietal lobe damages what ability

The ability to think convergently (like in math when there is one correct answer)

Gender Typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Undoing

The attempt to take back an unconscious behavior or thought that is unacceptable or hurtful

Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them

Primary Sex Characteristics

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

Aptitude

The capacity to learn

Psychosexual Stages

The childhood stages of development during which id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Coronary Heart Disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. The leading cause of death in many developed countries (including the United States)

Coronary Heart Disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Medical Model

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Fetus

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Inner Cells of a Zygote Become...

The embryo

Process of Cannon-Bard Theory

The emotion-triggering stimulus travels to the nervous system causing bodily arousal, while at the same time it travels to the brain's cortex, causing awareness of the emotion

Valididty

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Content Validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results

Macrophage

"Big eater". Identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells

Binet's Solution for "Slow" Children

"Mental orthopedics" to develop attention spans and self-discipline. Wanted to identify those who needed help, not label or limit them

Karen horny

"The view that women are infantile and emotional creatures, and such, I'm capable of responsibility and independence is the work of the masculine Tennessee for lower woman self-respect

AIDS

(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). A life-threatening STI caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

Persistent Depressive Disorder

(Dysthymia). Mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years

What are the five big factors CANOE

- Conscientious - Agreeableness - Neuroticism(emotional stability versus instability) - Openness -Extroversion

effects of extreme or prolonged stress

- can put at greater risk for chronic disease - greater risk for heart diseas -greater risk to die earlier

Sternberg's Three Intelligences

-Analytical (academic problem solving) intelligence -Creative intelligence -Practical intelligence

5 components of creativity

-Expertise- the more you know the more you can connect -Imaginative thinking skills -A venturesome personality -intrinsic motivation -a creative environment

Stranger Anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning around 8 months

Zygote

The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

The Obama Effect

The finding that African American adults performed better if taking a verbal aptitude test administered immediately after watching Obama's acceptance speech

Glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When this level is low we feel hungry

Garner's Eight Intelligences

-Interpersonal -Intrapersonal -Bodily-kinesthetic -Spatial -Musical -Logical-mathematical -Linguistic -Natualist

Self-Report Personality Measurements

-MMPI -California Personality Inventory

Who Developed the Emotional Intelligence Test?

-Mayer -Salovey -Caruso

Spearman's Beliefs

-People who score high in one area of intelligence testing typically score high on others as well -A common skill set (g), underlies all intelligent behavior

Projective Tests Personality Measurements

-Rorschach's inkblot test -TAT

Sexual Response Cycles

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson

A positive mood triggers activity where in the brain?

The frontal lobe

Rogers

-actualizing tendency -self-concept -unconditional and conditional positive regard -client-centered theory

Types of Conflict

-approach/approach -approach/avoidance -avoidance/avoidance

Different Types of Parenting Styles

-authoritarian -permissive -authoritative

Erikson's Stages

-basic trust -autonomy -initiative -competence -identity -intimacy -generativity -integrity

3 Main Types of Stressors

-catastrophes -significant life changes -daily hassles

The Big Five Factors

-conscientiousness -agreeableness -neuroticism (emotional stability/instability) -openness -extraversion

Stages in the Sexual Response Cycle

-excitement -plateau -orgasm -resolution

5 Components of Creativity

-expertise -imaginative thinking skills -venturesome personality -intrinsic motivation -creative environment

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Alfred Adler

-inferiority complex -social interactions are the key to proper development

Harry Sullivan

-interpersonal relationships -insisted that personality is shaped almost entirely by the relationships we have with other people -came up with developmental stages

What were the two innovations that the WAIS had

-it was less dependent on the subjects verbal ability -it discarded IQ in favor of a new scoring scheme based on normal distribution

Izard's 10 Basic Emotions

-joy -interest/excitement -surprise -sadness -anger -disgust -contempt -fear -shame -guilt

Degrees of Intellectual Disability

-mild -moderate -severe -profound

3 Building Blocks for Creating a Language

-phonemes -morphemes -grammar

Maslow's Pyramid 5 Tiers

-physiological needs -safety needs -belonging needs -esteem needs -self-actualization needs

Kohlberg's Stages

-preconventional morality -conventional morality -postconventional morality

7 Defense Mechanisms

-regression -reaction formation -projection -rationalization -displacement -sublimation -denial

Piaget's Stages of Development

-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational

Piaget's Stages

-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational

3 Criteria for a Good Test

-standardization -reliability -valid

7 Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities from LL Thurstone

-word fluency -verbal comprehension -spatial ability -perceptual speed -numerical ability -inductive reasoning -memory

Selective Amnesia

The individual can recall some, but not all, of the events during a period of time

Alfred Adler

The individual feels at home in life and feels his existence to be worthwhile just so far is he is useful to others and is overcoming feelings of inferiority

What did Terman believe intelligence tests revealed?

The intelligence with which a person was born. Binet didn't agree

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Reciprocal determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, environment

Three Major Focuses of Developmental Psychology

1. Nature v. nurture 2. Continuity and stages 3. Stability and change

Social Intelligence

The know-how involved in successfully comprehending social situations. First proposed by Thorndike

Ego

The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates between the demands of id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle

Ego

The largely conscious, executive part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the Id, super ego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle,satisfying its desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

where in the brain do positive emotions trigger?

The left frontal lobe

Higher the correlation between scores...

The more reliable it is

Testerogen

The most important male sex hormone *is in women as well

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

1. problems regulating appetite 2. problems regulating sleep 3. low energy 4. low self-esteem 5. difficulty concentrating/making decisions 6. feelings of hopelessness

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MMPI

The most widely researched and clinically used for all personality test (originally developed to identify emotional disorders still considered it's most appropriate use )this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders but now has many other purposes as well. *assesses "abnormal" personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits

Rorschach ink blot test

The most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots design by Herman Rorschach , seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Rorshach Inkblot Test

The most widely used projective test. Seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the inkblots

Duchenne Smile

The natural smile

Affiliation Need

The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

How many diff morphemes and words

100;000 615,000

Superego (Freud)

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment ( the conscious ) and for future aspirations. MORAL COMPASS, CONSUDERS IDEAL

Relative Deprivation

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. A surge of hormones triggers a 2yr period of rapid physical growth

At 7 months babies have the ability to segment spoken words which can translate their langauags abukities at age

2 and 5

Outer Cells of a Zygote Become...

The placenta

Set Point

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate may act to try and restore that lost weight

Egocentric

The preoperational child's difficulty in seeing things from another's point of view

Delusional Disorder

The presence of one or more delusions for a duration of one month or longer. Person can't tell the difference between what is real and what is fake

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Conservation

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite differences/changes in the forms of objects

Identification

The process by which according to Freud children incorporate their parents values into their developing super egos

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

Identification

The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. Freud says this is how we form gender identities

Stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Moral Development

The process of growing more ethically mature

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Personality inventory

The questionnaire often with true false or agree disagree items in which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Syntax

The set of rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences

Semantics

The set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

X Chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women, females have XX males have XY

Y Chromosome

The sex chromosome found in only men

Gender

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Preoperational Stage

The stage from about 2-6/7 during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Sensorimotor Stage

The stage from birth to about 2 in which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

One-Word Stage

The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words. From about age 1-2

Concrete Operational Stage

The stage of cognitive development from 6/7-11 during which kids gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal Operational Stage

The stage of cognitive development typically beginning at age 12, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Epigenetics

The study of heritable changes in gene ductioning that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and esultng health

psychoneuroimmuniology

The study of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to. Assessed by computing the correlation

Criterion related validity (Predictive Validity)

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to. Assessed by computing the correlation Example: aptitude for becoming a pilot with performance in pilot training .

Normal Curve

The symmetrical, ell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

Facial Feedback Effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings *if you're smiling you're more likely to feel happy

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct. To overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

False consensus effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. Roy Baumeister *what Freud called projection

empirically derived test

The test such as the MMPI developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. Which is similar to how open he used his intelligence test to find the kids who were more prone to fall behind in school

Cannon-Bard theory

The theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. Separate processes tho. EX: our heart races at the same time we feel afraid

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1. physiological responses 2. the subjective experience of emotion

James Lange theory

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousal Stimuli. HEART IS RACING, THEN START TO FEEL PANICKED. action causes emotion . STIMULUS-PERCEPTION-BODILY AROUSAL-EMOTION

James-Lange Theory

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli *The feeling/emotion comes after the bodily response. ex. we feel sorry because we cry

how many people were affected with aids in 2009

2.6 million

IQ last updated when?

2003

how many people have died from aids?

25 million

Social Learning Theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarder or punished

Moral Reasoning

The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Menopause

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

What percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder?

26%

By 10 months how does babies babbling change

The trained ear can now distinguish the household language

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are apart of the body's immune system

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system -B lymphocytes -T lymphocytes

Symbolic Thinking

The use of words and numbers to stand for ideas.

Framing

The way an issue is posed. How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Stanford-Binet

The widely used American revision by Terman of Binet's original intelligence test

Zone of Proximal Development

The zone between what a child can and can't do

What makes type A people more prone to heart disease?

Their negative emotions, anger, and aggressive temperament. Anger redistributes bloodflow to our muscles, pulling it away from our internal organs. One of those organs, the liver, which normally removes cholesterol and fat from blood, cant do its job. Type A are more often combat ready so cholesterol and fat may continue to circulate in their blood and later get deposited around the heart. Further stress sometimes conflicts brought on y their own abrasiveness may trigger altered hear rhythms.

What did Paul costa and Robert McCray do

They created the big five factors

If a collective this person was ripped out of the culture and put in a new environment what would they be like?

This person might experience a greater loss of identity. Cut off from family, groups, and loyal friends, he would lose the connection is out of define who you are

10 Year Rule

To become an expert in many fields, it requires 10 years of intense daily practice

Two-Factor Theory

To experience emotion one must 1. be physically aroused 2. cognitively label the arousal *our physical reactions and our thoughts create emotion

Functional Fixedness

To think of things only in their typical functions

Gordon Allport

Traits. Less concerned with explaining traits then describing them

Sublimation

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

Sublimation

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued notice. Example: a man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon

Projection

Transferring one's own unacceptable thoughts, motives, or personal qualities to others

how many words do you learn a year

3500

At what age can you begin to predict future intelligence?

4

language development stages

4 months- infant babbles 10 months- babbling resembles household language (ma) 12 months- child enters one word stage 24 months- child enters two word, telegraphic 24+ months- language develops rapidly into complete sentences

Tend & Befriend Response

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

Latent Content

Underlying meaning/message of a dream

Catastrophes

Unpredictable large scale events

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Unproven health care treatments intended to supplement or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine

Social cognitive perspective

Use behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's treats, including her thinking, and their social context. Behavior(Learning to rock climb) ➡️ internal personal factors(thoughts and feelings about risky activities)➡️ environmental factors(Rock climbing friends)➡️ CYCLES ALL RELATED

Recent Research of Intelligence

Using factor analysis, scientists have confirmed that there is a general intelligence factor and g matters

Overconfidence in students example

Usually projects take us twice as long to do as we expect them to

Are those with psychological disorders more likely to be perpetrators or victims of violence?

Victims

Humanistic theories

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Humanistic Theories

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. Study people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings

Social Cognitive Perspective

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations

Howard Gardner

Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages, brain damage would inhibit one ability, not all of them

Bandura

Views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal determinism

Eysenck's Theory

We can reduce many of our normal individual variations to 2/3 dimensions; introversion/extraversion, emotional stability/instability

How many different phonemes does English use?

40(others use half or more than forty)

At what age does rigid boy/girl stereotypes peak?

5/6

Heredity is responsible for ___% of the variation in intelligence , among people being studied

50

From age1-18 how many words have you learned

60,000

by about age ____ those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language.

7

How many phonemes are there in human language

869

Oedipus Complex

A boy's sexual desires towards his mother and hatred towards father during the phallic stage. Girls experience electra complex

Developmental Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Galvanic Skin Response

A change in the ability of the skin to conduct electricity, caused by an emotional stimuli such as fright

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects

Approach-Approach Conflict

A choice must be made between two attractive goals

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A choice must be made between two unattractive goals

Instinct

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets info

Savant Syndrome

A condition in which a person with otherwise limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

Intellectual Disability

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty of adapting to the demands of life

Down Syndrome

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four or more weeks after a traumatic experience

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Conversion Disorder`

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found *functional neurological symptom disorder

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease *hypochondriasis

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

General Intelligence (g)

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

If a person was ripped out of their culture from individualist culture what would they be like in their new world?

A great deal of their identity would remain intact, the very core of your being, the sense of me, the awareness of your personality connections and values

Cohort

A group of people from a given time period

William Damon and Adolescence

A key task to adolescence is to achieve a purpose

Fixation

A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Basal Metabolic Rate

A measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest

Mental Age

A measure of intelligence test performance. The chronological age that most typically corresponds o a given level of performance. Didn't reason why kids were slow or intelligent

Factitious Disorder

A mental disorder in which a person acts as is they have a physical or mental illness when, in fact, they have consciously created their symptoms

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Prototypes

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Intelligence Test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

Algorithms

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, step-by-step procedure. Contrasts heuristics

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms; at least one of which must be 1. depressed mood 2. loss of interest or pleasure

Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Hypothalamus

A part of the forebrain structure that regulates eating and drinking

Paraphilias

A person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interests OR their desires or behavior entails harm or risk of harm for others

Stimulus Generalization

A person is attacked by a fierce dog and later develops a fear of all dogs

Temperament

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Typically persists throughout life

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A person's mental age divided by their chronological age times 100

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist

projective tests

A personality test such as the Rorschach that provides ambiguous stimuli , makes them tell a story about something random , designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Projective Test

A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Latency 6-to puberty

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Sexual Dysfunction

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Compensation

A process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas

Thematic apperception test

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests are the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Henry Murray

Schizophrenia

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

Psychosis

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of the three key symptoms: extreme in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Personality Inventory

A questionnaire (often with true/false or agree/disagree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities *formerly called multiple personality disorder

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives the id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification.

Emotion

A response of the whole organism involving 1. physiological arousal 2. expressive behaviors 3. conscious experience

Emotions

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

Refractory Period

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man can't achieve another orgasm

Stereotype Threat

A self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

Gender Role

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

Heuristics

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Speedier than algorithms but more error-prone

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill)

Oxytocin

A stress moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals *may explain why women are more prone to the tend and befriend response

Cross-Sectional Study

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Health Psychology

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Psychological Disorder

A sydrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Biofeedback

A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses

Mental Set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way. Often a way that has been successful in the past

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Empirically Derived Test

A test (such as the MMPI) that is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Terror-Management Theory

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death *proves Freud's idea that we unconsciously defend ourselves from anxiety

Abuse and the Brain

Abused animals show a difference in serotonin levels, which calms aggressive impulses

Neo-Freudians

Accept basic ideas of Freud. -placed more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and coping with the environment -doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations and instead emphasized loftier motives and social interactions

Basic Trust

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy

Oedipus complex

According to Freud a boys sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Fixation

According to Freud it lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologist information processing of which we are unaware.

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to modern psychologists, information processings of which we are unaware

Self actualization

According to Maslow what are the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Self-Actualization

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. The motivation to fulfill one's potential

Unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers an attitude of total acceptance towards another person

Unconditional Positive Regard

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Validity synonymous with

Accuracy

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Activates in response to physical pain. Can also increase in activity because of ostracism

Manifest Content

Actual content of a dream

Accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

what factors effect your immune system activity?

Age, Nutrition, genetics, body temp, and stress

Teratogens

Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Robert Sternberg

Agrees with Gardner's multiple intelligences, but believes in three intelligences and not eight

People Associated with Social-Cognitive

Albert Bandura

What might cause FAS

Alcohol may have an epigenetic effect - it leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off

Universal Grammar

All languages do share some basic elements. Chomsky

Self-Concept

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I?" An understanding and assessment of self

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Self-Concept

All the thoughts and feelings towards the question "who am I?'"

Neurocognitive Disorder

Also known as dementia

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by predictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise, or fasting

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight

Intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought. As contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Attatchment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young kids by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Sexual Orientation

An enduring sexual attraction

Phobia

When a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

When a person is unexplainably and constantly tense and uneasy

Set Point and Obesity

When an overweight person's body drops below its previous set point, their hunger increases and their metabolism decreases, unlike a lean person. Which explains why it can be difficult to lose weight

When does Rogers view self concept as positive?

When peoples descriptions of their real self and ideal self are the same

Curse of Knowledge

When we know something and assume others will interpret it the same way too.

When does Darwin think Self-Awareness Begins

When we recognize ourselves in a mirror

Our Sense of Personal Control

Whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or as controlled by an environment

Linguistic Determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think *not 100% true

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.(too extreme)

Glutamate and Anxiety

With too much of this, the brain's alarm centers become hyperactive

Women and Aggression

Women are more likely to commit acts of relational aggression, such as spreading rumors

who has the stronger immune system?

Women, this makes them less susceptable to infections, but this very strength also makes them more susceptible to slef attacking diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis

gender difference in stress response that is reflected in brain scans

Womens brains become more active in areas important for face preocessing and empathy. Mens become less active;

Did the big five traits protect our actual behaviors?

Yes - Shy introverts are more likely than extroverts to prefer communicating by email rather than face-to-face -highly conscientious people are better high school and university grades -if one partner score lower than the others on agreeableness, stability, and openness, weirdo and sexual satisfaction make suffer

What did Rogers believe

You believe that people are basically good and are endowed with self actualizing tendency's he said unless sorted by and environment that inhibits growth each of us is like an equine prime for growth and fulfillment. Created the person centered perspective

Internal Locus of Control

You have control over your own life/siuation

concepts

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psych contribution to behavioral medicine (what can we do to prevent illness and promote health, studies how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness)

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome is an immune disrder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 4th leading cuase of death in the world and number one in africa

duchenne smile

activated muscles under the eyes and raised cheeks suggest a natural smile or:

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Stress does not make us sick, but it does :

alter our immune functioning, which leaves us less able to resist infection

watching fearful faces, people showed more activity in the :

amygdala

spillover effect

arousal spills over from one event to the next. EX: arrive home after invigorating run and find a message that you got a longed for job, with the arouasal lingering from the run, you would feel more elated. EX: participants injected with epinepherine (didnt know) mirrored the emotions the other person in the room were exhibiting

phase 2: EXHAUSTION

as time passes, with no relief from stress, your body's reserves begin to run out. You become more vulnerable to illness or even collapse and death.

gazing into others eyes creates what?

attraction

where does the blood go during stress

away from digestion and towards the skeletal muscles

receptive language

babies ability to understand what is said to and about them(they learn to associate difference sounds with the movement of lips)

precede means

before

two word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

shuffle steps with head down vs. long strides and head up

behavior feedback phenomenon (feel sad vs feel confident)

Defense oriented stress reaction

behavior is aimed at preventing themselves from hurt of disorganization . EX: crying, mourning, defense mechanisms (denial and repression)

what is an advantage to being bilingual

better at inhibiting their attention to irrelevant information

facial expressions are ____________________ and can be proven because people around the world show the same types of expressions. Even _________people show the same expressions

blind people

A polygraph measures

blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity

who created fight or flight

cannon

three main types of stressors:

catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles

Avoidance avoidance

choice between 2 bad options

Approach Approach

choice between two good options

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

those who are from more individualist countries are more visually expressive with their emotions than

collectivist countries

cortisol

comes from orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland), the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete it. it is a glucocoticoid stress hormone

psychosomatic

connotation of fake all in your head illnesses

brocas area

controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. damage to this area makes people not able to speak, but could still sing

wernicke area

controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. damage to this area causes them to speak gibberish(meaningless words)

women are better at reading emotions and:

describe their emotions using more complex words than men do.

research consistently indicates that psychotherapy _______________ extend cancer patients survival

does not

for those who how are widowed, their risk of death____________in the ____________following their partners death

doubled week

when are people most contagious (AIDS)?

during the first few weeks before they know they have been infected (this is when it is most often spread)

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

introverts are better at reading emotions and extroverts are:

easier to read

low road

emotions like simple likes, dislikes, and fears take this route. This road is a neural shortfcut that bypasses the cortex. a stimulus would travel from the eye or ear directly to the amygdala. ALLows fast response before our intellect intervense

women feel emotions more deeply and are more______

empathetic

what are the stress hormones released from the adrenal glands?

epinepherine and norepinepherine

the two systems of stress hormones work at different speeds. In a fight or flight scenario, __________________ is the one handing out the guns, ____________________ are the ones drawing up the blueprints for new aircraft carriers needed for the war effort.

epinephrine glucocorticoids

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

why does severe stress seem to age people?

extreme stress can shorten telomeres(pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes). Telomere shortening is a normal part of aging; when telomeres get too short, the cell can no longer divide and it ultimately dies. Highly stressed people's cells look a decade older than their chronoligical age.

how can you tell physically, the difference between emotions?

facial muscle use, finger temp, hormone excretion

lifting the inner part of the eyebrow signals what?

fear

B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

intuition can be both good and bad

good-

symptoms of fight or flight

heart raate and respiration increase, blood goes from digestion to the skeletal muscles, dulls feelings of pain, sugar and fat are released from the bodys stores

epinephrine is more_____________than glucocorticoids

high speed

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

phoneme

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

some stress can be good:

it can cause emotional resiliency and can energize and cause life satisfaction

representiveness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

who coined the term "low road" and "high road"

ledoux

significant life changes

life transitions, like getting married, having a kid, graduation. age group that reported having the most stress: young adults

psychophysiological illness

literally mind-body illness. Any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

how can framing be used in real life

making organ donation opt no instead of opt yes, making the default option yes makes almost 100 percent of people donors vs 25 percent

anger strikes most peole as a more +_____________emotion

masculine

what is the most common stress response for men

men more often tend to socially withdraw, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive. Women more often respond to stress by nurturing and banding together.

how to be more empathetic and feel others emotions for deeply:

mimic their facial expressions

high road

more complex feelings take this route (love, hate). A stimulus would travel thorught the thalamus to the brains cortex. There it would be analyzed and labeled before the command is sent out via the amygdala.

if reading a story while moving their middle finger the story was_______________ vs when moving their thumb up and down the story was ________________

more hostile more positive

surgical wounds heal____________in stressed people

more slowly

stressed people are _________________to colds

more susceptible

intuition

n effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

tend and befriend is especially demonstrated during

natural disasters

we are more often to detect which kinds of words and faces?

negative and angry ones

Frustration

occurs in any situation where a pursuti of some goal is let down

how accurate are we at detected deception?

only 54 percent

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

why might women be more nurturing?

oxytocin (a stress moderating homrone associated with pair bonding in animals and reslased by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans

How was the cannon bard theory challenged ?

people who were paralyzed in parts of their body didnt report a change in their experience of emotion

what is the most influencial gland

pituitary

more empathy usually results in more

positive peer relationships

many african americans blood pressure levels are higher due to

prejudice and racism

what are the symptoms of arousal

pupils dilate, decreases, perpires, increases, accelartes, inhibits, secrete stress hormones, reduced immune system functioning

Natural killer cells (NK)

pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Myer Friedman and Ray rosenman experiment

ran the experiment with tax accountants. high cholesteral during end of year and then leveled out. Their findings launched another big experiemnt (type A and B)

When your immune system errs it can go in two directions:

responding too strongly, it may attack the body's own tissues. OR it may underreact and allow a dormant herpes virus to erupt or cancer cells to multiply

botox also can

slow peoples reading of sadness or anger related sentences, and slow activity in emotion related brain circuits

during stress the brains production of new neurons_________

slows and some neural circuits degenerate

japan relies more on_____________to read emotions compared to americans who can rely on _____________

social context eyes, mouth (facial expression)

what stress response is found especially in women

tend and befriend

what did zajonce beleive about emotion

that we dont always have to interpret our arousal before we can experience emotion, he said that we have many emotional reactions aprat from or even before our interpretation of a situation. EX: we like something or someone immediately even thought we dont know why

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

interrater reliability

the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

why is it eaiwer for our feelings to hijak our thinking than for our thinking to rule our feelings?

the amygdala sends more neural projetions up to the cotex than it recieves back.

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

where in the brain do negative emotions trigger?

the right frontal lobe

Two factor theory

the schachter singer theory that to experience emotion, one must 1. be physically aroused , 2. cognitively label the arousal. EX: we may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context

one word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

facial feedback effect(fueled by darwin and william james)

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness (fake it till you make it)

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

productive language

their (babies) ability to produce words, matures after receptive language

FINAL STATEMENT ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING AND LANGUAGE

thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought

anyone, no matter where they live can learn to speak any language from birth TRUE or FALSE

true

babies come with a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules TRUE or FALSE

true, they are actually better than adults at separating syllables and sounds that usually appear together

for those who respond to catastrophes by relocating to another country, the stress is:

twofold, the trauma of uprooting and fam separation combine with the challenges of adjusting to the new cultures language, ethnicity, climate and social norms. they often face culture shock and deteriorating well-being

Tend and Befriend

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others(befriend)

catastrophes

unpredictable, large-scale events, suchas earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and famines. - nearly everyone appraises them as threatening -cause the most physical and emotional harm

emories "recovered" under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are especially :

unreliable

test-retest reliability

using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency

availability heuristic example

when Islamic extremists killed nearly 3000 people in the United States in coordinated terrorist attacks, our readily available memory of the dramatic event may shape our impression of the whole group.

representiveness heuristic example

when asked about a person who is short, slim, and likes to read poetry, and if they would most likely be an ivy league professor of classics or a truck driver, most would answer a professor. (using heuristic) but when you actually take a look it it there are pros 10 profs that fit this description and 500 truck drivers that could fit this description

what experiments supported lazarus zojoce and ledoux?

when people were shown images of faces or other stimuli people felt emotion towards them even though they were flashed too fast for them to interpret

phase 2: RESISTANCE

with your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back.Your temp, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge.

What is a common response to a loved ones death

withdraw, pull back, conserve energy

when does aids appear

years after the infection

can reducing stress help with aids?

yes, but not as much as drugs

phase 1: ALARM

your sypmatheitc nerbous system is suddenly acitvated. your heart rate zooms. blood is diverted from your digestive track to your skeletal muscles. you feel the faintness of shock


Conjuntos de estudio relacionados

Application layer, APPLICATION LAYER, Application Layer, Application Layer, application layer

View Set

Body Structure and Function Chapter 16 Study Guide

View Set

Physical Activity Benefits: Practice

View Set

Chapter 20: Drug Therapy With Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, and Urinary Antiseptics (pharm)

View Set

Entrepreneurship Test 1 (chapters 1-5)

View Set