TWO: CHEMISTRY

Which of the following is the weakest acid?

6.5

Which of the following is organic?

H2CO3

The complementary strand of DNA to one with nitrogenous base pairs AAGCGT would be:

TTCGCA

Glucose, a monosaccharide, is the basic building block of ____________.

carbohydrates

You want to lose weight, and so are trying to include more fruits and vegetables in your diet, and less white bread and pasta. You were very disappointed to learn that, although a baked potato is a vegetable, it is very starchy, meaning that it is high in __________________.

carbohydrates

The most important aspect of a protein molecule with regards to function is its _________________.

shape

There are three types of carbohydrates. The type that is digestible and plant based is _______________. This food group includes potatoes and corn.

starch

We store carbohydrates in our muscles in the form of ___________________.

glycogen

Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it

has a full outer electron shell

An organic compound always contains carbon and ______________.

hydrogen

In premature births, one of the dangers that must be overcome is the difficulty in inflating the baby's lungs, because surfactant has not yet reached an adequate level. In order to breathe, the infant must expand its lungs, breaking down the ______________ bonds between fluid molecules that are trying to keep the lungs from expanding.

hydrogen

Surface tension occurs when water molecules form a weak bond with each other, allowing a small bug to walk across the surface of a puddle. These bonds are referred to as __________________bonds.

hydrogen

The bond between an anion and a cation is referred to as a/an ___________________ bond.

ionic

Anything that occupies space and has mass is referred to as ___________

matter

Which atom is the most chemically stable?

neon, with an atomic number of 10

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus

The bond formed when two atoms that share at least one electron equally is known as a/an _________________bond.

nonpolar covalent

Radioisotopes have unstable

nuclei

Your genetic information is passed on from parents to offspring through a code found in your DNA, which is the organic compound class of _________________.

nucleic acid

In a water molecule, the oxygen ion is bigger than the hydrogen ions, exerting a greater pull. This bond is a/an ________________ bond.

polar covalent

The functional group "NH2" will identify an organic compound as a ___________________.

protein

Amino acids are the basic building blocks of __________, an organic compound class

proteins

There are crucial catalysts required for normal cellular function in the body. These are usually __________________.

proteins

If you were to be able to change the number of ______________ in an atom of an element, you would change its identity. If you can make gold (Au) from lead (Pb), call me.

protons

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.

protons

The mass number represents the number of

protons + neutrons

If a sodium ion has a charge of +1 and an atomic number of 11, how many electrons does it have?

10

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is

18

Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell?

2

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

Hydrogen

Which of the following bases is found only in RNA?

Uracil

Your asthma has been acting up again, so the doctor wants to look at your arterial blood gases. Your CO2 level is a little high and your oxygen saturation is a bit low. Your blood pH is 7.33. This situation is:

acidic

Katherine dissolves table salt into a glass of water, and watches as it disappears. She remembers from the science class that sodium has an atomic number of 11, and chlorine of 7. She knows that in a solution, chloride will be a/an _______________.

anion

The smallest stable units of matter are

atoms

Since food mixed with hydrochloric acid from the stomach would burn the small intestine, the small intestine must secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the acid. This bicarbonate is acting as a/an _________________.

buffer

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction, without undergoing any permanent change itself, is called a ________________.

catalyst

An ion that has a positive charge is a/an ___________.

cation

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. It gives away an electron in the valence shell. It is now referred to as a sodium _______________.

cation

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________.

cation, anion

Atoms of at least two different elements joined together are BEST referred to as a/an ___________________.

compound

The _________________ orbit around the nucleus of an atom.

electrons

One of the important roles of proteins in the body is to function as a/an ___________________, when it acts as a catalyst to speed up biochemical reactions.

enzyme

One of the most common forms of lipids in our diet and in the body is ____________________, which provide the body's most efficient form of storing energy.

triglycerides