Types of Pathogens: Viruses
Rhino virus, causes...
"common cold"
Influenza virus, causes
"the flu"
Viruses are very small, ranging between___and only visible by using an____microscope
0.01 and 0.03 microns, electron microscope
What are the two types of chronic hepatitis?
1- chronic persistent hepatitis is a benign, self-limiting process. 2- chronic active hepatitis usually progresses to cirrhosis with portal hypertension and liver failure
How is Hepatitis A spread?
It's spread by... drinking water contaminated by raw sewage, eating contaminated food that has not been properly cooked, eating raw, or partially cooked shellfish contaminated by raw sewage, putting something in the mouth that has been infected with the hepatitis A virus, and oral sexual contact with a partner infected with the hepatitis A virus
the most common causes of viral hepatitis are____ and cause more than ___% of acute hepatitis in the US
A, B, and C 90%
HIV causes...
AIDS
Multiplication of a virus may rely on the health of the host, so factors such as stress and poor health may allow viruses to manifest, multiply and cause...
Acute infection
After the initial episode of chickenpox resolves, the varicella zoster virus remains ____ in the nerve cell bodies without causing any symptoms.
Latent
Hepatitis ____ is the major infectious occupational hazard of healthcare workers, so healthcare workers must be vaccinated against it and must be trained about the risk of exposure and trained on needle safety
B
People may develop chronic Hepatitis with which types, A,B, C, or D?
B,C,D
Chickenpox cant be spread from sharing a towel with someone who has the disease?
False
Hepatitis A isn't found in the stool. True or False?
False
viruses are the biggest type of pathogens. True or False?
False they are the smallest type
Hepatitis B is way less contagious than HIV. True or False?
False, Hep B is way MORE contagious than HIV
Hepatitis D occurs by itself. True or False?
False, it occurs only as a coinfection with Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B and C tend to be less dangerous than hepatitis A. True or False?
False. B and C tend to be MORE dangerous than Hep A
varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox in adults and shingles (zona) in children. True of False?
False. Causes chickenpox in CHILDREN and singles in ADULTS
Hepatitis C cant be transmitted through blood transfusion and sharing needles. True or False?
False. It can be transmitted
There is a vaccine to prevent hepatitis A and C, but not to prevent hepatitis B. True or False?
False. There is a vaccine to prevent Hepatitis A and B, but NOT C
Viruses can live independently. True or False?
False. Viruses NEED a host to survive
What virus has the ability to rapidly change their nucleic acid component?
Influenza virus That's why there is a new flu vaccine every year,
Where is Hepatitis A normally found?
It is usually found in the stool
Is there a Hepatitis F?
No
Factors that can increase the risk of contracting Hep C are...
Sharing needles when using drugs getting pierced or tattooed with contaminated instruments receiving contaminated blood products
____is a reactivation of past infection with the varicella zoster virus.
Shingles
What vaccine for Shingles is approved and recommended for people age 50 and older?
Shingrix
____ is a vaccine against shingles.
Shingrix
At least six liver viruses (hepatitis) have been identified as types A through E and G. True or False?
True
Chronic hepatitis is much less common than acute hepatitis. True or False?
True
For chronic acute hepatitis, drugs, such as antiviral drugs or corticosteroids, may be used, and for advanced disease, liver transplantation may be needed. True or False?
True
HPV is an example of a virus that changes chromosomes of host cells that leads to mutation causing warts and the development of cervical cancer. True or False
True
HSV I produces cold sores while HSV II produces genital warts. True or False?
True
Hep B can be transmitted through unprotected sex with a person who has the virus, sharing needles or medical equipment that involves blood (such as glucose monitors), or sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. True or False?
True
Hepatitis A virus does NOT generally spread by casual contact. True or False?
True
Hepatitis A virus does not cause chronic hepatitis. True or False?
True
Hepatitis B & C are transferred through blood/body fluids. True or False?
True
Hepatitis B carriers may transmit the disease to their sexual partners. True or False?
True
Hepatitis B: many people have no symptoms. True or False?
True
Hepatitis C is more common than hepatitis B in the US. True or False?
True
Hepatitis C is not as contagious as hepatitis B. True or False?
True
Hepatitis is a liver virus. True or False?
True
In most cases, Hepatitis A is not a serious disease. True or False?
True
Influenza is more serious than common cold. True or False?
True
People at risk of exposure to hepatitis B, (infants, and people with an HIV infection) should get the hepatitis B vaccine. True or False?
True
Shingles usually does not spread from person to person, however, nonimmune persons can get chickenpox by having direct contact with lesions, or by contact with items. True or False?
True
Since 2013, doctors have been able to prescribe antiviral medications that can treat hepatitis C in most people. True or False?
True
Some types of hepatitis C are completely cured. True or False?
True
Some viruses have the ability to rapidly change their nucleic acid components, leading to new combinations. True or False?
True
Starting at age 13, the HPV vaccine is offered to both boys and girls. True or False?
True
The risk of acquiring HBV after a known exposure is 30%, approximately 100 times the risk of acquiring HIV after a comparable exposure. True or False?
True
There is a preparation containing antibodies that provide temporary protection from hepatitis A. True or False?
True
Vaccines for Hepatitis A can take longer to be effective (but highly effective) whereas Antibodies will provide you with quick temporary protection. True or False?
True
chickenpox is a highly contagious disease of childhood. True or False?
True
chronic persistent hepatitis is a benign, self-limiting process.True or False?
True
most pts with acute hepatitis recover completely, but pts with hepatitis B, C, D may go on to develop chronic hepatitis. True or False?
True
When you are traveling to an area that is endemic for Hepatitis A, you can take the vaccination that is very effective but to have immediate protection against Hep A you can take antibodies (preparation) as the president did for Covid. True or False?
True Antibodies give temporary effective and quick protection from the virus
A doctor will prescribe different medications depending on the genotype, or variation, of hepatitis C that a person has. True or False?
True, It is usually necessary to take these drugs for 12 to 24 weeks
the transmission of hepatitis B often occurs as a result of childbirth. True or False?
True, a pregnant infected mom can pass the virus to her baby during childbirth
Shingles is characterized by...
Very painful, blistering skin rash along an area of nerve distribution
Many people have no symptoms of chronic disease, but some have vague symptoms, such as...
a general feeling of illness, poor appetite, and fatigue
Viruses are considered small intracellular parasites that require....
a living host cell for replication, they can't live independently
Viruses are frequently coated with....
a protein layer
chronic ____ hepatitis usually progresses to cirrhosis with portal hypertension and liver failure
active
Hepatitis A,B, and C cause greater than 90% of ___hepatitis in the US
acute
in severe cases of Hep B, treatment is...
antiviral drugs or a hospital stay is needed to prevent complications
Viruses are simpler in form compared with....
bacteria or animal cells
Hepatitis B & C are transferred through...
blood/body fluids
When the virus invades a host cell, it inserts its _____ into the cell membrane and inserts its own genetic code into the host's cells genetic code and pirates the host cell's nutrients and organelles to produce more viral particles (multiplies)
capsid
____is the protein shell that protects the nucleic acid
capsid
Symptoms of Influenza include...
chills, fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, fatigue, nausea and vomiting especially in children
Hep B: carriers of the virus surface antigen (HBsAg) can develop___ which may lead to ___ and ___cancer
chronic liver disease which may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer
chronic acute hepatitis usually progresses to___. A ____ is done to confirm the diagnosis.
cirrhosis with portal hypertension and liver failure A biopsy is done to confirm the diagnosis
chronic Hepatitis can result in....
cirrhosis, liver failure, and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma)
Viral Hepatitis B is spread through...
contact with body fluids of an infected person, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva
A virus is made up of....
either DNA or RNA (but never both)
Viruses may remain in latent (dormant) stage where they...
enter host cells and dont replicate or replicate slowly until some time later For example, varicella zoster virus which causes chickenpox in children and shingles (zona) in adults
Mumps virus causes...
epidemic parotitis
Infants born to mothers infected with chlamydia may develop...
eye infection or pneumonia
Hepatitis A is transferred through the ____ route
fecal/oral
What are some S & S of Hepatitis A?
fever, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, jaundice
A person becomes immune to Shingles if...
he/she gets the disease or gets vaccinated
Multiplication of a virus may rely on the ____ of the host, so factors such as stress and poor health may allow viruses to manifest, multiply and cause acute infection
health
How is Hepatitis A diagnosed?
hepatitis A antibodies, liver function tests
Hepatitis D does not occur by itself. It occurs only as a coinfection with___
hepatitis B
Common causes of chronic hepatitis include...
hepatitis B and C viruses and certain drugs
When a virus invades a host cell, the body's _____ attacks these cells as they are recognized as viral invaders
immune system
If someone has been exposed to the hepatitis B virus and aren't sure if they've been vaccinated, an injection of ____ given within 12 hours of exposure to the virus may help protect from getting hepatitis B.
immunoglobulin (an antibody) **They still need to take the vaccine since the immunoglobulin provides short term protection
Hepatitis B is contracted in the workplace from exposure to...
infected blood (i.e., needle sticks) or body fluids Also, following infected blood contact with mucous membranes and broken skin
Hepatitis C is transmitted due to exposure to...
infected blood, which can occur through blood transfusion, sharing needles, or childbirth, to a less degree through sexual contact
Chronic hepatitis, although much less common than acute hepatitis, how long can it persist for?
it can persist for years, even decades
Chickenpox is characterized by...
itchy rash of blister-like lesions, usually on the face, scalp, or trunk
Viruses may remain in ____ stage where they enter host cells and dont replicate or replicate slowly until some time later
latent (dormant) stage
Some viruses may alter the host cell chromosomes leading to the development of...
malignancy For example, human papilloma virus (HPV), which is one of the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), causes warts and is also associated with cervical cancer
In early childhood, chickenpox is not a serious illness however it is more severe in_____ and can be fatal (varicella penumonia)
newborn, teenagers, adults, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients (HIV, cancer)
chlamydial infection is a common sexually transmitted disease that causes ____ disease and ___ in women
pelvic Inflammatory Disease & Sterility
Mycoplasma causes...
pneumonia
Hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in...
preventing infection
The main functions of viral capsids are to....
protect, transport and deliver their genome
certain lifestyle practices can help prevent the transmission of both viruses (Hep B & C), including:
refraining from sharing needles avoiding sharing personal care items, such as toothbrushes or razors ensuring that tattoo parlors use thorough cleaning and safety practices practicing safe sex, especially if a person has more than one sexual partner
Treatment for acute hepatitis B is...
rest, fluids, adequate nutrition
HSV I spreads through ___, so people can contract the virus through kissing or sharing objects like towels or eating utensils
saliva
SARS virus stands for..
severe acute respiratory syndrome
People can get HSV-II through....
sexual contact
Years or decades after the initial chickenpox infection, the virus may break out of nerve cell bodies and travel down nerve axons causing viral infection of the skin in the region of the nerve distribution which is called
shingles (zona)
Some viruses look like pencils, others look like...
spiked golf balls
Viruses lack the components necessary for their own survival because of their inability to....
synthesize specific required proteins, so they must invade the cell of a host in order to live and multiply
There is a preparation containing antibodies that provide ____ protection from hepatitis A
temporary
Chickenpox is spread from person-to-person by...
the airborne route (coughing and sneezing), by direct contact with lesions, or by contact with items that have been contaminated by drainage from lesions
A person infected with chickenpox can spread the disease before symptoms develop. True or False?
true
Hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection. True or False?
true
Multiplication of a virus may rely on the health of the host, so factors such as stress and poor health may allow viruses to manifest, multiply and cause acute infection. True or False?
true
Shingles occurs in older people who have had chickenpox at some time in the past. True or False?
true
varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles (zona) in adults. true or false?
true
Rickettsiae causes...
typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
After the initial episode of chickenpox resolves, the____ virus remains latent in the nerve cell bodies without causing any symptoms.
varicella zoster
When a virus invades a host cell, the body's immune system attacks these cells as they are recognized as _____
viral invaders
Influenza may lead to...
viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia
____are the smallest type of pathogens
viruses
human papilloma virus (HPV) causes ____ and is also associated with ____ cancer
warts cervical cancer
Although many people have no symptoms when infected with Hep B, what are some S&S?
weakness, loss of appetite, fever, jaundice, headache, nausea, muscle aches
Hepatitis is considered chronic when...
when there is clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatic inflammation beyond six months
Shingles is aka
zona
Unlike hepatitis ___, hepatitis B does not spread through contaminated food or drink
A
which virus is one of the most common sexually transmitted infection/disease (STI/STD)?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
most people who get acute hepatitis B don't end up progressing to chronic hepatitis B, only ___-___ %, some of them with hepatitis D coinfection
15-25%
pts who test positive for hepatitis B have a ___ times greater risk of developing HCC
340
Shingles vaccine is approved and recommended for people over the age of...
50
Hepatitis C virus causes about ___ to ___% of chronic hepatitis
60-70%
___-___ % of acute hepatitis C progress into chronic hepatitis C
75-85%
Hep B:___ % recover within 6 months of their first symptom, others become chronic carriers of the virus surface antigen (HBsAg).
90%
three groups of microorganisms have characteristics that resemble them to BOTH bacteria and viruses. What are they?
Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Mycoplasma
Types of Measles virus...
Herpes Simplex Virus I (HSV I) and type II
