UF Speech Midterm
identification
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
symposium
a public presentation in which several people prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
newspaper and periodical database
a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
virtual library
a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
hidden agenda
a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole
specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
problem-solving small group
a small group formed to solve a particular problem
brief example
a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
example
a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
informative speech
a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
ice breaker speech
a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible
oral report
a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
contrast
a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc
comparison
a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc
description
a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
extended example
a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
panel discussion
a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience
abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original source
process
a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
cliche
a trite or overused expression
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
reference work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
hypothetical example/illustration
an example that describes an imaginary or factious situation
simile
an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
sponsoring organization
an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
key-word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
event
anything that happens or is regarded as happening
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message; interference can be external or internal to listeners
object
anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
situational audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
demographic audience analysis
audience that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
maintenance needs
communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
audience-centeredness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment (music)
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it (sales pitch)
empathetic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker (friends)
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker (directions)
visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
statistics
numerical data
listening
paying close attention to, and making some of, what we hear
plagiarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
open-ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
scale questions
questions that require more responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
quoting out of context
quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing that statement from the words and phrases surrounding it (BAD!)
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
procedural needs
routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
criteria
standards on which a judgement or decision can be based
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
task needs
substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
direct quotation
testimony that is presented word for word
leadership
the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
mean
the average value of a group of numbers
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
general purpose
the broad goal of a speech
spare "brain time"
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 wpm) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 wpm)
conclusion
the final section of a speech
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
body
the main section of a speech
main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech
supporting materials
the materials used to support a speaker's ideas; the three major kinds are examples, statistics, and testimony
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
median
the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
mode
the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
introduction
the opening section of a speech
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
visual framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
topic
the subject of a speech
frame of reference
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes (no two people can have the same frame of reference)
egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
generic "he"
the use of "he" to refer to both women and men
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
personalize
to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects
What are the three types of supporting materials?
Examples, statistics, and testimonies
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
designated leader
a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed
Speaker's Evidence
1. Is it ACCURATE? 2. Is it taken from OBJECTIVE sources? 3. Is it RELEVANT to the speaker's claims? 4. Is it SUFFICIENT to support the speaker's point?
Causes of Poor Listening
1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance
Public Speaking and Conversation- Similarities
1. Organizing your thoughts logically 2. Tailoring your message to your audience 3. Telling a sort for maximum impact 4. Adapting to listener feedback
Public Speaking and Conversation- Differences
1. Public speaking is more highly structured 2. Public speaking requires more formal language 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery
concept
a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle. or the like
thesaurus
a book of synonyms
speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
small group
a collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
academic database
a database that catalogues articles by scholarly journals
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
reflective-thinking method
a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group
attitude
a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
implied leader
a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
emergent leader
a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations
dyad
a group of two people
adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
preliminary bibliography
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point present a solution to that problem
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
