UA HY-101 Final
renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
-Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's dughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre.
80 Years War
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Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler, brought some religious freedom to the area
Edict of Nantes
1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.
Council of Trent
A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. called together church leaders to start the Catholic counter-reformation
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Michelangelo
An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Council of Clermont
Christian leaders met at Clermont and Pope Urban II called for a holy war to recapture the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
universities
Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West became the model of all modern universities
Thomas Moore
English humanist that published Utopia, in which he described a perfect society
John Calvin
French theologian inspired by Luther that created Calvinism, believed all people are sinful by nature and cannot earn their salvation. god chooses the "elect" few to be saved/ detailed this in Institutes of the Christian Religion
civic humanism
Humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher of the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Prince, a book of political advice to rulers in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that "the ends justifies the means."
95 theses
Luther's 95 points of debate (intended only for his scholarly friends) that were translated and circulated through Europe
Discourses on Livy
Machiavelli-praises ancient Roman republic, lauds constitutional government, equality among citizens of a republic, political independence for city-states (committed republican)
Anglican Church (Church of England)
Protestant church of England and official religion. Established by Henry VIII so that he could get a divorce
philology
Study (love) of language and literature; important to Humanists
Jacob Burkhardt
Swiss historian who published in 1860 a book titled Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Described it as the prototype of the modern world. Was first to really emphasize the importance of the Renaissance and to bring the term into common usage.
the crusades
a "holy war" that helped unite kingdoms in Europe for the singular cause of regaining the Christian holy lands, like Jerusalem
Humanists
a movement that was a reaction against Scholasticism, that sought to produce a useful knowledge- for the here and now. believed there to be an inherent dignity in the human being that could be perfected through education. studied the 7 liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialect, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Petrarch was the father of this movement
"Renaissance Man"
a multitalented man, was very desired during the renaissance. da Vinci was a prime example of this
scholasticism
a philosophical and theological system designed to apply logic to any and all questions of Christian theology in life
Thomas Munster
a religious revolutionary that turned against Luther and formed the Anabaptists
Munster rebellion
an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a government according to their beliefs that came out of the OT in Munster. surrounding cities saw a threat and sieged the city, later executing the govt leaders and hung them from cages on the steeple of St Lambert's church
Germania
an ethnographic work on the Germanic tribes outside the Roman Empire. By Tacitus
Peter Lombard
author of the Four Books of Sentences, became the standard text book for theology
Leipzig Disputations
debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther that took place in Leipzig about Luther's new ideas about how the church should work. Luther is pushed to realize how truly radical these are, and then to publically declare that, even when ordered to denounce by Pope Leo X
Radical Reformation
formation of many other religious sects following the creation of Lutheranism. promoted apocalyptic ideas, anticlericalism, biblical literalism, "reformation by provocation"
Andreas Karlstadt
german Christian theologian during the protestant reformation. was at odds with luther over different ideas
Martin Luther
german monk who inadvertently started the protestant revolution. after a life immersed in the Catholic tradition he found some theological points with which he did not agree- such as the path to salvation through faith and good works. initially intended his ideas to be a discussion with colleagues, however the printing press enabled whoever got a hold of his ideas to spread them very rapidly
Pope Urban II
head of the catholic church who issued the proclamation at the council of Clermont, that began the first crusade
Desiderius Eramus
humanist and scholar famous for piecing together a greek translation of the NT
Leonardo Bruni
known for his work as a historian, also was a Humanist. wrote a history of Florence. considered by many to be the first historian- he divided history into eras, such as the middle ages, etc.
Peter Abalard
known for producing the scholastic method of thinking, also had an affair with his student Heloise
Papal Inquisition
papal tool to confront heresy and heretics
Catholic Counter Reformation
period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Leonardo da Vinci
quintessence of the Italian Renaissance Man, produced famous paintings, sculptures, and feats of engineering that were well ahead of their time
"big 5"
the 5 largest, and most influential states in Italy during the beginning of the Renaissance, consisted of Florence, Venice, Milan, Naples, and the Papal States
Petrarch
the father of Humanism, wrote "Letters" in which he had conversations with significant figures in history. started to write in Italian rather than Latin so that more people could read his works. raised the question of writing in one's native language for others in Europe
Confessions of Augsburg
the first written set of rules/ theology for what becomes a different faith, included ideas about salvation through faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the bible as sole authority
Lorenzo Valla
used Humanist ideals to discredit the Donation of Constantine
German Peasants War
widespread popular revolt in which the peasants backed up their revolt against the aristocracy using luther's teachings. later they were all slaughtered by aristocracy to put down the revolt, Luther rejected this as an extension of his teachings
Giorgio Vasari
wrote The Life of Leonardo da Vinci and The lives of the Artists. famous painter that wrote biographies of famous artists, such as da Vinci, etc. first "art historian"
St. Thomas Aquinas
wrote the Summa Theologica (his most well known work)- an instructional guide to all the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church, known as being the key figure in respect to Catholic theology
Lutheran Quietism
•inner man/outer man - cannot touch inner man
