Tri 2 final (no treatment)
Babbling is not
An imitation of adult speech, it includes sounds from various languages, including those not in the household
Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Critical Period
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. Many attachments based on familiarity formed during this time.
Psychosexual Stage #2
Anal. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
What is the most dangerous combination of esteem
And adolescent or adult who is swelled head is deflated by insult is potentially dangerous. Finding their self-esteem threaten people with large egos may react violently
Personality
And individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
Free association
And psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial Or embarrassing
Example of a cultural disorder
Anorexia in the west because of body image
Cluster C
Anxious-fearful -dependent -obsessive compulsive -avoidant
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Dissociative Fugue
Apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical information
Association Areas
Areas of the brain linked with thinking, memory, and language. Last areas to develop
Julian Rotter
Argued that a person's sense of personal power, or locus of control, is key in shaping both personality and the manner of approaching a problem
Steven Pinker
Argues that biological as well as social influences affect gender differences in life priorities, risk-taking, and math reasoning and spatial ability
Satoshi Kanazawa
Argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems, while more common problems require a different sort of intelligence
Personality to Freud
Arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint
Spillover Effect
Arousal from a previous action can intensify the emotional reaction to another
Sympathetic Nervous System
Arouses the body
Binet and Simon
Assumed all kids follow the same course of intellectual development, so they tried to determine mental age
Intellectualization
Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects
Macrophage
BIG EATER, which identifies pursues and ingests harmful invaders and warn out cells.
Rooting Reflex
Babies always look for food when touched
Productive Language
Babies' abilities to produce words. Matures after receptive language
Receptive Language
Babies' abilities to understand what is said to and about them
what happens when we move away from our conceptual boundaries
Because a whale fails to match our "mammal" prototype, we are slower to recognize it as a mammal. Similarly, when symptoms don't fit one of our disease prototypes, we are slow to perceive an illness.
Adopted kids intelligence scores overtime...
Become more and more like their biological parents'
WhaT brain activity is associated with insight
Before Aha!: activity in frontal lobe(involved in focusing attention) During: a burst in activity in the right temporal lobe just above the ear
Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months. The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Two-Word Stage
Beginning at about age 2. The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word sentences
Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck
Believe that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions including extroversion - introversion, emotional stability - instability
Erikson and Morality
Believed each stage of life has its own psychosocial task crisis that needs to be resolved *adolescence is searching for an identity
Jonathan Haidt and Morality
Believed most of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions (quick gut feelings)
Paul Ekman
Believes that the facial language for basic emotions is innate and thus universal *blind and deaf children display the same facial expressions as other children
Fixed Mindset and Learning
Believing intelligence is biologically set and changing, harder to learn and grow
Growth Mindset and Learning
Believing intelligence is changeable, results in a focus on learning and growing
When growing older, are children more like their biological parents or adoptive parents?
Biological
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively un influenced by experiences
Identification (defense mechanism)
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
Is personality more stable or changing?
Both because traits are most likely to persist over time however our behavior in certain situations is ever-changing
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors
Stage 4 (KTMD)
CONVENTIONAL. Authority Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules and law, which should be obeyed rigidly
Stage 3 (KTMD)
CONVENTIONAL. Good Boy/Girl Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by others' approval or disapproval
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms the body
Neurocognitive Disorders
Can affect memory, attention, learning, language, perception, and social cognition -alzheimer's -TBI -substance abuse
Benefits to everconfidence
Can live more happily and seem more credible
Carcinogens
Cancer-producing substances
Belief perseverance example
Capital punishement opposing views, each shown two pieces of evidence, one supporting and one refuting. Each side said that the eveducne supporting their original stance was more impressive and readily disputed the other evidence. After this study, the two sides disagreement jncreased.
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung. Concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
alternate-form reliability
Carrying out two different forms of the test to the same people
availability heuristic example
Casinos entice us to gamble by signaling even small wins with bells and lights-making the memorable-whereas losses have no sounds or lights at all
Lateral Hypothalamus
Causes organisms to eat
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Causes organisms to stop eating
Catalonia
Causes people to be motionless for long periods of time and then become agitated
Trait
Characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Pica
Characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive
Horney
Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. Women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy"
Psychosexual stages
Childhood stages of development (oral anal phallic latency genital) during which according to Freud the ids pleasure seeking energies focused on distinct erogenous zones
Approach Avoidance
Choice that has good and bad sides
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Gender Expression
Communication of gender identity through behavior or appearance
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
Secondary Drive
Conditioned reinforcers
To avoid belief perseverance you shoukd
Consider the opposite
How to Assess Test Reliability?
Consistency of two scores on... -two halves of a test -alternate forms of a test -retesting
Which Type of Phoneme Carries More Information?
Consonants over vowels
Insecure Anxious Attatchment
Constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection
How do kids construct their understanding of the world according to Piaget?
Constructed while they interact with it
Preconscious Area
Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved
Means-Ends Analysis
Continually checking on where you are in relation to your final goal and then deciding how you can get one step closer to it
Did Piaget view stage changes as continuous or abrupt?
Continuous
What causes rumination?
Continuous firing of a frontal lobe area
Broca's Area
Controls language expression. Area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke's Area
Controls language reception. A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression. Usually in the left temporal lobe
Person-Situation Controversy
Controversy about whether personality persists
Stress is much more closely linked to_______________ _than __________________
Coronary HEart disease cancer
Injury to certain areas of the frontal lobe can leave reading, writing, and math skills intact but destroy——
Creativity (creativity in frontal lobe)
Achievement Motivation
David McClellan. A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, and ideas, for rapidly attaining a higher standard
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
What is the #1 reason why people seek mental health services?
Depression
Achievement Test
Designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude Test
Designed to predict a person's future performance
Schizoid
Detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotion
Schizotypal
Detachment from, and great discomfort in social relationships, odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors
Who Did Maslow Study?
Developed his ideas by studying healthy, creative people, not troubled by clinical cases
Physiology and Emotions
Different emotions don't have distinct outward physical signatures nor do they engage sharply distinct brain regions. Although there are small differences in brain activity that can signal different emotions
PYY
Digestive tract hormone that tells the brain when the body is no longer hungry
Projection
Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Example: The thief thinks everyone else is a thief
Neophobia
Dislike of unfamiliar things
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Two big questions about emotion
Does your bodily arousal come before, after, or at the same time as you'd emotional feelings? How do thinking and feeling interact? Does cognition always come before emotion?
Cluster B
Dramatic-erratic -histrionic -narcissistic -borderline personality disorder
Telegraph Speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs. Ex. "go car"
Flat Affect
Emotionless state
"Low Road" Emotions Track
Emotions like simple likes/dislikes, and fears. The neural shortcut bypasses the brain's cortex, the stimulus travels by the thalamus directly to the amygdala *like basic physical reflexes
We as humans respond more to _______ and less to _________
Emotions/pictures Stats
Libido
Energy that controls our behavior (in Id)
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
Culture
Everything shared by a group and transmitted across generations
Construct validity
Evidence shows that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (construct of extraversion)
Narcicism
Exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements, preoccupation with fantasies of success, arrogance
Histrionic
Excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention, emotional shallowness, overly dramatic behavior
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self absorption, is also rising, report psychologist Jean twinge
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption
Divergent Thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions
The wisdom to know when we know something and know when we do not is based off of
Experience
Kholer did what experiment
Experiment with chimpanzees who showed insight by figuring out how to obtain food (can also exhibit foresight like storing things for future use)
Overjustification Effect
Extrinsic motivation will displace a person's internal motivation
Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Hallucination
False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
language requires just one neural network T or F?
False! there are many diff networks that are associated to the different aspects of language( just like vision)
What is the ideal form of stored energy?
Fat
Plutchicks 8 basic Emotions (Evolutionary Theory)
Fear Anger Joy Disgust Anticipation Surprise Sadness Acceptance "Diversity in human emotion is a product of variations in emotional intensity, as well as blendings of primary emotions
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt a loss of control and panics
Insecure Avoidant Attatchment
Feeling discomfort over getting too close to others
Social Support
Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family
Menarche
First menstrual period
Big five factors
Five factors that reveal much of waters to say about our personality
Mental set is a prime example of:
Fixation
Emerging Adulthood
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to the mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
T lymphocytes
Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells,viruses and foreign substances
B Lymphocytes
Formed in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T Lymphocytes
Formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Steven Spencer
Found that when telling people that they will succeed on a test, they actually do better
Defensive Self-Esteem
Fragile. Focuses on sustaining itself which makes failures and criticism threatening
Who invented the concepts of correlation and percentile
Francis galton
Jung
Freud's disciple turned the center, he placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence, but to young the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. He believed we also have a COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
Type A
Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive and hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing relaxed people
As we gain more experiences And get older....
GENETIC INFLUENCES , NOT environmental , become more apparent Ex:twins as they grow up become more and more like their biological parents
Gardner and Savants
Gardner argues that wedon't have just one intelligence, but many
Which of the intelligence theories holds the most support?
Gardner's 8 intelligences theory because it is the broadesf
Psychosexual Stage #5
Genital. Maturation of sexual interests
What did Terman's Studies Show
Gifted children tend to be socially mature and well-adjusted
How is gifted represented on the IQ distribution curve
Gifted students are in the upper 2-3 percent of the distribution
Individualism
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly
Collectivist
Giving priority to the goals of one's group, often once extended family or work group, and defining one's identity accordingly
who created GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Hans Selye
Schizophrenia with negative symptoms
Have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies
what did lazarus think?
He said that our brain processes vast amounts of info withoug our consious awareness. Emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous, whether we truly know it is or not. Cognitive appraisail sometimes without our awareness defines emotion. EX: the sound is "just the wind"
What did cannon say was wrong with James Lange theory?
He said that the body's responses like heart rate, perspiration, and temp are all too similar, and they change too slowly, to cause different emotions
What did Galton try to measure and how
He tried to measure innate human intelligence by measuring simple sensory processes like reaction time, acuity, muscular power, and body proportions DIDNT WORK
What was Albert Binet asked to do and why
He was asked to devise a test to identify mentally subnormal children (like kids with special needs) he was asked to do it to get rid of teacher bias
Allport
He was the one who interviewed Freud He came up with a new theory about personality that aims to identify behavior patterns. He was less concerned with explaining individual traits then with describing them
Person centered perspective
Held that a growth promoting climate require three conditions: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Dependent Disorder
Helplessness, excessive need to be taken care of, submissive and clinging behavior, difficulty in making decisions
How heretical are the big five
Heritability varies with the diversity of people study but it generally runs 50% or tad more for each dimension, and genetic influences are similar and different nations.
Factor analysis
Hey statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tapestry compounds of intelligence such a special ability, or verbal skills. Say someone describe themselves as liking excitement jokes and not liking quiet reading, such a statistical correlated class or behaviors reflects a basic factor, or trade - in this case, extroversion
optimum levels arousal for diff tasks?
High arousal is best for easy tasks, low arousal for difficult tasks
Problem Solving
Higher-order cognitive process that requires the control of more routine or fundamental skills
Bias (Scientific Definition)
Hinges on a test's validity, on whether it predicts future behavior only for some groups of test-takers
What is the physiological aim of drive-reduction?
Homeostasis
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose
Self-Esteem
How one feels about themself
Ghrelin
Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
Orexin
Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
which factors increase the risk of heart disease?
Hypertension and family history of the disease, smoking, obesity, high fat diet, and physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level, and stress
Efforts to identify gifted children focus on _______________ and ignore _____________________________
IQ CREATIVITY
When do we consider a test biased?
If it detects not only innate differences in intelligence but also performance differences caused by cultural experiences
Some critics of the concept of self serving bias claim that overlooks those who feel worthless and unlovable however...
If self-serving bias prevails why do some people disparage themselves? For for reasons: -Self-directed put downs can be subtly strategic: they illicit reassuring strokes like saying "no one likes me "may at least elicit "but not everyone has met you! -Before an important event such as a gay more test so disparaging comments prepares for possible failure. The coach who textiles the superior strength of the upcoming opponent makes a loss understandable and a victory noteworthy -Hey self disparaging "how could I've been so stupid "can help us learn from our mistakes
Terror management theory
If theory of deaths related anxiety export people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. Death anxiety increases contempt for others and the steam for oneself face with a threatening real people acting all away to enhance their self-esteem but also to hear more strongly to worldview study answer questions about life's meaning. Contemplating death people also cleared to close relationships.
Damage to Broca's Area
Impairing speaking
Damage to Wernicke's Area
Impairing understanding
Aphasia
Impairment of language. Usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
Intimacy
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Phonemes
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morphonemes
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word
How stable are the big five
In adulthood the big five traits are quite stable with some tendencies like emotional instability , extroversion , openness , weaning a bit during early and middle adulthood and others like agreeableness and consciousness rising. Conscientious increases the most during peoples 20s as people mature and learn to manage their jobs in relationships. Agreeableness increases the most during peoples 30s and continues to increase through their 60s
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizers of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Defense mechanisms
In cycle analytic theory the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Behavioral Approach
In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Underlies all other defense mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. For Freud, all of these function indirectly and unconsciously
Grit
In psychology, is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
Catharsis
In psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
What causes twins?
In the early days the zygote splits into 2
When does the learning of language begin?
In the womb. Can tell because infants cry with the tone of their mother's language
Testosterone levels in men vs. women
In women: lower levels can affect sexual drives In men: lower levels doesn't have much of an effect, but fluctuations are more of a response to sexual stimulation
Infantile Amnesia
Inability to recall memories before age 3
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
"High Road" Emotions Track
Includes more complex emotions like love and hate. A stimulus travels by the thalamus to the brain's cortex where it is analyzed and labeled before a command is sent out via the amygdala to respond
The Flynn Effect
Indicates the average person's intelligence score in 1920 is lower than today's
Percentile score
Indicates the percentage of people who scored at or below the score one has obtained
Actualizing Tendency
Individual has a tendency to continue to grow and develop
Intersex
Individuals born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features
Infant and Childhood's Major Social Achievement
Infant- attachment Childhood- positive sense of sense
Avoidant Disorder
Inhibition in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, oversensitivity to criticism
Philippe Pinel
Insisted that madness is not caused by demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and in humane conditions
Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion, impulsive, angry outbursts, intense fear of abandonment, suicidal gestures
Behavioral Medicine
Integrating behavioral and medical knowledge
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear of social situations, leading to the avoidance of such
Assimilate
Interpret ting our new experiences by using our existing schemas
Moral Treatment
Involves boosting patient moral by unchaining them and talking with them. A much more humane and less brutal method of dealing with mental illness in this time
Representative heuristic example
Is this quiet shy person most likely a lawyer or librarian?
how can botox help people with depression?
It can paralyze the frowning muscles and then facial feedback effect takes over
What is wrong with the Cannon-Bard theory?
It doesn't support the fact that emotion involves cognition
Critics of humanism
It is very subjective and Vague. For example the descriptions of open, spontaneous, loving, self excepting , and productive are not scientific descriptions. -people also have different ideals for example: Margaret Thatcher and Napoleon would have different descriptions of Sav self actualizing people than Rogers would -People didn't like how the individualism encouraged by humanistic can create self indulgence selfishness and in a Rosian of moral restraints
Representative Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information
Rationalization
Justifying one's actions by using socially acceptable explanations
Selection Effect
Kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests
Psychosexual Stage #4
Latency. A phase of dominant sexual feeligns
Ectomorph Body Type
Lean. Quiet, fragile, restrained
Secure Self-Esteem
Less subject to change on external evaluations
Placenta
Life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo
Second Criterion of and Intellectual Disability
Limitation in conceptual, social, and practical skills
Psychophysiological Illness
Literally "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Do more difficult tasks require lower or higher arousal for optimal performance?
Lower
Bipolar Disorder 2
Major depression to hypomania, which is less severe than the manic episodes in bipolar 1
Insecurely Attached Kids
Marked by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships. They are less likely to explore their surroundings
Possible Selves
Markus. Your visions of the self you dream of becoming
Who created the strange situation experiment
Mary Ainsworth
Who created the hierarchy of needs
Maslow
People Associated with Humanism
Maslow and Rogers
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs. Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher level safety and psychological needs become active
General (from puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests
Schizophrenia with positive symptoms
May experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate emotions
internal consistency reliability
Measures whether several items that propose to measure the same construct produce similar scores .
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
behavioral medicine reminds us that
Mind and body interact, everything psychological is simultaneously physiological.
Type A Type B experiment supports the idea that:
Minds and hearts interact
is there a link between stress and cancer in humans?
Mixed results. Some studies show that people who have been depressed in the last year or report workplace stress have higher rates of cancer. However there is no elevated risk of cancer in concentration camp survivors
Psychodynamic theories
Modern day approaches that you personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Psychodynamic Theories
Modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. View our behavior as emerging from the interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind
Harlow Experiment
Monkey experiment. Contradicts the idea that attachment derives from nourishment/food
Consonant phonemes carry___________meaninf thang vowel phonemes
More
Testosterone
Most important male sex hormone. In both males and females but additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests. Gives scores for each individual section and an overall score
Inferiority Complex
Much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings. Alder.
Mesomorph Body Type
Muscular. Active, assertive, vigorous, combative
If you want to scare people more using framing yuh should use:
NUmbers not percents( 10 out of 10 million will die instead of .0000000001 percent will die)
Convergent Thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
learning window/critical period example
Natively deaf children who learn sign language after age 9 never learn it as well as those who lose their hearing at age 9 after learning English. They also never learn English as well as other natively deaf children who learned sign in infancy
Today's psychologists claim that all behavior arises from the interaction between...
Nature and nurture
Primary Drive
Necessary for survival
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual traits
Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase...
Norepinephrine or serotonin supplies
Galton coined what phrase
Nurture vs nature
Mental sets can sometimes be a__________________ to problem solving
Obstacle
Frustration
Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is let down
Conflict
Occurs when two or more incompatible motivation or behavioral impulses compete for expression
Cluster A
Odd-eccentric -paranoid -schizoid -schizotypal
Rationalization
Offering self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. Example: a habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends just to be sociable
Self-esteem
Once feelings of high or low self-worth
conceptual shifting
Once we place an item in a category, our memory of it later shifts toward the category prototype,People who viewed 70 percent male faces categorized them as male (no surprise there) and then later misremembered them as even more prototypically male
availability heuristic example
One extremely cold day will lead people to believe that global warming isn't happening as fast as it really is or that it doesn't exist at all
Self efficacy
One sense of competence and Effectiveness
Self-Esteem
One's feelings of high or low self-worth
Anchoring Heuristic
One's initial judgement prevents them from deviating very far from their initial beliefs, even in the face of contradictory information
Self-Efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness
What are three ways in which individuals in environment interact: social Cognitive perspective
One. Different people choose different environments Two. Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events, just people are doing to potentially threatening events does they perceive the world is threatening and react accordingly Three. Our personalities help create situations to which we react, mini experience reveal that how are you and three people influences how the intern treat us. If we have an easy-going positive disposition we will likely enjoy close supporter friendships and if we give the cold shoulder we can expect the same thing back
Psychosexual Stage #1
Oral. Pleasure centers on the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age
Lazarus
Our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness. Some emotional responses don't require conscious thinking. *even though we may not be consciously processing it, it is still a mental function
Optimal Arousal Theory
Our levels of arousal can influence our performance
Gender Identity
Our sense of being male or female
Identity
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
Our tendency to judge various stimuli in comparison with our past experiences
Spotlight effect
Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Stage 6 (KTMD)
POSTCONVENTIONAL. Individual Principles and Conscience Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice
Stage 5 (KTMD)
POSTCONVENTIONAL. Social Contract Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute
Stage 2 (KTMD)
PRECONVENTIONAL. Naive Reward Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded
Stage 1 (KTMD)
PRECONVENTIONAL. Punishment Orientation. Right and wrong is determined by what is punished
Authoritative Parenting Style
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but also explain the reasons for the rules and they encourage open discussion about the rules and allow exceptions
Authoritarian Parenting Style
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive Parenting Style
Parents submit to their child's desires, they make few demands and use little punishment
Superego
Part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides the standards for judgement (conscience) and future aspirations. Focuses on how we ought to behave
Self-Transcendence
People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion
Transgender
People whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Magda Arnold (Cognitive Theory of Emotion)
Perception->Appraisal->Body change->Emotion->Action
What do today's IQ tests represent?
Performance relative to the average performance of others at the same age
Acting Out
Performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing
Psychosexual Stage #3
Phallic. Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incentuous sexual feelings
Psychosomatic
Physical (unreal) symptoms caused by our brains
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
Carl Jung
Placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence. Though said that the unconscious contains more than just our repressed thoughts and feelings
Oral stage 0 to 18 months
Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking biting and chewing
Anal 18 to 36 months
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination , coping with demands for control
Phallic 3 to 6 years
Pleasure zone is the genitals coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Endomorph Body Type
Plump. Relaxed, sociable, tolerant, peaceful
Second Pillar of Positive Psychology
Positive character
First Pillar of Positive Psychology
Positive emotions
Third Pillar of Positive Psychology
Positive groups, communities, and cultures
Difference between positive and negative symptoms
Positive is the presence of inappropriate behaviors and negative is the absence of appropriate behaviors
Post Traumatic Growth
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Martin Seligman
Positive psychology
What chromosome may cause AD/HD?
Possible variation in the Y chromosome. May explain why this disorder shows up much more often in males
Piaget & Kohlberg on Moral Development
Proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions *today more think it occurs unconsciously
Leptin
Protein hormone secreted by fat cells. When abundant, they cause the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Norms
Provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test
What are the five major personality theories we went over?
Psychoanalytic - Freud Psychodynamic - Adler, horny, Jung Humanistic - Rogers, Maslow Trait- Allport, Eysenck, McRae, Costa Social cognitive-Bandura
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Natural Killer Cells
Pursue diseased cells
Bipolar Disorder 1
Rare, extreme highs and lows separated by periods of relatively normal behavior
Self-serving bias
Readiness to perceive oneself favorably -People except more responsibility for good deeds done for bad, and for successes than failures -Most people see themselves as better than average
Displacement
Redirecting anger and other unacceptable impulses toward a less-threatening person or object
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. Example: a person denies evidence of his loved ones affair
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
Regression
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
regression
Retreating to more infantile psychosexual stage were some psychic energy remains fixated. Example = A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school
Who were the two main humanness
Rogers and Maslow
Person-Centered Perspective
Rogers. Says that a growth promoting climate requires three conditions: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Things that are both phonemes and morhpemes
S and I
Standardization group
Sample of people that the norms are based on
Who Created the Two-Factor Theory?
Schachter and Singer
Defensive self-esteem is fragile and focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening
Secure self-esteem is less fragile because it is less contingent on external valuations. To feel excepted for who we are, and not for looks well or claim relieves pressure to succeed and enable us to focus be on yourselves. But losing ourselves in relationships and purpose is larger than self we may achieve a more secure service even greater quality of life
Reality Principle
Seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring about long-term pleasure
Underlying Source of ASD
Seems to be poor communication between Bain regions that let us take another's viewpoint. Have impaired theory of mind, much less mirroring of emotion
Collectivism values
Self - interdependent, identity from the longing Life task - maintain connections, fit in, perform roll What matters - us, group goals in solidarity, so social responsibilities and relationships, family duty Coping method- Accommodate to reality Morality - defined by social networks, duty -based Relationships - few, close and enduring, harmony valued Attributing behavior - behavior reflects social norms and roles
Individualist values
Self-independent, identity from individual traits Life task - discover an express one's uniqueness What matters -Me, personal achievement and for filament, rights and liberties, self-esteem Coping method:Change reality Morality - defined by individuals, self based Relationships - Manny, often temporary or casual, confrontation acceptable Attributing behavior - behavior reflects one's personality and attitudes
Subjective Well-Being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life
General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress (ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION)
Estrogen
Sex hormone that is more prominent in females
General Adaptation System (GAS)
Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. Example: a little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room
Pruning Process
Shuts down unused neural pathways and strengthens others
Binge-Eating Disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that defines bulemia
adjustment to lingusitic determinism
So our words may not determine what we think, but they do influence our thinking
Situational Tests Personality Measurements
Solving problems in certain situations
Zajonce and ledoux view on emotion
Some embodied resonses happen instantly without consicioys appraisal . EX: we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labelling it as a threat.
how does being paralyzed affect experience of emotion?
Some emotions like anger werent felt as strongly (its more just mental). other emotions were felt more intensely, like emotions involving areas above the neck. For example: increases in weeping, lumps in the throat, and getting choked up when saying goodbye,worshipping, or watching a touching video.
External Locus of Control
Some external force controls the fate of your life/situation
Zajonc
Some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking
Set Point Theory
States that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body-fat level
Mental Disability
Sub average general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills ORIGINATING BEFORE 18
Paranoid
Suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Example: Repressing angry feelings a person displays exaggerated friendliness
Reaction Formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. When angry, repress and outwardly express friendliness
The discovery that what disease impacts the brain prompted more treatment reform?
Syphillis
T OR F Stress and negative emotions can predict a faster decline in those with AIDS
TRUE
T OR F Stress and negative emotions can speed the transition from HIV infection to AIDS in someone already infected.
TRUE
T OR F: different emotions do not have sharply distinct biological signatures and do not engage sharply distinct brain regions
TRUE
Who came up with post traumatic growth?
Tedeschi and Calhoun
Task oriented stress reaction
Tend to deliver positive actions or outcomes and achieve a goal. Ex: if there is a fire the person evacuates.
Barnum Effect
Tendency to accept favorable descriptions that could be for everyone
Who agreed with Galton's eugenics?
Terman
Who had the longest running psych study and what is it?
Terman, He studied 1500 children with IQ over 135 -research shows that gifted children tend to be socially mature and well adjusted -concerns arise with the PROFOUNDLY gifted students
Francis Galton
Tested intellectual strengths and because of Darwin, he wondered if smarted individuals could mate to make a smarter population
Piaget's Core Idea
That the driving force behind our. Intellectual progression is an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences
Social Identity
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
DSM-5
The American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Injury to the left parietal lobe damages what ability
The ability to think convergently (like in math when there is one correct answer)
Gender Typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Undoing
The attempt to take back an unconscious behavior or thought that is unacceptable or hurtful
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them
Primary Sex Characteristics
The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
Aptitude
The capacity to learn
Psychosexual Stages
The childhood stages of development during which id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. The leading cause of death in many developed countries (including the United States)
Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Medical Model
The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Inner Cells of a Zygote Become...
The embryo
Process of Cannon-Bard Theory
The emotion-triggering stimulus travels to the nervous system causing bodily arousal, while at the same time it travels to the brain's cortex, causing awareness of the emotion
Valididty
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results
Macrophage
"Big eater". Identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells
Binet's Solution for "Slow" Children
"Mental orthopedics" to develop attention spans and self-discipline. Wanted to identify those who needed help, not label or limit them
Karen horny
"The view that women are infantile and emotional creatures, and such, I'm capable of responsibility and independence is the work of the masculine Tennessee for lower woman self-respect
AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). A life-threatening STI caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections
Persistent Depressive Disorder
(Dysthymia). Mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years
What are the five big factors CANOE
- Conscientious - Agreeableness - Neuroticism(emotional stability versus instability) - Openness -Extroversion
effects of extreme or prolonged stress
- can put at greater risk for chronic disease - greater risk for heart diseas -greater risk to die earlier
Sternberg's Three Intelligences
-Analytical (academic problem solving) intelligence -Creative intelligence -Practical intelligence
5 components of creativity
-Expertise- the more you know the more you can connect -Imaginative thinking skills -A venturesome personality -intrinsic motivation -a creative environment
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning around 8 months
Zygote
The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
The Obama Effect
The finding that African American adults performed better if taking a verbal aptitude test administered immediately after watching Obama's acceptance speech
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When this level is low we feel hungry
Garner's Eight Intelligences
-Interpersonal -Intrapersonal -Bodily-kinesthetic -Spatial -Musical -Logical-mathematical -Linguistic -Natualist
Self-Report Personality Measurements
-MMPI -California Personality Inventory
Who Developed the Emotional Intelligence Test?
-Mayer -Salovey -Caruso
Spearman's Beliefs
-People who score high in one area of intelligence testing typically score high on others as well -A common skill set (g), underlies all intelligent behavior
Projective Tests Personality Measurements
-Rorschach's inkblot test -TAT
Sexual Response Cycles
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
A positive mood triggers activity where in the brain?
The frontal lobe
Rogers
-actualizing tendency -self-concept -unconditional and conditional positive regard -client-centered theory
Types of Conflict
-approach/approach -approach/avoidance -avoidance/avoidance
Different Types of Parenting Styles
-authoritarian -permissive -authoritative
Erikson's Stages
-basic trust -autonomy -initiative -competence -identity -intimacy -generativity -integrity
3 Main Types of Stressors
-catastrophes -significant life changes -daily hassles
The Big Five Factors
-conscientiousness -agreeableness -neuroticism (emotional stability/instability) -openness -extraversion
Stages in the Sexual Response Cycle
-excitement -plateau -orgasm -resolution
5 Components of Creativity
-expertise -imaginative thinking skills -venturesome personality -intrinsic motivation -creative environment
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Alfred Adler
-inferiority complex -social interactions are the key to proper development
Harry Sullivan
-interpersonal relationships -insisted that personality is shaped almost entirely by the relationships we have with other people -came up with developmental stages
What were the two innovations that the WAIS had
-it was less dependent on the subjects verbal ability -it discarded IQ in favor of a new scoring scheme based on normal distribution
Izard's 10 Basic Emotions
-joy -interest/excitement -surprise -sadness -anger -disgust -contempt -fear -shame -guilt
Degrees of Intellectual Disability
-mild -moderate -severe -profound
3 Building Blocks for Creating a Language
-phonemes -morphemes -grammar
Maslow's Pyramid 5 Tiers
-physiological needs -safety needs -belonging needs -esteem needs -self-actualization needs
Kohlberg's Stages
-preconventional morality -conventional morality -postconventional morality
7 Defense Mechanisms
-regression -reaction formation -projection -rationalization -displacement -sublimation -denial
Piaget's Stages of Development
-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational
Piaget's Stages
-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational
3 Criteria for a Good Test
-standardization -reliability -valid
7 Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities from LL Thurstone
-word fluency -verbal comprehension -spatial ability -perceptual speed -numerical ability -inductive reasoning -memory
Selective Amnesia
The individual can recall some, but not all, of the events during a period of time
Alfred Adler
The individual feels at home in life and feels his existence to be worthwhile just so far is he is useful to others and is overcoming feelings of inferiority
What did Terman believe intelligence tests revealed?
The intelligence with which a person was born. Binet didn't agree
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, environment
Three Major Focuses of Developmental Psychology
1. Nature v. nurture 2. Continuity and stages 3. Stability and change
Social Intelligence
The know-how involved in successfully comprehending social situations. First proposed by Thorndike
Ego
The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates between the demands of id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle
Ego
The largely conscious, executive part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the Id, super ego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle,satisfying its desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
where in the brain do positive emotions trigger?
The left frontal lobe
Higher the correlation between scores...
The more reliable it is
Testerogen
The most important male sex hormone *is in women as well
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
1. problems regulating appetite 2. problems regulating sleep 3. low energy 4. low self-esteem 5. difficulty concentrating/making decisions 6. feelings of hopelessness
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MMPI
The most widely researched and clinically used for all personality test (originally developed to identify emotional disorders still considered it's most appropriate use )this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders but now has many other purposes as well. *assesses "abnormal" personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits
Rorschach ink blot test
The most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots design by Herman Rorschach , seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Rorshach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test. Seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the inkblots
Duchenne Smile
The natural smile
Affiliation Need
The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
How many diff morphemes and words
100;000 615,000
Superego (Freud)
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment ( the conscious ) and for future aspirations. MORAL COMPASS, CONSUDERS IDEAL
Relative Deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. A surge of hormones triggers a 2yr period of rapid physical growth
At 7 months babies have the ability to segment spoken words which can translate their langauags abukities at age
2 and 5
Outer Cells of a Zygote Become...
The placenta
Set Point
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate may act to try and restore that lost weight
Egocentric
The preoperational child's difficulty in seeing things from another's point of view
Delusional Disorder
The presence of one or more delusions for a duration of one month or longer. Person can't tell the difference between what is real and what is fake
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Conservation
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite differences/changes in the forms of objects
Identification
The process by which according to Freud children incorporate their parents values into their developing super egos
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period
Identification
The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. Freud says this is how we form gender identities
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Moral Development
The process of growing more ethically mature
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Personality inventory
The questionnaire often with true false or agree disagree items in which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Syntax
The set of rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences
Semantics
The set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds
X Chromosome
The sex chromosome found in both men and women, females have XX males have XY
Y Chromosome
The sex chromosome found in only men
Gender
The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female
Preoperational Stage
The stage from about 2-6/7 during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Sensorimotor Stage
The stage from birth to about 2 in which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
One-Word Stage
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words. From about age 1-2
Concrete Operational Stage
The stage of cognitive development from 6/7-11 during which kids gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage
The stage of cognitive development typically beginning at age 12, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Epigenetics
The study of heritable changes in gene ductioning that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and esultng health
psychoneuroimmuniology
The study of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Predictive Validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to. Assessed by computing the correlation
Criterion related validity (Predictive Validity)
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to. Assessed by computing the correlation Example: aptitude for becoming a pilot with performance in pilot training .
Normal Curve
The symmetrical, ell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings *if you're smiling you're more likely to feel happy
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct. To overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
False consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. Roy Baumeister *what Freud called projection
empirically derived test
The test such as the MMPI developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. Which is similar to how open he used his intelligence test to find the kids who were more prone to fall behind in school
Cannon-Bard theory
The theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. Separate processes tho. EX: our heart races at the same time we feel afraid
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1. physiological responses 2. the subjective experience of emotion
James Lange theory
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousal Stimuli. HEART IS RACING, THEN START TO FEEL PANICKED. action causes emotion . STIMULUS-PERCEPTION-BODILY AROUSAL-EMOTION
James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli *The feeling/emotion comes after the bodily response. ex. we feel sorry because we cry
how many people were affected with aids in 2009
2.6 million
IQ last updated when?
2003
how many people have died from aids?
25 million
Social Learning Theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarder or punished
Moral Reasoning
The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
What percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder?
26%
By 10 months how does babies babbling change
The trained ear can now distinguish the household language
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are apart of the body's immune system
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system -B lymphocytes -T lymphocytes
Symbolic Thinking
The use of words and numbers to stand for ideas.
Framing
The way an issue is posed. How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision by Terman of Binet's original intelligence test
Zone of Proximal Development
The zone between what a child can and can't do
What makes type A people more prone to heart disease?
Their negative emotions, anger, and aggressive temperament. Anger redistributes bloodflow to our muscles, pulling it away from our internal organs. One of those organs, the liver, which normally removes cholesterol and fat from blood, cant do its job. Type A are more often combat ready so cholesterol and fat may continue to circulate in their blood and later get deposited around the heart. Further stress sometimes conflicts brought on y their own abrasiveness may trigger altered hear rhythms.
What did Paul costa and Robert McCray do
They created the big five factors
If a collective this person was ripped out of the culture and put in a new environment what would they be like?
This person might experience a greater loss of identity. Cut off from family, groups, and loyal friends, he would lose the connection is out of define who you are
10 Year Rule
To become an expert in many fields, it requires 10 years of intense daily practice
Two-Factor Theory
To experience emotion one must 1. be physically aroused 2. cognitively label the arousal *our physical reactions and our thoughts create emotion
Functional Fixedness
To think of things only in their typical functions
Gordon Allport
Traits. Less concerned with explaining traits then describing them
Sublimation
Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
Sublimation
Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued notice. Example: a man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon
Projection
Transferring one's own unacceptable thoughts, motives, or personal qualities to others
how many words do you learn a year
3500
At what age can you begin to predict future intelligence?
4
language development stages
4 months- infant babbles 10 months- babbling resembles household language (ma) 12 months- child enters one word stage 24 months- child enters two word, telegraphic 24+ months- language develops rapidly into complete sentences
Tend & Befriend Response
Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
Latent Content
Underlying meaning/message of a dream
Catastrophes
Unpredictable large scale events
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Unproven health care treatments intended to supplement or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine
Social cognitive perspective
Use behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's treats, including her thinking, and their social context. Behavior(Learning to rock climb) ➡️ internal personal factors(thoughts and feelings about risky activities)➡️ environmental factors(Rock climbing friends)➡️ CYCLES ALL RELATED
Recent Research of Intelligence
Using factor analysis, scientists have confirmed that there is a general intelligence factor and g matters
Overconfidence in students example
Usually projects take us twice as long to do as we expect them to
Are those with psychological disorders more likely to be perpetrators or victims of violence?
Victims
Humanistic theories
View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Humanistic Theories
View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. Study people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings
Social Cognitive Perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations
Howard Gardner
Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages, brain damage would inhibit one ability, not all of them
Bandura
Views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal determinism
Eysenck's Theory
We can reduce many of our normal individual variations to 2/3 dimensions; introversion/extraversion, emotional stability/instability
How many different phonemes does English use?
40(others use half or more than forty)
At what age does rigid boy/girl stereotypes peak?
5/6
Heredity is responsible for ___% of the variation in intelligence , among people being studied
50
From age1-18 how many words have you learned
60,000
by about age ____ those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language.
7
How many phonemes are there in human language
869
Oedipus Complex
A boy's sexual desires towards his mother and hatred towards father during the phallic stage. Girls experience electra complex
Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Galvanic Skin Response
A change in the ability of the skin to conduct electricity, caused by an emotional stimuli such as fright
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects
Approach-Approach Conflict
A choice must be made between two attractive goals
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made between two unattractive goals
Instinct
A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets info
Savant Syndrome
A condition in which a person with otherwise limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty of adapting to the demands of life
Down Syndrome
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four or more weeks after a traumatic experience
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Conversion Disorder`
A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found *functional neurological symptom disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease *hypochondriasis
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
General Intelligence (g)
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
If a person was ripped out of their culture from individualist culture what would they be like in their new world?
A great deal of their identity would remain intact, the very core of your being, the sense of me, the awareness of your personality connections and values
Cohort
A group of people from a given time period
William Damon and Adolescence
A key task to adolescence is to achieve a purpose
Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Basal Metabolic Rate
A measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest
Mental Age
A measure of intelligence test performance. The chronological age that most typically corresponds o a given level of performance. Didn't reason why kids were slow or intelligent
Factitious Disorder
A mental disorder in which a person acts as is they have a physical or mental illness when, in fact, they have consciously created their symptoms
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Intelligence Test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, step-by-step procedure. Contrasts heuristics
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms; at least one of which must be 1. depressed mood 2. loss of interest or pleasure
Mania
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Hypothalamus
A part of the forebrain structure that regulates eating and drinking
Paraphilias
A person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interests OR their desires or behavior entails harm or risk of harm for others
Stimulus Generalization
A person is attacked by a fierce dog and later develops a fear of all dogs
Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Typically persists throughout life
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A person's mental age divided by their chronological age times 100
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist
projective tests
A personality test such as the Rorschach that provides ambiguous stimuli , makes them tell a story about something random , designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Projective Test
A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Latency 6-to puberty
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Sexual Dysfunction
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Compensation
A process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas
Thematic apperception test
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests are the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Henry Murray
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression
Psychosis
A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Somatic Symptom Disorder
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of the three key symptoms: extreme in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire (often with true/false or agree/disagree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities *formerly called multiple personality disorder
Self-Serving Bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives the id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification.
Emotion
A response of the whole organism involving 1. physiological arousal 2. expressive behaviors 3. conscious experience
Emotions
A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
Refractory Period
A resting period after orgasm, during which a man can't achieve another orgasm
Stereotype Threat
A self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave
Gender Role
A set of expected behaviors for males or females
Heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Speedier than algorithms but more error-prone
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill)
Oxytocin
A stress moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals *may explain why women are more prone to the tend and befriend response
Cross-Sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Psychological Disorder
A sydrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Biofeedback
A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way. Often a way that has been successful in the past
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Empirically Derived Test
A test (such as the MMPI) that is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Terror-Management Theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death *proves Freud's idea that we unconsciously defend ourselves from anxiety
Abuse and the Brain
Abused animals show a difference in serotonin levels, which calms aggressive impulses
Neo-Freudians
Accept basic ideas of Freud. -placed more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and coping with the environment -doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations and instead emphasized loftier motives and social interactions
Basic Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy
Oedipus complex
According to Freud a boys sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Fixation
According to Freud it lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologist information processing of which we are unaware.
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to modern psychologists, information processings of which we are unaware
Self actualization
According to Maslow what are the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Self-Actualization
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. The motivation to fulfill one's potential
Unconditional positive regard
According to Rogers an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Validity synonymous with
Accuracy
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Activates in response to physical pain. Can also increase in activity because of ostracism
Manifest Content
Actual content of a dream
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
what factors effect your immune system activity?
Age, Nutrition, genetics, body temp, and stress
Teratogens
Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Robert Sternberg
Agrees with Gardner's multiple intelligences, but believes in three intelligences and not eight
People Associated with Social-Cognitive
Albert Bandura
What might cause FAS
Alcohol may have an epigenetic effect - it leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off
Universal Grammar
All languages do share some basic elements. Chomsky
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I?" An understanding and assessment of self
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Self-Concept
All the thoughts and feelings towards the question "who am I?'"
Neurocognitive Disorder
Also known as dementia
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by predictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise, or fasting
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought. As contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Attatchment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young kids by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction
Phobia
When a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
When a person is unexplainably and constantly tense and uneasy
Set Point and Obesity
When an overweight person's body drops below its previous set point, their hunger increases and their metabolism decreases, unlike a lean person. Which explains why it can be difficult to lose weight
When does Rogers view self concept as positive?
When peoples descriptions of their real self and ideal self are the same
Curse of Knowledge
When we know something and assume others will interpret it the same way too.
When does Darwin think Self-Awareness Begins
When we recognize ourselves in a mirror
Our Sense of Personal Control
Whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or as controlled by an environment
Linguistic Determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think *not 100% true
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.(too extreme)
Glutamate and Anxiety
With too much of this, the brain's alarm centers become hyperactive
Women and Aggression
Women are more likely to commit acts of relational aggression, such as spreading rumors
who has the stronger immune system?
Women, this makes them less susceptable to infections, but this very strength also makes them more susceptible to slef attacking diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis
gender difference in stress response that is reflected in brain scans
Womens brains become more active in areas important for face preocessing and empathy. Mens become less active;
Did the big five traits protect our actual behaviors?
Yes - Shy introverts are more likely than extroverts to prefer communicating by email rather than face-to-face -highly conscientious people are better high school and university grades -if one partner score lower than the others on agreeableness, stability, and openness, weirdo and sexual satisfaction make suffer
What did Rogers believe
You believe that people are basically good and are endowed with self actualizing tendency's he said unless sorted by and environment that inhibits growth each of us is like an equine prime for growth and fulfillment. Created the person centered perspective
Internal Locus of Control
You have control over your own life/siuation
concepts
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psych contribution to behavioral medicine (what can we do to prevent illness and promote health, studies how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness)
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome is an immune disrder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 4th leading cuase of death in the world and number one in africa
duchenne smile
activated muscles under the eyes and raised cheeks suggest a natural smile or:
Self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Stress does not make us sick, but it does :
alter our immune functioning, which leaves us less able to resist infection
watching fearful faces, people showed more activity in the :
amygdala
spillover effect
arousal spills over from one event to the next. EX: arrive home after invigorating run and find a message that you got a longed for job, with the arouasal lingering from the run, you would feel more elated. EX: participants injected with epinepherine (didnt know) mirrored the emotions the other person in the room were exhibiting
phase 2: EXHAUSTION
as time passes, with no relief from stress, your body's reserves begin to run out. You become more vulnerable to illness or even collapse and death.
gazing into others eyes creates what?
attraction
where does the blood go during stress
away from digestion and towards the skeletal muscles
receptive language
babies ability to understand what is said to and about them(they learn to associate difference sounds with the movement of lips)
precede means
before
two word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
shuffle steps with head down vs. long strides and head up
behavior feedback phenomenon (feel sad vs feel confident)
Defense oriented stress reaction
behavior is aimed at preventing themselves from hurt of disorganization . EX: crying, mourning, defense mechanisms (denial and repression)
what is an advantage to being bilingual
better at inhibiting their attention to irrelevant information
facial expressions are ____________________ and can be proven because people around the world show the same types of expressions. Even _________people show the same expressions
blind people
A polygraph measures
blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity
who created fight or flight
cannon
three main types of stressors:
catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles
Avoidance avoidance
choice between 2 bad options
Approach Approach
choice between two good options
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
those who are from more individualist countries are more visually expressive with their emotions than
collectivist countries
cortisol
comes from orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland), the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete it. it is a glucocoticoid stress hormone
psychosomatic
connotation of fake all in your head illnesses
brocas area
controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. damage to this area makes people not able to speak, but could still sing
wernicke area
controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. damage to this area causes them to speak gibberish(meaningless words)
women are better at reading emotions and:
describe their emotions using more complex words than men do.
research consistently indicates that psychotherapy _______________ extend cancer patients survival
does not
for those who how are widowed, their risk of death____________in the ____________following their partners death
doubled week
when are people most contagious (AIDS)?
during the first few weeks before they know they have been infected (this is when it is most often spread)
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
introverts are better at reading emotions and extroverts are:
easier to read
low road
emotions like simple likes, dislikes, and fears take this route. This road is a neural shortfcut that bypasses the cortex. a stimulus would travel from the eye or ear directly to the amygdala. ALLows fast response before our intellect intervense
women feel emotions more deeply and are more______
empathetic
what are the stress hormones released from the adrenal glands?
epinepherine and norepinepherine
the two systems of stress hormones work at different speeds. In a fight or flight scenario, __________________ is the one handing out the guns, ____________________ are the ones drawing up the blueprints for new aircraft carriers needed for the war effort.
epinephrine glucocorticoids
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
why does severe stress seem to age people?
extreme stress can shorten telomeres(pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes). Telomere shortening is a normal part of aging; when telomeres get too short, the cell can no longer divide and it ultimately dies. Highly stressed people's cells look a decade older than their chronoligical age.
how can you tell physically, the difference between emotions?
facial muscle use, finger temp, hormone excretion
lifting the inner part of the eyebrow signals what?
fear
B lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
intuition can be both good and bad
good-
symptoms of fight or flight
heart raate and respiration increase, blood goes from digestion to the skeletal muscles, dulls feelings of pain, sugar and fat are released from the bodys stores
epinephrine is more_____________than glucocorticoids
high speed
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
some stress can be good:
it can cause emotional resiliency and can energize and cause life satisfaction
representiveness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
who coined the term "low road" and "high road"
ledoux
significant life changes
life transitions, like getting married, having a kid, graduation. age group that reported having the most stress: young adults
psychophysiological illness
literally mind-body illness. Any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
how can framing be used in real life
making organ donation opt no instead of opt yes, making the default option yes makes almost 100 percent of people donors vs 25 percent
anger strikes most peole as a more +_____________emotion
masculine
what is the most common stress response for men
men more often tend to socially withdraw, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive. Women more often respond to stress by nurturing and banding together.
how to be more empathetic and feel others emotions for deeply:
mimic their facial expressions
high road
more complex feelings take this route (love, hate). A stimulus would travel thorught the thalamus to the brains cortex. There it would be analyzed and labeled before the command is sent out via the amygdala.
if reading a story while moving their middle finger the story was_______________ vs when moving their thumb up and down the story was ________________
more hostile more positive
surgical wounds heal____________in stressed people
more slowly
stressed people are _________________to colds
more susceptible
intuition
n effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
tend and befriend is especially demonstrated during
natural disasters
we are more often to detect which kinds of words and faces?
negative and angry ones
Frustration
occurs in any situation where a pursuti of some goal is let down
how accurate are we at detected deception?
only 54 percent
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
why might women be more nurturing?
oxytocin (a stress moderating homrone associated with pair bonding in animals and reslased by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans
How was the cannon bard theory challenged ?
people who were paralyzed in parts of their body didnt report a change in their experience of emotion
what is the most influencial gland
pituitary
more empathy usually results in more
positive peer relationships
many african americans blood pressure levels are higher due to
prejudice and racism
what are the symptoms of arousal
pupils dilate, decreases, perpires, increases, accelartes, inhibits, secrete stress hormones, reduced immune system functioning
Natural killer cells (NK)
pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).
Myer Friedman and Ray rosenman experiment
ran the experiment with tax accountants. high cholesteral during end of year and then leveled out. Their findings launched another big experiemnt (type A and B)
When your immune system errs it can go in two directions:
responding too strongly, it may attack the body's own tissues. OR it may underreact and allow a dormant herpes virus to erupt or cancer cells to multiply
botox also can
slow peoples reading of sadness or anger related sentences, and slow activity in emotion related brain circuits
during stress the brains production of new neurons_________
slows and some neural circuits degenerate
japan relies more on_____________to read emotions compared to americans who can rely on _____________
social context eyes, mouth (facial expression)
what stress response is found especially in women
tend and befriend
what did zajonce beleive about emotion
that we dont always have to interpret our arousal before we can experience emotion, he said that we have many emotional reactions aprat from or even before our interpretation of a situation. EX: we like something or someone immediately even thought we dont know why
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
interrater reliability
the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
why is it eaiwer for our feelings to hijak our thinking than for our thinking to rule our feelings?
the amygdala sends more neural projetions up to the cotex than it recieves back.
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
where in the brain do negative emotions trigger?
the right frontal lobe
Two factor theory
the schachter singer theory that to experience emotion, one must 1. be physically aroused , 2. cognitively label the arousal. EX: we may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context
one word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
facial feedback effect(fueled by darwin and william james)
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness (fake it till you make it)
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
productive language
their (babies) ability to produce words, matures after receptive language
FINAL STATEMENT ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING AND LANGUAGE
thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought
anyone, no matter where they live can learn to speak any language from birth TRUE or FALSE
true
babies come with a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules TRUE or FALSE
true, they are actually better than adults at separating syllables and sounds that usually appear together
for those who respond to catastrophes by relocating to another country, the stress is:
twofold, the trauma of uprooting and fam separation combine with the challenges of adjusting to the new cultures language, ethnicity, climate and social norms. they often face culture shock and deteriorating well-being
Tend and Befriend
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others(befriend)
catastrophes
unpredictable, large-scale events, suchas earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and famines. - nearly everyone appraises them as threatening -cause the most physical and emotional harm
emories "recovered" under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are especially :
unreliable
test-retest reliability
using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency
availability heuristic example
when Islamic extremists killed nearly 3000 people in the United States in coordinated terrorist attacks, our readily available memory of the dramatic event may shape our impression of the whole group.
representiveness heuristic example
when asked about a person who is short, slim, and likes to read poetry, and if they would most likely be an ivy league professor of classics or a truck driver, most would answer a professor. (using heuristic) but when you actually take a look it it there are pros 10 profs that fit this description and 500 truck drivers that could fit this description
what experiments supported lazarus zojoce and ledoux?
when people were shown images of faces or other stimuli people felt emotion towards them even though they were flashed too fast for them to interpret
phase 2: RESISTANCE
with your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back.Your temp, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge.
What is a common response to a loved ones death
withdraw, pull back, conserve energy
when does aids appear
years after the infection
can reducing stress help with aids?
yes, but not as much as drugs
phase 1: ALARM
your sypmatheitc nerbous system is suddenly acitvated. your heart rate zooms. blood is diverted from your digestive track to your skeletal muscles. you feel the faintness of shock
