ULTIMATE AP COMP. GOV REVIEW
The Safavid rulers introduced to Iran for the first time
Shi'ia Islam as the official state religion
Nigeria's multi-state structure was primarily designed to
Splinter the power of its main ethnic groups
Population growth (policy)
the most common way to address the issue of an ever-increasing population is for a government to put in place policy that targets fertility rates -- i.e. the "one child policy" in China
Gini index
the most commonly used measure of economic inequality
Plaid Cymru
the nationalist party in Wales that advocates more rights for the Welsh people, including use of the Welsh language
political regimes
the norms and rules regarding individual freedom and collective equality, the locus of power, and the use of that power
Informal economy
the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government, a big part of rural Mexico
Shadow cabinet/government
the people who have the position of the person party opposite in the minority party
Marxism-Leninism
the political and economic philosophy which looked to an uprising of the proletariat that would abolish private property and enforce social equality
concrete review
the power of judicial review that allows the high court to rule on constitutional issues only on the basis of disputes brought before it
devolution
the process by which central states hand down power to lower levels of government
Procuracy
the prosecuting attorneys of the Russian judicial branch
foreign direct investment
the purchase of assets in one country by a foreign firm
suffrage
the right to vote
Politburo
the ruling cabinet of the Communist Party
nomenklatura
the select list or class of Communist Party members to whom politically influential jobs in the state, society, or economy were given
Judiciary in U.K.
- Federal court system based on English common law - Each state has its own legal system based on English common law - Judicial review of legislative acts
U.K. Freedom of Internet
Free!
U.K. Freedom of Press
Free!
In Nigeria's political history, the first time there was a peaceful transition of power following a presidential election was
From Obasanjo to Yar'adua in the Fourth Republic
The main goal of the Igbo in the Biafran War [1967-1970] was to
Gain its independence from Nigeria
GATT
General agreement on tariffs and trade, mexico joined in 1986
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
"Practice socialist core values", including Marxism, communism and socialism with Chinese characteristics. "Improving people's livelihood and well-being is the primary goal of development"
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
A loose integrationist body that incorporates most former Soviet republics
illiberal democracy
"Trappings of democracy," but not substantively a democracy NO competitive elections NO transparency NO guaranteed civil liberties NO strong civil society
perestroika
"economic restructuring"
Siloviki
"men of power" who have their origins in security agencies and are close to President Putin
siloviki
"men of power" who have their origins in the security agencies and are close to President Putin
glasnost
"political openness"
Official Monster Raving Loony Party
"vote for insanity"; some shit about Welsh dragons; educational spending; crazy platform, just showing how regional parties do their thing
1701: Act of Settlement
(end of religious confusion) Only Protestant may hold throne of Britain Rule of primogeniture, changed Succession to Crown Act 2013
Bureaucracies
(in modern nation-states) significantly influence policy-making process + rule-making powers in most political systems
Civil society
(requires voluntary association) is composed of groups that bring together people with common interests in social, charitable, religious, community, or political concerns to articulate and advance their own causes o Individuals organizing + expressing their interests
What are the indigenous people important in Mexican political culture?
- 1/3 of the pop. is indigenous (unconnected with Spanish conquest) --> respected as "pure part of MX" -Porfirio suppressed the indigenous culture, so when Mexican Revolution happened damn near everything switched
Group more important than the individual as an aspect of CH's political culture?
- Spirit of Yan'an!! The sense of common goals, what we wanna do, the group over the individual
liberalism
An ideology that places a high priority on individual political and economic freedoms, favoring them over any attempts to create economic equality
Senate
-128 senators -4 from each state -6 year term -2 senators from each state +DF are elected under principle of relative majority; picked by party; run as a team -1 senator from each state +DF assigned under principle of first minority - assigned to party which won 2nd highest number votes 32 at large senators [PR] by nati'l election % vote
National Assembly
-500 deputies -3 year term -300SMD; 200 PR
Tlatelolco Square
A massacre, Following a summer of increasingly large demonstrations in Mexico City protesting the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, armed forces of Mexico opened fire October 2, 1968 on unarmed civilians, killing an undetermined number, likely in the hundreds
Anticlericalism vs. Pro-Church as a social cleavage?
-Cristero War: attempts to enforce provisions from 1917 Constitution about Church's land ownership led to THIS, a bloody conflict that claimed about 90,000 lives -conflict only ended when revolutionary leaders compromised to not enforce some of the anticlerical provisions of the constitution and restore some privileges to the Church
purchasing power parity (PPP)
A mechanism that attempts to estimate the real buying power of income in each country, using U.S. prices as a benchmark
How does Mandate of Heaven influence political culture in CH?
-If a warlord is able to defeat other warlords and declare himself emperor, in Chinese culture it's because he was "meant to win"; the "heavens smiled on him" -the Chinese ppl believe whoever is leading is supposed to be leading
Media as a force of political socialization in Mexico?
-Juarez institutes La Reforma, one of the major papers in MX today -La Reforma focuses on issues of land redistribution I think
Unions/Interest groups as a force of political socialization in Mexico?
-PRI created Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) as the main labor organization -unions independent of PRI are pretty new, like the National Union of Workers (UNT) established to compete with CTM -declining membership in CTM after PRI loses power
Fear of presidential constant reelection in Mexico's political culture?
-Porfirio had himself reelected from 1876-1910 (he was basically a dictator) -middle-class wanted to resist Porfiriato (Mexican Revolution) -pres. can only serve one 6-yr-term
Gennady Zhuganov
Vice President at the time of the coup against Yeltsin, the reason there is no VP in Russia
What does anticlericalism look like within Mexico?
-There are anticlerical provisions in the 1917 Constitution -Elias Calles enforced these provisions regarding the Church's land ownership -The Church supported Porfirio, so when they lost the revolution Church was a prime target for reform -Presidents cannot be church officials
PRI
-a ruling hegemonic party -authoritarian and centrist -sectors of PRI: popular, labor, agrarian (military eliminated in 1940's) -pendulum politics: broad-based political party -lost majority of the first time in 1997
Education as a force of political socialization in Mexico?
-all schools follow a gov. approved curriculum -texts are written by fed. Ministry of Education so all students learn the same version of history and the same view of politics -education supports the PRI regime and revolutionary symbols
What are camarillas and how do they affect Mexican political culture?
-camarillas are vast informal networks of personal loyalty; political cliques -their is a higher emphasis on political relationships then on actually ideology
Ruling group or "new class" as a social cleavage?
-career administrators based on merit from UNAM and US graduate schools; increasing importance of the Technical Institute of Monterrey -Class: Political Elite (technocrats) vs. Entrepreneurial Elite (wealthy families and businesses)
PRI as a force of political socialization
-compulsory voting under PRI (but not super enforced) -they were in power for like 80 years, so their ideology and ideas about gov. have obviously made an impact
social democracy
An ideology that places considerable value on equality, but also attempts to protect some individual freedoms
Regionalism as a social cleavage?
-especially in areas with large # of indigenous ppl; desire more land reform (like Chiapas) -importance of Mexico City D.F. where 25% of the pop. live
PRD (leftist)
-established in 1989 by Cuauhtemoc Cardenas after leaving PRI -they won their first election for mayor of MX City in 1997 (Cardenas) -support from urban working class -social-democratic
fundamentalism
An ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state so as to make religion the sovereign authority
Importance of guanxi in political culture?
-guanxi: a chinese term meaning "connections" or "relationships" and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances; important factor in china's political and economic life
Age as a social cleavage?
-half the pop. is under 20; these are the people who want pol. and social change and that are less content to remain with the status quo
MP
An individual legislator in the House of Commons
Military as a force of political socialization in Mexico?
-in general, no intervention -visible presence throughout MX, seen as maintaining order or to repress pol. opposition (Chiapas) -they are not a sector in PRI, not political
How are anti-American sentiments a part of Mexican political culture?
-it is conflicted because of the wish to be independent of the dominant US -Mexican/American War injustice -cuban missile crisis, MX wanted to continue relations with Cuba so the US attacked MX -but also major trade with US
Importance of cadres/ Mandarins/bureaucracy in political culture?
-mandarins: servants of the emperor placed around the country to do emperor's bidding -cadre capitalism: people given access to money and private industry to be able to profit WITH the CCP and their ideology, not into democracy
Mestizos v. Indigenous as a social cleavage?
-mestizo: Spanish and indigenous; 2/3 of pop. -indigenous ppl who have not assimilated to mestizo culture are politically marginalized and very poor -Zapatista Army of ethnic Mayans was a rebel army who illustrated the division
Religion as a force of political socialization in Mexico?
-most people didn't/don't like the Catholic Church (MX Revolution) -generally favors the ideology of PAN -most important contribution to pol. education is its antipathy to both "liberal" (anticlerical) capitalism and to Marxist collectivism
Family unit (jia) in political culture?
-nation, neighborhood, family = same rules of obedience
How does nationalism affect Mexican political culture?
-nationalism is the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other -still exists in foreign situations to prevent "loss of face" from foreign aggression
Urban v. Rural as a social cleavage?
-new urban bourgeois have a disproportionate share of the economic growth in MX -the growing lower middle class and the industrial working class -the informal economy of urban underclass (underemployed and self-employed); 1/3 of MX economy, they evade taxes and min. wage by doing their own thing
How is the military viewed in Mexican political culture?
-noninterventionist in politics (like Western tradition) -Obregon nationalized the army so that it was no longer a sector in PRI -pres. were largely military after the Mexican Revolution
Compulsory voting as a means of political participation?
-not usually enforced but still high -increasingly competitive elections with role of IFE; national identity card limiting corruption at ballot box
Member of Parliament (MP)
An individual legislator in the House of Commons
How does regionalism affect Mexican political culture?
-regionalism is loyalty to the interests of a particular region -it remains a powerful force despite gov attempt to achieve centralized control from Mexico City -ex. Zapatistas in Chiapas
Long March as a factor in political culture?
-solidified Mao as leader of CCP, challenger to nationalist forces -established popular idea of Peasant Army (highly respected) -revolutionary ideology of CCP and its call for equality drew all classes of Chinese to its ranks
Centralized authoritarian system in political culture?
-staffed by scholar-gentry bureaucracy -mass line: the concept that the gov. rules in the best interest of the people, that they consider what the people want and then make decisions -"Father Knows Best"
PAN (rightist)
-support from urban middle class -pro Church, pro business, pro states rights -est. 1939 b/c of Lazaro Cardenas' extreme leftist policies esp. land issues and nationalization -oldest opposition party -best equipped to challenge PRI -strongest in North [esp states bordering US - e.g. Baja Calif; Chihuahua
The primary goal of NAFTA was to
Encourage business expansion across borders and free-trade among all North American nations
Political Culture regarding Law
1. Equality before law 2. Willingness to comply w/ the law (except for Northern Ireland) 3. Emphasis on law and order 4. They recognize the importance of the individual vote but MP's see themselves as trustees for the UK
Political Culture regarding Gov:
1. Evolutionary government 2. Belief in legitimacy of government 3. Continuity of political institutions 4. Like the US, they're critical of leaders but not of the structure 5. Government should not interfere with liberties
Political Culture regarding Geographic Isolation
1. Less susceptible to foreign influences 2. Insularity: Separation from rest of Europe 3. British often don't regard themselves as Europeans
Devolution under Blair
1. Mayor of London by election 2. Scottish Parliament→ Scotland has more authority, has own Church and law system 3. Welsh Assembly 4. Northern Ireland Assembly
illiberal regime
An authoritarian regime that retains the basic structures of democracy but does not protect basic civil liberties
Northern Ireland social cleavage
1. Religion is a source of conflict 2. National and class differences → Catholics discriminated against in employment and education
ROYAL FUNCTIONS: What does the Queen actually do
1. Signs all bills from Parliament (but can't refuse to sign, no veto) 2. Opens each session of Parliament (statement written by PM) 3. She legally retains the political power to "dissolve" Parliament 4. Symbolically "chooses" the prime minister
Important Parts of the Bill of Rights of 1689:
1. Spells out relationship between Crown and Parliament 2. No tax or law without consent Parliament 3. Unstated right of Parliament to invite/dismiss monarch OR abolish the monarchy 4. Monarch became a figurehead -- reigns but not rules a. Monarch owes their position to Parliament
Sources of Political Legitimacy
1. Unwritten constitution 2. Tradition 3. Monarchy 4. Readiness of British people to comply with laws; legalist tradition 5. Existence of opposition 6. Competitive elections 7. universal suffrage 8. Independent judiciary (limited authority) 9. Apolitical military
population of Russia
144 million
English Civil War
17th century conflict between Parliament and the monarch that temporarily eliminated and permanently weakened the monarchy
The year of China's communist revolution establishing the People's Republic of China was
1949
Three bad years
30 million died from starvation, Destroyed the land, had dust storms, USSR laughed at them, it was a stupid idea, Chino-Soviet Split
Enrique Pena Nieto
43 missing students during his administration; winner of the first post-democratic election for PRI
Electoral method in Russia's State Duma
450 seats elected via PR from party-lists (require 7% vote for any seat, as per 2007 constitutional change under Putin)
As of 2011 the life of a Parliamentary term is
5 years
Han Majority
55 recognized ethnic groups in china, Han is 92%
presidential system
A legislative-executive system that features a directly elected president with most executive powers
For which of the following reasons is the year 2000 considered a turning point in Mexican political history? a. Mexicans residing in the United States were allowed to vote in the presidential and legislative elections b. A woman was elected President for the first time c. The country switched to a parliamentary form of government d. The Mexican armed forces staged an unsuccessful military coup against the civilian government e. A President was elected who was not a candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party [PRI]
A President was elected who was not a candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party [PRI]
Leaders in authoritarian regimes - such as Iran under the Ayatollah Khomeini or Nigeria under General Sani Abacha - tend to promote
A cult of personality
parliamentary system
A legislative-executive system that features a head of government (often referred to as a prime minister) elected from within the legislature
(general) semi-presidential system
A legislative-executive system that features a prime minister approved by the legislature and a directly elected president
Neighborhood Committees
A form of social control from the government, monitored who came and went in small districts, they approved job changes
EFTA (European Free Trade Association)
A free trade association including Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland.
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people, the rich
Since 1980 until most recently, Chinese political decision-making in times of crisis has been heavily influenced
A group of retired senior leaders within the CCP
Bolsheviks
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917.
Iran and China share which of the following institutional arrangements? a. Federal division of power which give localities formal and entrenched powers over the central government b. A single-party rule c. Competitive elections involving multiple parties d. A national assembly with only limited power to oversee the executive and enact laws e. A president who serves for life unless removed by a popularly elected assembly
A national assembly with only limited power to oversee the executive and enact laws
Which of the following best describes the Xidan Democracy Wall in China? (A) Wall posters announcing the reforms of the Four Modernizations (B) A place were political views were freely displayed early in the post-Mao era (C) Political graffiti that spread the message of the Chinese communists during the revolutionary struggle of the 1930's (D) The entrance to the Forbidden City during the Great Leap Forward (E) Red Guard posters calling for "back to the countryside" "xia xiang" campaigns during the Cultural Revolution
A place were political views were freely displayed early in the post-Mao era
Détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon
insider privatization
A process in Russia whereby the former nomenklatura directors of firms were able to acquire the largest share when those firms were privatized
rent seeking
A process whereby the government allows its supporters to occupy positions of power in order to monopolize state benefits
Unlike Mexico, Iran has NOT experienced which of the following? a. Underdevelopment of the economy b. A recent move toward liberal democracy c. The economic benefits of finding oil d. Overpopulation, especially in rural regions e. Student uprisings protesting elections and unpopular decisions
A recent move toward liberal democracy
Chechnya
A republic of Russia that has experienced some of the worst violence because they wanted independence
Marginal seat
A seat in the House of Commons that is not considered to be safe for the incumbent in the next election (swing seat)
(Iran) Which of the following statements about the 2009 presidential election is incorrect? a. The incumbent president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, had the support of the Supreme Leader. b. The main opposition was Mir Hossein Moussavi, a reformer c. The election results announcing the incumbent president as the winner were widely viewed as fraudulent d. After the Supreme Leader's pronouncement of the winner, Moussavi continued to challenge the results e. A second round of elections was required as no candidate received the required majority.
A second round of elections was required as no candidate received the required majority.
neoliberalism
A set of policies championed by Thatcher's Conservative government that favor minimal government interference in markets and the promotion of free trade.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the Iranian Revolution? a. A prolonged uprising based on guerrilla warfare in the countryside b. A bloodless coup d'état that installed a repressive military regime c. A strategy of terrorist attacks in Tehran and other urban centers d. A short, relatively nonviolent upheaval supported by the middle class e. A war of national independence against a colonial power
A short, relatively nonviolent upheaval supported by the middle class
A Just Russia
A small party in the Russian Duma with a social-democratic orientation
party system
A system characterized by competition among political parties
asymmetric federalism
A system where power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions, often the result of specific laws negotiated between the region and the central government
The typical PRI president 1970-2000 was
A techno-bureaucrat who specialized in budget and planning, usually with a foreign [U.S] business degree
Red vs expert
A term describing Mao's policy favoring politically indoctrinated party cadres (reds) over the people who had economic training (experts)
Iran's Revolution of 1979 was different from 20th century revolutions in Russia, China and Mexico because it resulted in
A theocracy
hung parliament
An election result in which no party wins a majority of parliamentary seats, such as the 2010 House of Commons general election
mixed electoral system
An electoral system that combines single-member districts and proportional representation
5th Modernization
An essay written by a Chinese human rights activist that advocated for there to be a 5th modernization -- democracy
The mass line in China is best described as
A way in which the party mobilizes and structures political participation
Komsomol
A youth organization that provided programs for kids outside of school, part of CPSU (USSR era)
Which of the following statements about Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is incorrect? A. nationalized many industries to better control economic policy B. first woman prime minister C. her economic policies were known as Thatcherism D. favored reducing the size of government E. rejected the traditional welfare state policies of the UK AB. was a close political and economic ally of President Ronald Reagan
A. nationalized many industries to better control economic policy
Which of the following statements about the National Health Service is false? A. privatized in 1990 by Conservative government B. reform is major focus of both parties' Election Manifestos C. established by Labour government after World War II D. major complaint is 2-tier system of provision for rich and poor E. major issue in all parliamentary elections since 1990's
A. privatized in 1990 by Conservative government
All of the following are true "public schools" except: A. they are the top state schools with high tuition B. they establish an early association between political elites C. they are partly responsible for continuing class consciousness in Britain D. most prime ministers have been graduates E. many are boarding schools
A. they are the top state schools with high tuition
Which of the following statements about China's rural population is FALSE? (A) More opportunities exist in the cities causing migration to the urban areas (B) Growing percentage of rural population is employed in TVE's (C) One child policy is often less stringently enforced (D) About 30% of the Chinese population now resides in the countryside (E) Surplus population of about 200 million not needed for agricultural production
About 30% of the Chinese population now resides in the countryside
In terms of religion, Nigeria's political culture is influenced
About equally between Christianity and Islam
Shock therapy
Abrupt move by Boris Yeltsin from socialism to capitalism, destroyed the economy
what shit happened with agriculture under Stalin?
Agriculture was forcibly collectivized when the last vestiges of private property were wiped away; Agricultural production collapsed, as many as 7 million lives were lost to famine
In an attempt to reduce the regional ethnic tensions relative to the location of the nation's capital city in Lagos, it was moved to
Abuja
Dynastic cycle
According to this theory, each dynasty rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and falls, only to be replaced by a new dynasty. The cycle then repeats under a surface pattern of repetitive motifs
The current Supreme Leader of Iran is
Ali Khamanei
Which political party won the legislative elections in 2019 taking both the House and the Senate? (in Nigeria) a. Labour Party b. People's Democratic Party c. All Progressives Congress d. All National Congress
All Progressives Congress
Which of the following is not a correct statement about the Expediency Council? a. Created by constitutional amendment in 1988 to resolve differences between Majlis and Guardian Council b. All members required to be clerics c. Members appointed by Supreme Leader d. Current chair is Ahmad Jannati e. Comparable to the Politburo in the former Soviet Union in terms of political power
All members required to be clerics
Which of the following have all presidents of Nigeria until the 4th Republic had in common? a. All were military generals b. All were CEOs of oil companies c. All were popularly elected d. None were popularly elected e. All were Muslims from the north
All were military generals
Opposition parties in the PRI Mexican system were most responsible for which of the following?
Allowed for PRI to claim legitimacy
Blooming of 100 flowers
Allows free Europe press, wants glowing tributes to communism but it didn't go well -- no more free media in China
Which of the following statements accurately describes control of the People's Liberation Army [PLA] in China? (A) A clear chain of command exists, extending from the President directly to the Ministry of Defense (B) A clear chain of command exists, from the National People's Congress to the Ministry of Defense (C) Although the constitution formally establishes a chain of command through the National People's Congress, the CCP has retained significant influence over the armed forces (D) Although the party doctrine calls for the party's surveillance of the army, the generals have usually exercised autonomous control over their own troops (E) Following the events in Tienanmen Square, a constitutional commission was formed to make recommendations to ensure greater civilian control over the armed forces
Although the constitution formally establishes a chain of command through the National People's Congress, the CCP has retained significant influence over the armed forces
The last successful military uprising in Mexican history was led by
Alvaro Obregon in 1920
semi-presidential system
An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
military regime
An authoritarian regime in which the institution of the military dominates politics
personal dictatorship
An authoritarian regime that is based on the power of a single strong leader who usually relies on charismatic or traditional authority to maintain power
one-party regime
An authoritarian regime that is dominated by a strong political party able to create a broad membership as a source of political control
Tigers and flies
Anti Corruption campaign
Lords Spiritual
Archbishops of Canterbury and York; important people in the church serving in the House of Lords No separation of church and state
The Communist Youth League [CYL], All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and All-China Women's Federation are significant because they
Are mass organizations that have served as channels of political education and participated under CCP rule
patron-client system
Articulation of interests through patron-client networks in Mexico increases the scope of demands made upon a regime
An important change in China in the post-Mao era has been the
Encouragement of greater foreign investment in the national economy
liberal attitudes
Attitudes that promote evolutionary change within a system
reactionary attitudes
Attitudes that promote rapid change to restore political, social, and economic institutions that once existed
radical attitudes
Attitudes that support rapid, extensive, and often revolutionary change
conservative attitudes
Attitudes that support the status quo and view change as risky
Which of the following is a FALSE statement? (A) non-communist parties articulate with the CCP through the CPPCC (B) China faces a dilemma of needing university-educated citizens for the economy and fearing a growing intelligentsia (C) China's name means "middle kingdom" (D) Bourgeois liberalization is a revolutionary concept
Bourgeois liberalization is a revolutionary concept
Which of the following is the best example of charismatic authority? a. David Cameron b. Vicente Fox c. Margaret Thatcher d. Mohammed Khatami e. Ayatollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Khomeini
The top two minority ethnic groups in Iran are
Azeri and Kurds
Which of the following statements about Her Majesty's Government 2010-2015 is false? A. The British prime minister was David Cameron B. As a concession to the Labour Party, the Government sponsored a national referendum [UK's second] on an alternative vote system which failed to receive the required majorities C. The Deputy Prime Minister was the Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg D. The British government was a coalition government formed by the Conservative leadership because of a hung parliament in the general election E. The Government sponsored a regional referendum on Scottish independence which failed
B. As a concession to the Labour Party, the Government sponsored a national referendum [UK's second] on an alternative vote system which failed to receive the required majorities
All but one of the following is a common demand of ethnic groups with a nation: A. civil rights B. assimilation C. autonomy or independence D. equality of treatment
B. Assimilation
Which of the following statements about the House of Commons is false? A. Prime Minister's Question Time occurs once a week with MP's questioning policies by lottery B. MP's must reside in the district in which they run C. primarily the House of Commons is a forum for political debate not governance/legislation D. More than 90% of all votes in House of Commons are along party lines E. there are no term limits for MP's
B. MP's must reside in the district in which they run
PAN's political support is weakest in
Backward rural areas
Which of the following religions is not guaranteed a seat in the Majlis? a. Jews b. Northern Armenians c. Assyrian and Chaldean Christians d. Bahai e. Zoroastrians
Bahai
how can by-elections be abused?
Because everyone in the cabinet must be an MP, Lord, or Peer, people convince a lord to step down to a peer and then the person who lost their position takes that one
Legislature in Russia
Bicameral • Federation Council (upper) o 178 seats - Not elected, appointed by the President • State Duma (lower) o 450 seats - All PR (Under original Constitution, ½ SMD ½ PR)
Legislature in Nigeria
Bicameral • Senate (upper) o 109 seats • House of Representatives (lower) o 360 seats
Legislature in Mexico
Bicameral • Senate (upper) o 128 seats • Chamber of Deputies (lower) o 500 seats
U.K Legislature
Bicameral • House of Lords (upper) o NOT a fixed # of reps o 600+ life peers o 92 hereditary peers o 26 clergy-members • House of Commons (lower) o 646 members → SMD elections
Similarities between U.K., Russia, Mexico, and Nigeria
Bicameral national legislature
The source of Parliament's authority over the monarchy and its succession was established by what document?
Bill of Rights of 1689
Domination of personalities as a part of Mexican political culture?
Charismatic personalities win presidency often; Mexico didn't even have political parties until Obregon was assassinated, due to association with Cristero War/Calles, and Calles formed PRI
The brief period of free speech allowed by Mao in the late 1950's was called
Blooming of the Hundred Flowers
Goodluck Jonathan lost his presidential bid for re-election largely due to public disapproval with his handling of which of the following? (Nigeria) a. Corruption b. International trade issues c. Boko Haram d. Ethnic political divisions
Boko Haram
Parastatal foundations or charitable trusts which operate largely outside of government supervision and which provide money to the poor, war veterans, and other disadvantaged groups supporting the Islamic Republic, handling about 20% of Iran's GDP and often criticized for corruption, are known as
Bonyads
Little red book
Book written by Mao with all of his ideologies in it, was used in schools for political socialization
President of USFSR
Boris Yeltsin
Which of the following statements is correct? a. Both Mexico and Iran were able to overthrow colonial occupation b. Both Mexico and Iran are rentier economies c. Both Mexico and Iran have transitioned from single party dominance to competitive party systems of elections d. Both Mexico and Iran have been subjected to trade sanctions because of their governmental policies e. Both the government of Mexico and the government of Iran have been controlled by religious entities
Both Mexico and Iran have been subjected to trade sanctions because of their governmental policies
Which of the following is not a similarity between Mao and Deng? (A) Both were Long March veterans (B) Both attempted to loosen state repression and allowed a short period of free speech (C) Both emphasized the role of the peasants in Chinese society (D) Both repressed major student demonstrations in Tienanmen Square (E) Both emphasized that economic progress for the nation would be achieved through agricultural improvements and innovations
Both emphasized that economic progress for the nation would be achieved through agricultural improvements and innovations
Which of the following is not a correct comparison of the Cultural Revolution of China in the 1960's and the Cultural Revolution in Iran in the 1980's? a. Both targeted teachers and educational institutions as oppositional b. Both were attempts to revitalize the popular spirit of their respective political revolutions c. Both focused on reverence for their respective charismatic leaders, Mao and the Ayatollah Khomeini d. Both focused on respect for their long cultural histories and importance of the peasant as the foundation of society e. Both promoted societal conformity to government established norms
Both focused on respect for their long cultural histories and importance of the peasant as the foundation of society
Similarities between Mexico and Russia
Both have PR in the lower houses •Mexico → mix of SMD + PR •Russia → all PR Have both transitioned to democratic regimes Share institutional issues → chiefly, a weak judicial system that lacks independence
All of the following are accurate comparisons of Mexico and China in the latter half of the 20th century except a. Both suppressed student protests b. Both were oil producers c. Both had weak legislative assemblies relative to the executive power d. Both had a president e. Both outlawed all opposition parties from competing in elections
Both outlawed all opposition parties from competing in elections
Which of the following is not a similarity between the sources of Iran's Supreme Leader and China's head of state? a. Both are appointed by other governmental bodies b. Both possess legitimacy through a written constitution c. Both proclaim democratic centralism as source of legitimacy d. Both claim power through a revolutionary legacy e. Both have military support as a source of political authority
Both proclaim democratic centralism as source of legitimacy
What made Euroskeptics happy?
Brexit made Euroskeptics real happy; UK never accepted the euro, common currency of EU
Conservative (Tory) Party
Britain's most important right-of-center party, in power more often than not for two centuries.
After the 1953 coup, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company was restricted and became
British Petroleum
who goes to public school?
British elite
Brexit
British exit from the European Union realized in a 2016 referendum
Labour Party
British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.
The Chinese political system, mass line, identifies which of the following as the primary goal of political action?
Collective interests as defined by the CCP leadership
COPARMEX, CONCAMIN, and CANACINTRA are
Business organizations
"Opposition is a form of support" meant that
By participating in the system, opposition parties signified their acceptance of it as legitimate
Which of the following statements is true? A. Regular church attendance has a very strong connection to political party affiliation B. UK has a strong separation of church and state C. Archbishop of Canterbury serves in the House of Lords on the Spiritual bench D. Church of England is the national church of England, Scotland, and Wales E. Head of Church of England is the Prime Minister
C. Archbishop of Canterbury serves in the House of Lords on the Spiritual bench
Which of the following statements is false? A. Tony Blair lost the confidence of his backbenchers over the British involvement in Iraq B. Tony Blair's successor was Gordon Brown of the Labour Party C. Blair's successor took office after a general election in which his party won the majority of the Commons' seats D. Tony Blair's government established the separate Supreme Court of the UK
C. Blair's successor took office after a general election in which his party won the majority of the Commons' seats
Which of the following statements regarding political parties in Great Britain is accurate? A. There are few ideological differences between the parties B. There are few significant regional differences in patterns of party support C. Britain fundamentally operates under a two-party system D. The British electoral system makes it relatively easy for new parties to achieve significant parliamentary power E. Labour is the strongest party on the British Right
C. Britain fundamentally operates under a two-party system
Which of the following statements about British politics is false? A. party which would benefit most from proportional representation is the Liberal Democratic Party B. women and minorities are underrepresented in the House of Commons C. Labour Party favors elimination of House of Lords D. Political parties must post 500 pounds bond to run a candidate in a district; the amount is refunded to candidates receiving at least 12.5% of the popular vote E. US politics is more involved with individuals and personality; in Britain more involved with party and ideals
C. Labour Party favors elimination of House of Lords
Which of the following statements about terrorism and violence is false with reference to the UK? A. growing concerns over home-grown terrorists like Jihadi John who have been radicalized by ISIS/DAESH B. July 7, 2005: four Islamic extremists detonated suicide bombs in the underground and on a double decker bus killed 53 and wounding more than 700, one day after London won its 2012 Olympic hosting bid C. Since the Good Friday agreement, IRA terrorist attacks have ceased D. In the summer of 2011 riots erupted from a peaceful protest against the fatal shooting of a suspect by London police, killing 5 and injuring hundreds E. The second largest religious community in the UK is Muslim, largely concentrated in London where they account for 9% of the population
C. Since the Good Friday agreement, IRA terrorist attacks have ceased
All of the following statements about the State Opening of Parliament in the UK are true except: A. The Queen reads a speech written about Her Majesty's Government policies written by the Prime Minister and his party B. The House of Commons is summoned to the House of Lords by Blackrod, the Queen's officer, who has the House of Commons doors slammed in his face in accordance with tradition C. The UK Supreme Court and the Law Lords sit on sacks of cotton in the Lords chamber D. The Yeomen of the Guard traditionally search the basement looking for gunpowder plots before the ceremony E. An MP from House of Commons is held hostage in Buckingham Palace to ensure the safe return of the monarch
C. The UK Supreme Court and the Law Lords sit on sacks of cotton in the Lords chamber
Seats in the Chamber of Deputies are filled by
Combination of SMD contests and PR party lists
Which of the following statements best describes the current relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom? A. The United Kingdom is becoming more isolationists, rejecting all ties to the United States and Europe.. B. The United Kingdom's recent economic success in international banking has empowered it to take a more independent role in international politics, at least in regard to economic issues. C. The perception that the United States treats the United Kingdom as a junior partner rather than a critical ally is straining the relationship, and many Brits contend the United Kingdom should act more independently. D. The United Kingdom has rejected the traditional transatlantic partnership in favor of full integration with Europe. E. It remains the United Kingdom's most important partnership, and the United Kingdom is a staunch supporter of U.S. international action.
C. The perception that the United States treats the United Kingdom as a junior partner rather than a critical ally is straining the relationship, and many Brits contend the United Kingdom should act more independently.
The MOST important determinant of political attitudes and party support in Britain appears to be: A. level of education B. sex C. socioeconomic class D. region
C. socioeconomic class
All of the following statements about the British Parliament are true EXCEPT A. it is bicameral B. the House of Lords is the less democratic and weaker of the two chambers in Parliament C. the Law Lords in the House of Lords function as the highest criminal court in the UK D. the House of Lords is basically a consultative and advisory body E. members in the House of Commons are elected from single member districts
C. the Law Lords in the House of Lords function as the highest criminal court in the UK
Which of the following statements about Parliament and/or elections is false? A. backbenchers are MPs not in Government B. by-elections are held when MPs resign or die creating a vacant seat C. the number of MP seats in the House of Commons is permanently fixed at 650 D. Britain's politics allows for the tradition of "silly" parties, most notably the Official Monster Raving Looney Party
C. the number of MP seats in the House of Commons is permanently fixed at 650
The United Front was a union of which of the following?
CCP and KMT
Which of the following statements about Chinese elections is FALSE? (A) There are both direct and indirect elections (B) Secret ballot, controlled by the CCP (C) CCP candidates run uncontested for political office (D) Government claims a 90% voter turnout (E) All candidates must be approved by the CCP (AB) Universal suffrage, 18 years old
CCP candidates run uncontested for political office
Which presidential power is not one possessed by Iran's president? a. Commander in chief b. Appointment of cabinet c. Appointment of ambassadors d. Introduction of legislation e. Chief economic advisor
Commander in chief
The opposition party, PAN,
Favors privatization, small government, and falls within the umbrella of Christian democratic organization
legislature
Federal Assembly
Which of the following statements about elections for the Majlis is incorrect? a. Elected by MMDs and SMDs in a two-round electoral system b. Candidates are required to receive a majority to win any seat c. Candidates not receiving at least 25% of the vote face a second round or run-off d. In an SMD election, the number of candidates in a run-off is two e. In an MMD election, the number of candidates in a run-off is one and a half times the number of available seats.
Candidates are required to receive a majority to win any seat
Which of the following PRI presidential administrations included a major economic depression, charges of fraud, corruption and murder.... a. Miguel de la Madrid b. Carlos Salinas de Gortari c. Ernesto Zedillo
Carlos Salinas de Gortari
The presidents who established the basic institutional framework for Mexico were
Carranza, Obregon and Elias Calles
A strong leader with a political following [similar to 'cult of personality'] is identified by which of the following terms?
Caudillo
The set of a Mexican politician's friends, colleagues and people who share a common background and beliefs are commonly called
Caudillos
Liberal Democratic Party
Centrist third party in the UK and junior member of a coalition government from 2010 to 2015
The Premier of the State Council of the PRC is most similar to which office in the former Soviet Union pre-1989 constitutional changes by Gorbachev?
Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Which of the following saw a need for a political party to stabilize the Mexican government, and thereupon formed the PNR, predecessor to the PRI? a. Oritz Rubio b. Elias Calles c. Alvaro Obregon d. Lazaro Cardenas
Elias Calles
In structure, the Majlis is most comparable to the legislature in
China
Iran has one of the highest execution rates in the world, second only to
China
The current role of the military in Iran is most similar to the role of the military as seen in
China
Which of the following statements about Falun Gong is INCORRECT? (A) China claims it is a religious cult (B) Movement claims it is a spiritual movement for health and well-being (C) Movement asks followers to consider morality and ethics (D) Membership in China is believed to exceed membership in the CCP (E) China claims it is a revolutionary movement and dangerous to the people
China claims it is a revolutionary movement and dangerous to the people
Opium war
China was defeated by western power, divided up into spheres of influence, western domination of chinese economy. China sees is not as a defeat but doesn't mean US was better or is superior. Never accepts the domination of the west and themselves as inferior
Hu Jintao
China's paramount leader from 2002 to 2012; mission statement for continuation of economic growth but with more concern for the rising wealth and welfare gaps between urban and rural
National Party Congress
Chinese Communist Party's cumbersome legislative body; more akin to a national political party convention
Powers of the Speaker...
Chooses who speaks; selects questions of Prime Minister during Question Time that are submitted by people voting = In case of tie = casts NAY vote; by tradition no policy should be made on the vote of the Speaker
A theocracy is best described as a political system based on
Clerical authority
The nature of patron-client relationships as seen in Mexico is accurately reflected by which of the following statements? a. Clients are expected to provide services for their patrons for the receipt of cash benefits b. Responsibilities and obligations are based on a hierarchy between elites and citizens c. Responsibilities and obligations between patrons and clients are regulated by the state d. Patrons are obligated to provide free labor for political access e. Patrons and clients represent distinct ethnic groups
Clients are expected to provide services for their patrons for the receipt of cash benefits
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong; Tiananmen Square under his administration
What type of regime is China?
Communist state → a state whose constitution (claims) to follow the principles of communism; marked by a single political party, the Communist party; fundamental ideologies as outlined by Mao, Lenin, Marx
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative British prime minister from 1970 to 1991; held that office longer than any other person; worked to cut welfare and housing expenses, promote free enterprise
PAN
Conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to PRI
Political Socialization: Associations --> CBI =
Conservative Party
Political Socialization: Occupation --> middle class =
Conservative Party
David Cameron
Conservative prime minister from 2010 to 2016; resigned following the Brexit referendum, which he campaigned against
Political Socialization: Church of England = ? Protestant, Catholic = ?
Conservative, Labour
Which of the following statements about the judiciary in China is FALSE? (A) It was suspended during the Cultural Revolution (B) Capital punishment is extensively used (C) Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate are selected by National People's Congress (D) Considered an independent judiciary (E) Government has a 99% conviction rate in its cases
Considered an independent judiciary
The most important single document that legitimizes the state in Iran today is the
Constitution of 1979
Chief judicial body:
Constitutional Court
What type of regime is the U.K.?
Constitutional monarchy → where a monarch is the head of state but, in terms of powers, is limited by a constitution
USSR Class struggle:
Continued with the three classes -- workers, peasants, intelligentsia CPSU vs Nonmembers
Political Socialization USSR: Media
Controlled by the state, has a lot of censorship and tends to lean towards party ideology
(Iran) The constitutional revolution of 1905-1906 was sparked primarily by its followers' belief that Qajar shahs were
Controlled too much by European imperialists
PRI
Controlling right-wing opposition was more difficult for PRI than managing political enemies on the left
Concession of benefits personal in nature, to ensure loyalty to PRI was called
Cooptation
A political system in which people are represented as members of collective bodies rather than as individuals is called
Corporatism
The relationship between para-statals and the government in Nigeria best illustrates how the political system is influenced by
Corporatism
In Chinese politics, the "mass line" refers to the principle that
Correct party leadership depends on constant contact between the party and the public
Scottish Parliament
Created due to the devolution of power under Blair in 1999
One of the ways in which Deng Xiaoping broke with Maoist policy was by
Criticizing the effects of the Cultural Revolution
The 1988 candidate who received the largest electoral vote as an oppositional presidential candidate [and whose 'loss' was responsible for the PRI instigation of electoral safeguards] was
Cuauhtemoc Cardenas
Putin, Vladimir
Current president of Russia, as of 2012; also president of Russia from 1999 to 2008; prime minister from 2008 to 2012
Vladimir Putin
Current president of Russia, he has helped improve Russia, he is more of a dictator than a president
Which of the following statements is false? A. UK is about the size of the state of Oregon B. UK population is about 2 times that of California or 63 million C. Over 80% of the population of the UK lives in England D. Its nonwhite population is primarily from former colonies and comprises about 20% of the population E. Great Britain is composed of three nations
D. Its nonwhite population is primarily from former colonies and comprises about 20% of the population
All of the following statements are true except: A. Cameron's Conservative Government criminalized glorification of terrorism and incitement of racial hatred B. Handguns were banned all together in the UK under Blair's Labour Government C. UK is the most electronically monitored society in the world with its millions of CC TVs; alarming privacy advocates. D. The UK has re-instituted capital punishment in the wake of significant terrorist attacks.
D. The UK has re-instituted capital punishment in the wake of significant terrorist attacks.
Which of the following statements is false? A. UK has been traditionally insulated by her geography B. UK is a unitary government C. UK is an evolutionary government D. UK is an isolationist nation and avoids international ties and responsibilities E. Chunnel is a physical link between UK and European continent
D. UK is an isolationist nation and avoids international ties and responsibilities
Which of the following is not true about Conservative Government's Austerity Programme? A. reduce the size of the welfare state B. education programs were spared from cuts C. criticism including undermining the safety net of the senior citizens D. UK reduced her international presence as cost cutting measure
D. UK reduced her international presence as cost cutting measure
Which of the following best describes the constitutional structure of Britain? A. an unwritten constitution that remains unchanged B. a series of written constitutions that have resulted from revolutions C. a written constitution that is frequently amended D. an unwritten constitution that can undergo reform and revision
D. an unwritten constitution that can undergo reform and revision
Which of the following statements about a motion of confidence is true? A. because of party discipline no motion of confidence has succeeded B. can only be proposed by Her Majesty's Opposition C. if passes, Prime Minister resigns and shadow government assumes power D. if passes, Prime Minister resigns as party leader or new parliamentary elections are held
D. if passes, Prime Minister resigns as party leader or new parliamentary elections are held
Which of the following statements about a 'vote of no confidence' is false? A. it is caused by a backbencher revolt B. it has only occurred twice in the last century C. it is caused when the House fails to pass a bill considered highly important by the Government D. the Government is forced to resign and parliamentary general elections must be held E. it represents a check on the power of the Government in the House of Commons
D. the Government is forced to resign and parliamentary general elections must be held
The major motivation for neoliberal economic reforms in Mexico and Nigeria came from which of the following? a. Political uprising by the urban poor b. Widespread opposition to globalization c. Debt burdens and pressures from international leaders d. The need to expand the economic base for military modernization
Debt burdens and pressures from international leaders
Which of the following is not a current problem facing China because of her rapid economic development? (A) Political and bureaucratic corruption (B) Population growth (C) Migrant worker population (D) Pollution (E) Decreasing international ties
Decreasing international ties
One primary aim of the Cultural Revolution in China between 1966 and 1976 was to
Eliminate all opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong
1997 Labour victory allowed for sweeping changes
Eliminated most hereditary peers Scottish Parliament Welsh assembly Elected London mayor Establish new Supreme Court
Bourgeois Liberalization
Eliminated under Mao, no capitalism, elimination of private property, counter revolutionary to Mao
IFE
Federal Election Institution, electoral reform, elections monitored, national voter ID card, now called INE
Joseph Stalin
General secretary of the CPSU, has ideas of collectivization, pushes CPSU to forefront making it more powerful than state power
Both Russia and China have responded to ethnic political movements that seemed to threaten national integration by
Deploying troops to quell demonstrations and protests for greater ethnic autonomy
multimember districts (MMDs)
Districts in which more than one legislative seat is contested
single-member districts (SMDs)
Districts in which only one representative for each constituency and the candidate with the largest number of votes- and not necessarily a majority- wins the seat
A major difficulty in establishing a regime in Nigeria has been the
Diversity of pre-colonial and colonial political experiences in the nations that make up Nigeria
In terms of balance of power among the branches, Nigeria's government is
Dominated by the executive leader
Cabinet government was established by
George I
Paradoxically, the oil boom damaged the Mexican economy by
Drawing workers away from agriculture and industry where production dropped because of labor
Which of the following was not a change made by PRI in the 1994 elections? a. The Federal Elections office was made independent of the state b. Foreign independent observers were present for the elections c. Campaign spending limits were imposed for the first time d. Television/media coverage was more objective of all parties, less biased for PRI e. Elimination of the divided ballot in favor of all single-member districts for the Chamber of Deputies
Elimination of the divided ballot in favor of all single-member districts for the Chamber of Deputies
Mexico's most prestigious fighter for land reform among the following was
Emiliano Zapata
Before the 1980's and Deng's policies, China like the USSR used five-year economic plans to
Emphasize investment in heavy industry
During the years of the Soviet empire's disintegration, the Chinese leadership did which of the following?
Emphasized liberalizing the economy rather than the political system
The Long March began as a result of
Encirclement campaigns
Which of the following statements is true? A. Britain has never had a period when she was without a monarch B. The phrase "cradle to grave" refers to Britain's infant mortality rate C. Britain's geography is important to her evolutionary form of government and to an understanding of her involvement in foreign policy D. Queen Elizabeth II pays no taxes on her income, adding to the negative public image of the royal family E. Britain is no longer a member of the United Nations Security Council with veto power
E. Britain is no longer a member of the United Nations Security Council with veto power
Which patronage power does the Prime Minister not have? A. senior members of the civil service B. archbishops of Church of England C. Honors List for individuals making contribution to public life D. military leaders E. ceremonial positions in Westminster such as Blackrod
E. ceremonial positions in Westminster such as Blackrod
Each of the following has been a major topic of policy debate among the principal political parties in the last 20 years except: A. UK involvement in EU B. the level of taxation and distribution of the tax burden C. ways of stimulating and maintaining economic growth with low inflation D. reform of NHS E. privatization vs. nationalization of industry
E. privatization vs. nationalization of industry
Nigeria was one of the founding members of an EU-like regional economic unit in 1975 known as
ECOWAS
External Sources of Political Change
EFTA (Outer Seven) Joining the Common Market Maastricht Treaty Eurodollar - single currency Referendum on EU - Brexit June 2016 Falkland Island war Involvement in Bosnian crisis and Persian Gulf War War in Iraq (Blair's demise)
Political Culture regarding Education
EMPHASIS! Education is the best political socializer, if you don't let people learn certain things they won't want them. The government decides everything that is taught
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
Economic and political union among several former Soviet states
A principal difference between reform in China and in the USSR between 1980 and 1990 was that
Economic reform was more successful in China than in the Soviet Union
The resource curse is the theory that
Economies that have valuable natural resources will develop more slowly
A collective land-owning community is called a[n]
Ejido
The President of China is
Elected by the National People's Congress
Differences between U.K. and Russia
Elections: • U.K.'s general elections can be held at any time within a period of 5 years → "flexible, fluid" • Russia's presidential elections occur every 6 years → "set, unchanging" Lower houses: • U.K. = SMD • Russia = PR
Kremlin
Eleventh-century fortress in the heart of Moscow that has been the historical seat of Russian state power
The current Mexican president, elected in July 2018 is
Enrique Pena Nieto of PRI
Which of the following terms most accurately describes the current Iranian government's policies about women? a. Patrimonial b. Guardianship c. Equality with a difference d. Full political, social and economic equality
Equality with a difference
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR)
Espouses a rhetoric of nationalism, xenophobia, and anti-semitism; Calling for reconstitution of the Soviet Union (perhaps by force) and exhibiting hostility toward the West; third largest party in the Duma rn
One difference between the politics of China and the politics of the former Soviet Union is that
Ethnic and nationality divisions were more significant in politics in the Soviet Union
Similarities between U.K. and Nigeria
Ethnic diversity Strong regional identities
Which of the following was an important consequence of British domination for the Nigerian political system? a. The British introduced Nigerians to democratic government b. The British introduced shari'a to Nigeria c. The British brought collectivism as an important political value to Nigeria d. Ethnic politics already in place in Nigeria broadened and intensified under the British
Ethnic politics already in place in Nigeria broadened and intensified under the British
Internal Sources of Political Change
Events in Northern Ireland Increasing immigration, especially non-white, from former colonies Push by Lib Dems to gain PR Problems with unemployment 2-tiered health care system (NHS v. private insurance) Conservative government policy of privatization of nationalized industries
In China the concept of parallel hierarchies ensures that
Every state structure has a corresponding party structure
Whitehall
Executive agencies / bureaucracy Sometimes what the british government is called
In Nigeria judicial review
Exists only in theory
Similarities between Mexico and Nigeria
Experienced colonial rule (China, Iran, and Russia did NOT experience colonial rule)
Ukraine/Crimea
External military action with Russia due to foreign policy issues
hyperinflation
Extremely high levels of inflation
What is the primary force of political socialization in Mexico?
Family!
What type of regime is Mexico?
Federal republic → federation of states with a central (republican) government // a form of government ruled by a constitution + self-governing subunits
What type of regime is Nigeria?
Federal republic → federation of states with a central (republican) government // a form of government ruled by a constitution + self-governing subunits
Similarities between Mexico, Nigeria, Russia
Federal structure → federation of states with a central (republican) government // a form of government ruled by a constitution + self-governing subunits
In theory and in the constitution Nigeria's political system is a
Federal system
upper house
Federation Council
What type of regime is Russia?
Federation → political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states (OR regions) under a central federal government
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about Shia Islam? a. Followers believe imams are the true leaders of the faith b. An ayatollah is similar to a bishop in Catholicism c. First Shia imam was Abu Bakr d. Last of the imams was the Mahdi, the hidden or 12th imam who will return at the end of the world e. Leadership was to pass through son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed, Ali
First Shia imam was Abu Bakr
Which of the following is a false statement about the former president Obasanjo? a. First civilian president b. First president of the Fourth Republic c. Was a military dictator of Nigeria from 1976-1979 d. Was prime minister in Third Republic
First civilian president
Electoral method in U.K. House of Commons
First-past-the-post plurality
The political party system in Iran may be best characterized as
Fluid and unstable with multiple parties forming broad coalitions
Leonid Brezhnev
Former Gensek of CPSU, 1964 - 1982, longest term second to Stalin
UKIP (UK Independence Party)
Founder: Nigel Farage. Has many MEPs(members of European Parliament). Goal: get UK out of EU. Cut immigration.
Yuri Andropov
Fourth Gensek of the CPSU, followed Leonid's reign
The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was led by
Francisco Madero
The term "jumping into the sea" or "going fishing" refers to
Going into private enterprise or capitalism
Comparing Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping, which is the following statements is false? (A) Gorbachev was less accepting than Deng of private enterprise and accumulation of private wealth (B) Deng's economic reforms met with greater resistance from the party bureaucrats who rejected the dismantling of centralized planning for the economy (C) Both viewed capitalism as a necessary evil for economic progress (D) Gorbachev was more tolerant of political reform
Gorbachev was less accepting than Deng of private enterprise and accumulation of private wealth
Similarities between Russia and China
Government restrictions on free media + development of civil society
Maastricht Treaty (1993)
Greatly enhanced European integration and called for adoption of the euro
Which of the following statements about the Green Revolution in Iran is incorrect? a. The Supreme Leader blamed the West for the protests b. The size and scope of the protests was minimized by the state-run media c. International press was prohibited from covering unauthorized protests d. Green was the color of the Ahmadinejad campaign and became the color protest unity e. Moussavi protesters were challenged by pro-Ahmadinejad protesters
Green was the color of the Ahmadinejad campaign and became the color protest unity
(Iran) The body responsible for vetting potential candidates for popularly elected offices is the
Guardian Council
The Mexican federal system in reality
Has been threatened by the power of the national government over the state governors and legislatures
Experience with Mexican elections suggests that the PRI since 1994
Has been willing to lose control of any office for which it was defeated in a fair election
Current head of government of Iran is
Hassan Rouhani
The requirement that a presidential candidate receive at least 25% of all the votes cast in 2/3 of the states in order to win is an attempt to
Have the president receive a popular national mandate
Which of the following is Mao Zedong's most important legacy? (A) He developed a successful strategy for peasant-based revolution in China (B) He forged the agreement with Great Britain under which Hong Kong reverted to Chinese control in 1997 (C) He successfully engineered China's assumption of a dominant role in international politics (D) He started the economic and social reforms of the late 1970's that brought market principles to rural China (E) He made the People's Liberation Army the most important institution in Chinese politics
He developed a successful strategy for peasant-based revolution in China
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the most revered leader of Shia Islam? a. His name was Hussayn b. Grandson of the Prophet Mohammed c. Most important holiday is Ashura commemorating this leader's death d. This leader died at Karbala, one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam e. He is known as the Mahdi
He is known as the Mahdi
David Cameron
He was the prime minister in 2015 (Conservative), but resigned after the Brexit vote and became an MP; Formed coalition government with Lib Dems
Tony Blair
Labour prime minister from 1997 to 2007
Vladimir Lenin
Head of the Russian Government from 1917 - 1924, Made Russia into a one party communist state governed by the Russian Communist party. He developed Leninism which was a mix of communism and marxism
The Mexican government under PRI, for most of the 20th century, was an example of which type of government?
Hegemonic dominant party
Similarities between Mexico, U.K., and China
Highest % of women in Parliament over other countries, but all below 25%
Constitutional Court
Highest body in the Russian legal system; responsible for constitutional review
Bureaucracies in communist systems such as the Soviet Union or China have tended to
Hinder reform
Good Friday Agreement
Historic 1998 accord between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland that ended decades of violence
Tiananmen Square
Historic plaza in Beijing where the Chinese party-state crushed the pro-reform demonstration (1989)
In China, Communist party branches at the local level have which of the following functions? I Recruiting new party members II Conducting propaganda and education activities III Supervising and disciplining local party members IV Electing members of the Politburo
I, II, and III only
China's Cultural Revolution was characterized by which of the following: I A purge of more moderate political leaders II An effort to mobilize mass action and revive revolutionary commitment III Manipulation of public opinion by factions in CCP leadership eager to strengthen own position IV The withdrawal of Mao from active political life
I, II, and III only
Which of the following were goals of increasing the number of states in Nigeria in the years after independence? I gaining more national political bases II dividing the largest ethnic groups into competing political entities III encouraging cooperation and alliance-making IV devolving political power to local authorities
I, II, and III only
Which of the following are bodies or offices that are directly elected by the people of Iran? I. Majlis II. Guardian Council III. Assembly of Religious Experts IV. President
I,III,IV ONLY
Elections in Nigeria are monitored by
INEC
Which of the following describes sources of political legitimacy in China and Iran? a. Tribal kinship ties in China and pastoralist agricultural traditions in Iran b. Participatory institutions in China and technocratic governance in Iran c. Charismatic leadership in china and military prestige in Iran d. Ideology and economic performance in China and religious authority in Iran e. Bureaucratic efficiency in China and political and civil freedoms in Iran
Ideology and economic performance in China and religious authority in Iran
All of the following are true statements about the Nigerian vice presidency EXCEPT a. The vice president is the running mate of the party's presidential candidate b. If a president is unable to perform his duties the vice president serves as Acting President c. Parties usually follow the zoning agreement and select a vice president from different region/religion than the presidential candidate d. The position of vice president and president continued under military rule, filled by a member of the military e Two vice presidents have become president -- Olusegun Obasanjo and Goodluck Jonathan ab The vice president serves as a member of the cabinet and national security council but has no formal powers, the role is dependent on the wishes of the president ac If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, it is filled by a national election
If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, it is filled by a national election
Which of the following is accurate? a. Hausa Fulani - Southwest - Muslim b. Yoruba - North - Muslim/Christian c. Igbo - Southeast - Christian d. Middle Belt - Central - Muslim
Igbo - Southeast - Christian
Zapatistas
Land reformers, plan de ayala to reverse appropriation of peasant lands by wealthy landowners
Which of the following statements best describes the Chinese pro-democracy movement of 1989? (A) It began in the provinces and spread quickly to Beijing (B) It was successful in toppling the Chinese government (C) It was led by university students who demanded more rapid political reform (D) It was led by progressive reformers within the CCP (E) It was led by workers and peasants who were angry about government corruption and inflation
It was led by university students who demanded more rapid political reform
Corporatism
In Mexico and elsewhere in the third world, another term to describe the way people are integrated into the system via patron-client relations
Similarities between Mexico and China
In the later of the 20th century, both: • Suppressed student protests • Oil producers • Weak legislatures as compared to the executive -- both with Presidents • Did NOT outlaw competition parties from competing in elections
Commonwealth
Includes the UK and 54 of its former colonies
Which of the following was not a goal of Babangida's Structural Adjustment Program? a. Tariff reductions b. Privatization of state-owned industries c. Increase consumer subsidies on staple foods d. Reduce budget deficits
Increase consumer subsidies on staple foods
Articulation of interests through patron-client networks in Mexico
Increases the scope of demands made upon the regime
Iran was turned into a rentier state during the 20th century because of
Increasing income from oil
Which of the following is NOT a current/potential source of conflict within China? (A) One child policy (B) Relationship with Taiwan (C) Followers of Falun Gong (D) Increasing unemployment in urban areas and mass migration of Chinese to rural areas (E) Political status of Tibet
Increasing unemployment in urban areas and mass migration of Chinese to rural areas
Which of the following terms does not belong in a discussion of the relationship between the KMT and the CCP? (A) Encirclement campaigns (B) White Terror (C) United Front (D) Three Bad Years
Three Bad Years
Electoral method in China's National Party Congress (NPC)
Indirect election thru people's congresses of: 23 provinces 5 autonomous regions 4 municipalities - directly under the Central Government
nationalists
Individuals who believe they have a common political destiny
interest groups and party politics?
Interest groups, especially trade unions, are highly integrated into party politics
Tibet
Internal conflict with China, has been under the control of the PLA since 1951, seen as cultural genocide
Political Culture regarding Gov:
Intrusion of Government into social, economic, and cultural spheres: Government is involved with everything, there is no protection Strong state police: KGB and FSB both have immense power No strong history of civil rights v gov: The government is fully in charge there is no advocating for rights. Fear of chaos/anarchy: Russia has a lot of social order because it is so large its harder to govern so there is a fear of chaos
Differences between Iran and Nigeria
Iran = unitary Nigeria = federal
Which of the following statements about the Iran-Iraq War is incorrect? a. Saddam Hussein, a Sunni Muslim, felt threatened by Iran's 1979 revolution establishing a Shia theocracy b. Iran, following international revolutionary goals, invaded Iraq c. About two-thirds of Iraqi Muslims are Shia d. United States supplied arms to Saddam Hussein in Iraq e. The war ended in a stalemate
Iran, following international revolutionary goals, invaded Iraq
Sinn Fein Party
Irish political party founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith. Focus for Irish Nationalism in its various forms. Encompassed political philosophies from the left and right, Republican and Monarchist, theocrats and atheists. Its break-up during the Irish Civil War in 1922 has had a dramatic effect on politics in Ireland to this day.
In contrast to the Nigerian judicial system as a British colony, the judicial system in Nigeria since her independence
Is less tied to decisions according to the rule of law
Role of House of Commons
It alone has the right to impose taxes and to vote money to, or withhold it from, the various public departments and services. The passage of legislation is the House of Commons' primary function. also does votes of no confidence
Which statement about the Long March is FALSE? (A) It gave rise to the CCP belief that struggle and bloodshed ultimately are the only source to political problems (B) It solidified the relationship between the army and the peasants (C) It consolidated the power of Mao as leader of the CCP (D) It resulted from the invasion of the Japanese in the 1930's (E) It resulted in the Spirit of Yan'an, the revolutionary spirit of the CCP
It resulted from the invasion of the Japanese in the 1930's
What was so unusual about the 2010 parliamentary elections in the UK?
It resulted in a "hung parliament," leading to one of the UK's few peacetime governing coalitions.
Which of the following is not true of qanun law? a. It is subject to approval by Guardian Council b. It is known as "the People's Law" c. It is subject to approval by Supreme Leader d. It supersedes shari'a law e. Represents statutory laws passed by the Majlis
It supersedes shari'a law
All of the following are true statements about Nigeria's electoral commission except a. It comprises a chairman and 12 national commissioners b. It is responsible for scheduling and/or postponing elections c. It is the third electoral commission in Nigeria's history, superseding FEDECO and NECON d. It runs all elections in Nigeria - national, state and local e. It was established by Umaru Yar'adua
It was established by Umaru Yar'adua
Gerry Adams
an Irish republican politician who was the Leader of the Sinn Féin political party between 13 November 1983 and 10 February 2018
Which of the following statements about "Special Economic Zones" is FALSE? (A) Represent concept of bourgeois liberalization (B) Established by Deng to attract foreign investment (C) Attempt by CCP leadership to regain popular support following Cultural Revolution (D) Largely established in the Northern coastal cities (E) In large part responsible for the economic growth of China's GDP
Largely established in the Northern coastal cities
Iran Freedom of Internet
Not free
Iran Freedom of Press
Not free
Similarities between Nigeria and Iran
Judicial system → both have elements of shari'a law
Which of the following does not belong in a discussion of the Great Leap Forward? (A) Twenty years in a day (B) Collectivization of farms (C) Three Bad Years (D) Jumping into the sea (E) Centralized economic 5-year plan
Jumping into the sea
Supreme Leader is given all-encompassing authority over the whole community based on the ability to understand the shari'a. This authority is called
Jurist's guardianship
Conservatives in Iran are best defined as citizens that want to
Keep clerics in control of the government
Environmentalist and playwright who was hanged following charges that he and fellow protesters of Shell Oil policies in Nigeria were conspiring to kill Nigerian leaders was
Ken Saro-Wiwa
The consequence of the English Civil War was that
King Charles I was executed and England was ruled for a time as a republic under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
What was the final result of the English Civil War?
King Charles I was executed and the country was temporarily ruled as a republic under Cromwell
KMT
Kuomintang, China's nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen and led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was overthrown by Mao's COmmunists in 1949 and forced to flee Taiwan (also called GMD)
Luis Morones, Lomardo Toledano and Fidel Velasques were
Labor leaders
Political Socialization: Associations --> TUC =
Labour Party
Political Socialization: Occupation --> working class =
Labour Party
1649-1660: Commonwealth (Protectorate)
Lead by Oliver Cromwell Only time that Britain has had no monarch, they were led by a member of Parliament
Theresa May
Leader of the Conservatives; prime minister and head of government since 2016
Jeremy Corbyn
Leader of the opposition Labour Party beginning in 2015
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Leader of the political party Liberal Democratic Party of Russia which is actually a very right conservative party.
Dimitry Medvedev
Leader of the political party United Russia which is Putin's party. United Russia controls the majority of the Duma
common law
Legal system based on custom and precedent rather than formal legal codes
(general) vote of no confidence
Legislative check on government whereby a government deems a measure to be of high importance, and if that measure fails to pass the legislature, either the government must resign in favor of another leader or new parliamentary elections must be called
Vote of no confidence
Legislative check on government whereby a government deems a measure to be of high importance, and if that measure fails to pass the legislature, either the government must resign in favor of another leader or new parliamentary elections must be called
vote of no confidence
Legislative check on government whereby a government deems a measure to be of high importance, and if that measure fails to pass the legislature, either the government must resign in favor of another leader or new parliamentary elections must be called
Which of the following is not a true statement about Mexico's electoral system? a. Voting is compulsory and citizens have a national identification card for voting b. Voters receive a divided ballot c. Voters directly elect the president, chamber of deputies and the senate d. Deputies serve a three year term, senators a six year term e. Legislators and president have no term limits
Legislators and president have no term limits
charismatic legitimacy
Legitimacy based on a state's identification with an important individual
traditional legitimacy
Legitimacy in which the state is obeyed because it has a long tradition of being obeyed
Mexico Freedom of Press
Not free
Russia Freedom of Press
Not free
Perestroika
Literally, "restructuring"; the policy of economic liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s
glasnost
Literally, openness. The policy of political liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s
The first opposition representation in the Chamber of Deputies occurred during the administration of
Lopez Mateos
Which of the following is not a correct statement with regard to the Nigerian federal legislature? a. Lower house is House of Representatives with 360 members b. Upper house is Senate with 109 members, 3 from each of 36 states and 1 from federal capital c. Members from both legislative bodies serve four year terms d. Members of both legislative bodies are elected directly by the people e. The approval of the Senate is not necessary to pass laws; it has the power only to delay legislation.
Lower house is House of Representatives with 360 members
House of Commons
Lower house of the UK legislature
Apparatchiki:
Loyal CPSU top level bureaucrats as are found in the Secretariat
The first president to change focus from 'politicos' to 'tecnicos' was
Luis Echeverria
Frontbencher
MPs who are apart of her majesty's gov. Or apart of her majesty's shadow gov. (PM and Cabinet, leader of the opposition and cabinet)
Rentier economy
Main support of economy comes from a natural resource (oil) Mexico used to be this, now it is more developed
Which of the following is the most important source of legitimacy for Nigeria's Fourth Republic? a. The success of government-sponsored economic development b. A history of stable government c. Maintenance of an acceptable level of law and order d. The promotion of a sense of national unity
Maintenance of an acceptable level of law and order
The term which bestows legitimacy on Chinese rulers is
Mandate of Heaven
Democracy wall
Many posters put up on a wall to advocate for more democracy in China, protest about the political and social issues
Gang of Four
Mao Zedong's wife and 3 other high ranking officials take over while he isn't well, came into power during the Cultural Revolution
Great Leap Forward
Mao's disastrous 1958 - 60 effort to modernize china through localized industrial production and agricultural communes
All of the following were causes of the Cultural Revolution except (A) fears of Communist party radicals about the erosion of revolutionary zeal among the young (B) Mao's desire to reassert his control over the Communist Party (C) Mao's intention to reestablish diplomatic relations with the United States (D) Prolonged policy disputes among top Communist party officials
Mao's intention to reestablish diplomatic relations with the United States
Cultural Revolution
Mao's radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political control from rivals and resulting in a decade of social and political chaos
Assembly plants built in special customs zones, particularly in the north, along the US/Mexico border, are called
Maquiladoras
Elected Hereditary Peers
Maximum of 90; 15 elected by the whole house, 75 elected by their party 2 hereditary appointed royal officeholders
Pravada
Means truth. The Bolshevik party's newspaper whose offices were shut down by provisional government troops.
Life Peers
Meant to be based on merit Appointments Commission: nomination system for Crossbench Peers ("People's Peers"; Independent, not of a political party)
Falun Gong
Meditative martial arts movement founded in 1922 and banned by Chinese government in 1999 as an "evil cult"
Electoral method in Russia's Federation Council
Members appointed by top executive/legislative in 89 administrative units
Political Socialization: Gender
Men and women have essentially the same attitude on major political issues
Mestizo
Mexicans of mixed European and indigenous blood, who make up the vast majority of Mexico's population
The method of selection of Majlis representatives most closely resembles the selection of legislators in which nation?
Mexico
Federal District
Mexico city, importance of Mexico City D.F. w/ about 25% of entire population
When the Shah of Iran founded the Resurgence Party in 1975 he envisioned a party system most comparable to that of
Mexico under PRI control
PRD
Mexico's main party on the left
PEMEX
Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly
The key factor responsible for the sudden increase in political competitiveness at the local level in the early 1980's was
Middle class anger over the policies of the Lopez Portillo government
President of USSR
Mikhail Gorbachev
Which of the following has not been a significant political issue for the Islamic Republic of Iran? a. Lengthy war with Iraq b. Unstable oil prices c. World opposition to nuclear program d. Moderate reformists challenge conservative power e. Militant activities of Sunni Muslims and Zoroastrians
Militant activities of Sunni Muslims and Zoroastrians
Which of the following is not a sector represented in PRI? a. Labor b. Business c. Military d. Peasants
Military
Similarities between Nigeria and China
Share dominance of a single political party Nigeria → PDP (People's Democratic Party) China → CCP (Chinese Communist Party) To lessen ethnic tensions → allow governmental exemptions + quotas for ethnic minorities
Which of the following statements comparing China and Iran is a true statement? a. Iran is a federal system and China is a unitary system of government. b. Iran has a bicameral legislature and China has a unicameral legislature. c. China allows women access to formal education but Iran does not. d. China allows competitive elections for the national legislature but Iran does not. e. Military forces are under the control of the head of state in both Iran and China.
Military forces are under the control of the head of state in both Iran and China.
Differences between Mexico and Nigeria
Military: • Mexico's military is less involved •Nigeria's military is more actively involved in government Identity: • Mexico: citizens have a strong sense of national identity • Nigeria: more identification with regional ethnic groups -- a country largely divided on ethnic lines
The cabinet office most likely to be a stepping stone to the presidency under PRI was
Ministry of Programming and Budget
All of the following statements are true about the 1953 coup of Prime Minister Mossadeq except: a. Code name for the mission was Operation Ajax b. The coup was directed by Kermit Roosevelt c. Mission was approved by President Eisenhower d. Done at the behest of the CIA and State Department, headed by the Dulles brothers and led to future overthrows in other countries by the United States e. Mission had been rejected by President FDR
Mission had been rejected by President FDR
Deng's Four Modernizations included all of the following except (A) Agricultural improvements (B) Modernization of the military (C) Increased industrialization (D) Political modernization (E) Scientific and technological advancements
Modernization of the military
All of the following have been emphasized in the PAN's political platform [and presidential administrations] in recent years except a. More government intervention in the economy b. More regional autonomy c. Clear and fair elections monitored by the IFE d. Good rapport with the Catholic church e. Support for private rather than state education
More government intervention in the economy
All of the following are accurate statements regarding differences between the north and south in Nigeria except? a. A larger percentage of people in the south are Christian than in the north b. The north has fewer ethnic groups than the south c. People in the north are generally less educated than people in the south d. More oil resources are located in the north than in the south
More oil resources are located in the north than in the south
Political Socialization USSR: Education
Most important in political socialization, Teachers were instructed in Marxism-Leninism
Which of the following statements best describes the British higher civil service?
Most of its members have learned their jobs thoroughly by having risen through their ranks over a long period of time
Which of the following statements about Iran's nuclear programme is incorrect? a. Economic sanctions imposed by the UN crippled the Iranian economy b. Stuxnet virus stalled the development of her centrifuges c. P5 + 1 are the 5 major Middle East nations plus the United States d. United States promoted the nuclear program in Iran during the 1950's as part of Atoms for Peace program e. International Atomic Energy Association [IAEA] with 168 member states, including Iran, have agreed to promote the safe and peaceful use of nuclear technology
P5 + 1 are the 5 major Middle East nations plus the United States
Which of the following statements is not accurate with regard to the 'zoning' agreement in Nigeria? a. It is an unwritten power-sharing agreement between Nigeria's main political parties b. It alternates presidential candidates between northern and southern officeholders every 8 years c. It was consolidated during Nigeria's first two democratic transfers of power in 1999 and 2007 d. It was primarily intended to appease the south because of the long history of military dictators e. Muslim northerners have occupied the Nigerian presidency for the majority of the Fourth Republic
Muslim northerners have occupied the Nigerian presidency for the majority of the Fourth Republic
National People's Congress
NPC, China's national legislature
soviets
Name given to workers' councils that sprang up in 1917
How to caudillos play into Mexicans fear of constant presidential reelection?
National military strongmen dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries (like dictators)
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
National or international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objectives and foster public participation
Scottish National Party (SNP)
Nationalist political party promoting Scottish independence, and currently in control of the Scottish regional government
Lazaro Cardenas is particularly remembered for
Nationalizing foreign oil companies
Russia Freedom of Internet
Partly free
What was the Mexican Revolution?
an armed movement that overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and put the country in the hands of democracy
The iconic face of the Green Movement protests was
Neda
Which of the following was not one of the results of Babangida's Structural Adjustment Program? a. Economic and social dislocation b. Rising unemployment c. Increased dependency on World Bank and IMF funds d. Dramatic price increases in fuel and food e. New Constitution and establishment of Third Republic
New Constitution and establishment of Third Republic
Which of the following is a correct statement about Nigeria's civil society? a. Nigeria has a largely underdeveloped civil society because of the repressive military governments b. No serious attempts have been made to establish private organizations c. Nigeria has maintained a thriving civil society despite the lack of democratic rule d. The state controls almost all aspects of life
Nigeria has maintained a thriving civil society despite the lack of democratic rule
Electoral method in U.K. House of Lords
No elections
Which of the following statements about the state governments is incorrect? a. No opposition party to PRI, to date has won a gubernatorial election b. All state legislatures are unicameral c. None of the Mexican states has a Lieutenant Governor d. All governors but one are on a different election cycle than the Mexican president
No opposition party to PRI, to date has won a gubernatorial election
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, trade agreement linking MX with the US and Canada
Northern Ireland
Northeastern portion of Ireland that is part of the United Kingdom; also known as Ulster
China Freedom of Internet
Not free
China Freedom of Press
Not free
Political Socialization Russia: Media
ORT -- government owned. NVT -- private but dependent on gov, free satellite time, government loans, has low taxes
During Mexico's post-independence period, relations between the church and the central government
Occasionally flared into open confrontation
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail
Oligarch arrested and imprisoned for his opposition to the Putin administration
Which leader of Parliament established the brief period of rule in Britain without a monarch?
Oliver Cromwell
Jumping into the sea
Private ownership and capitalism, people in China have business with those across the ocean
Which of the following statements with regard to the current Nigerian executive is FALSE? a. He ran for president unsuccessfully in three prior presidential elections before winning in 2015 b. His win in 2015 was the first time in Nigerian history that an incumbent president was defeated in his bid for re-election c. He led a military coup against a democratically elected president, Shehu Shagari in 1983, and became head of state until 1985. d. One of his campaign promises was to abolish the office of First Lady as unconstitutional, which he did on becoming president in 2015.
One of his campaign promises was to abolish the office of First Lady as unconstitutional, which he did on becoming president in 2015.
Conservatives (Tories)
One of the UK's two largest parties; in government since 2010
Labour Party
One of the UK's two largest parties; since 2010, it has been the party in opposition
According to Transparency International, the Nigerian political system is
One of the most corrupt in the modern world
Hegemonic party
One party -- there is opposition but those parties cannot win, this was PRI until 2000
Communist regimes
One-party authoritarian regimes in which a communist party controls most aspects of a country's political and economic system
OAS
Organization of American States, only nation in OAS to resist US pressure to break relations with Cuba
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Mexico is a part of it bc of PEMEX
Rus
Origin of the word Russia, thought to refer to Vikings who settled the region in the ninth century C.E.
Nigel Farage
Outspoken leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and member of the European parliament
Which of the following is not a correct description of a function of the Guardian Council? a. Monitors elections b. Supervises the Majlis c. Oversees votes of no confidence against cabinet and President d. Approves or vetoes legislation passed by the Majlis e. Vetting candidates for public elections
Oversees votes of no confidence against cabinet and President
where do graduates of public school usually go?
Oxbridge or Cambridge --> gov or industry careers (white collar)
The British Commonwealth is most accurately defined as
an association of independent countries once ruled by Britain
Which of the following statements about the PLA is FALSE? (A) It engages in cadre capitalism (B) Political commissar in each unit is responsible for the correct political thinking of the soldiers (C) Considers art and culture integral parts of military training (D) PLA is considered an increasingly apolitical force (E) Owns and operates several popular nightclubs in China
PLA is considered an increasingly apolitical force
Opposition political party on the left, formed by Lombardo Toledano in response to President Aleman's pro business policies was
PPS
Under Deng's leadership, which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) China became more involved in world affairs, borrowing technology from the West (B) War remained an important instrument of policy as China made military advances into both Tibet and Vietnam (C) Closer economic ties between China and Taiwan were forged though political ties remained strained (D) Modernization and growth of the Chinese military caused Japan concern and desire to establish her own military force, forbidden by her constitution (E) PRC was officially recognized by the United Nations, took China's seat on the UN Security Council, and President Nixon visited China
PRC was officially recognized by the United Nations, took China's seat on the UN Security Council, and President Nixon visited China
The coalition party on the left, formed in 1988 by Cuauhtemoc Cardenas in opposition to PRI was
PRD
How has PRI ingrained cooptation into Mexican political culture?
PRI coopts possible sources of opposition, like media and other political parties. Because of cooptation, PRI has not needed to use harsh measures of repression as often as other authoritarian regimes.
Corporations theoretically privately owned by and controlled closely by the president's patronage system are called
Para-statals
Usually present in centrally-planned [state-controlled] economies, which of the following terms is used to describe fully or partially state-owned corporations or government agencies: a. Corporatist b. Parastatal c. QUANGOs
Parastatal
The British government derives its political power primarily from
Parliamentary Law
Mexico Freedom of Internet
Partly free
Nigeria Freedom of Internet
Partly free
Nigeria Freedom of Press
Partly free
Prebendalism is a word borrowed from the German philosopher Max Weber that describes Nigeria's version of
Patron-clientelism
Ulster Unionists
People in Northern Ireland who want to keep British rule (Protestant).
One of the primary difficulties in studying comparative politics is that a. Public policy is formulated in representative institutions b. People in various cultures value different things and prioritize their values in different ways c. Competition between short-term and long term goals frequently obscures the political decision-making processes in non-industrial nations d. Cultural and physical environments limit the choices that political leaders make
People in various cultures value different things and prioritize their values in different ways
Politicos vs technicos
People who have political power vs those who are actually educated on the topic (connection to China red vs expert)
Which of the following until April 2015 had been the ruling party in Nigeria in the 4th Republic? a. Action Congress Party b. All Nigeria People's Party c. Alliance for Democracy d. People's Democratic Party
People's Democratic Party
PLA
People's Liberation Army, China's military, (State)
Which of the following statements about China is most characteristic of most developing nations? (A) China lacks national resources (B) Per capita gross domestic product is relatively low (C) Corruption is rare (D) Defense policy is aggressive toward neighbors (E) Foreign policy is subordinate to the wishes of developed countries
Per capita gross domestic product is relatively low
Prior to 1935 Iran was known as
Persia
Confucianism
Philosophy attributed to Chinese sage Confucius, emphasizing social harmony, integrated into culture, society, politics. Importance of the group not the individual, sense of commitment to similar goal, group dynamics, conformity, emphasis on conformity (now changing)
The electoral system that Nigeria has for its legislature is
Plurality for both houses; single member districts for the House of Representatives
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR)
Political party in Russia with a nationalist and antidemocratic orientation
nomenklatura
Politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party
Which of the following influences on Nigerian political culture can be traced back directly to pre-colonial days? a. Dominant military b. Authoritarian, centralized rule c. Parliamentary style government d. Politics based on tribal affiliation
Politics based on tribal affiliation
State governors are
Popularly elected but subject to removal by the state legislature or federal senate
Which of the following was least used/claimed by PRI to maintain its legitimacy? a. If functioned as a constitutional democracy b. It allowed opposition and held free elections c. It was heir to the Mexican Revolution and embodies the principles for which it was fought d. It was synonymous with the nation of Mexico, its colors are the same as the national flag e. Repression of opposition parties by the military
Repression of opposition parties by the military
Constitution of 1917 limited the term of the Mexican president to a single term because of the constant re-election of
Porfirio Diaz
collectivist consensus
Postwar consensus between the UK's major parties to build and sustain a welfare state.
Solidarity program (CSG)
Poverty programs that ration out money to help everyone survive
Which of the following powers of the Mexican presidency was restricted by 1993 constitutional amendment? a. Power to directly introduce legislature into the congress b. Power to veto legislation c. Power to issue executive decrees that have the force of laws d. Power to appoint and preside over ministerial cabinet officers e. Power to appoint and remove judges
Power to veto legislation
Which position is not currently held by Xi Jinping? (A) Chairman of Central Military Commission (B) President of the PRC (C) Premier of the State Council (D) General Secretary of the CCP
Premier of the State Council
Who is the head of government in Mexico?
President
Who is the head of government in Nigeria?
President
Who is the head of government in Iran?
President • Direct popular election • 4 year term -- max of 2
Municipio
Second-level administrative division in Mexico
Which of the following is not true of the executive in Nigeria? a. Direct, popular election b. 4 year terms with maximum of two c. Shares power with a prime minister d. Head of state, head of government and commander in chief
Shares power with a prime minister
Boris Yeltsin
President of Russia from 1991 - 1999. Was a drunk and implemented shock therapy which destroyed the economy. He was the first democratically elected leader in 1,000 years. He selected Putin as his prime minister
Mikhail Gorbachev
President of USSR, implemented ideas of glasnost, perestroika, and demokratizia. The USSR fell under him
Executive Branch of MX
President- -direct election -6 yrs; no reelection -no VP
nationalism
Pride in one's people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny
Who is the British Head of Gov?
Prime Minister
Her Majesty's Government
Prime Minister and her cabinet
The best indication that civil society is thriving in modern Nigeria is that
Private associations and a free press are doing well
Which of the following socioeconomic groups has been most likely to criticize clerical control of the Islamic Republic? a. Lower class farmers b. Lower middle class white collar workers c. Wealthy merchants d. Professional upper middle class people e. Retired workers on fixed incomes
Professional upper middle class people
Which of the following was not one of the policies of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad? a. Populism b. Service programs to aid the poor c. Confrontation with the United States d. Promotion of the Arab Spring movements e. Emphasize development of nuclear programme
Promotion of the Arab Spring movements
Cult of personality
Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual (PUTIN AND STALIN)
Both Russia and Mexico have
Proportional representation in the lower house of the legislature
The four cardinal rules of cadres include each of the following EXCEPT (A) Following Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought (B) Following authority of CCP (C) Socialism as an economic philosophy (D) Dictatorship of the proletariat (E) Reliance on the family unit
Reliance on the family unit
Chinese citizens participate in politics by voting in elections for
Representatives to the local People's Congress
theocracy
an authoritarian regime that has leaders who claim to rule on behalf of God
Which of the following is not a source of political legitimacy established by the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran? a. Shari'a law b. Charismatic leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini c. Qajar dynasty d. Allah e. Popular elections
Qajar dynasty
quangos
Quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organizations that assist the government in making policy
Who is the British head of State?
Queen
Supreme Head of the Church of England and the Presbyterian Church of Scotland is
Queen Elizabeth II
The vision of Iranian clergy who tend to agree with reformers that the clergy should not be so involved with governing the state as it violates fundamental principles of Shia Islam is known as
Quietist
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)
Successor party in Russia to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Red Guards
Radicalized youth who served as Mao's shock troops during the Cultural Revolution
The movement for reform in both the Soviet Union and China in the 1980's included which of the following: (A) Increasing Communist party involvement in local economic management (B) Emphasizing ideology over pragmatism (C) Emphasizing the role of the military in domestic policies (D) Establishing competitive, multiparty elections (E) Reducing, restructuring, and re-staffing government and party bureaucracies
Reducing, restructuring, and re-staffing government and party bureaucracies
Celtic fringe
Refers to Scotland and Wales, which were not conquered by the Angles and Saxons
Crown
Refers to the British monarchy and sometimes to the British state
Which of the following was not a true statement about the White Revolution? a. A major focus of the reforms was land reform b. Reforms were authorized by the Shah in order to Westernize his nation c. State-owned businesses were privatized to stimulate efficiency and profitability in the economy d. The reforms were contested by the Iranian clergy as an abandonment of traditional Islamic values e. Reforms were economic and agricultural in nature, and did not affect the status of women
Reforms were economic and agricultural in nature, and did not affect the status of women
authoritarian regime
Regimes that limit the role of the public in decision making and often deny citizens basic rights and restrict their freedoms
The most persistent political challenge facing Nigeria since independence has been
Regional and ethno-religious cleavages
The September 1982 nationalization of the domestically-owned banking industry
Represented a high water mark for expansion of the public sector by expropriation of private businesses
Treaty of Nanjing
Result of the opium wars, Treaty ports and spheres of influence, China gives up Hong Kong -- given to UK rules as British crown colony (about 150 years). Hong Kong was given back to China. Hong Kong had been democratic and capitalist for 150 years and then given back to communist socialist country.
Similarities between Iran and China
Revolutions Led by a strong, charismatic authority (Mao, Khomeini) National assembly -- of limited power -- to oversee the executive branch + enact laws
Political Socialization Russia: Religion
Rising importance of Russian Eastern Orthodox Church
Federal Security Service (FSB)
Successor to the KGB, the Russian intelligence agency
Of the following nations, which is most similar to Iran in terms of civil society? a. Britain b. Russia c. China d. Mexico
Russia
The elections for President in Iran are most similar to the election for the leader in
Russia
Which of the following statements is correct? a. The presidents of China, Russia and Iran are all heads of state b. The legislatures of China, Russia and Iran are all unicameral c. The presidents of China, Mexico, Russia and Iran are all the commander-in-chief of the armed forces d. Russia, China, Mexico and Iran do not have vice presidential offices e. The presidents of China, Mexico and Iran all have two term limits
Russia, China, Mexico and Iran do not have vice presidential offices
Nicholas II
Russian Tsar who implemented the Duma to make people feel like they had a voice. He was forced to abdicate his rule
purpose of the Commonwealth
Serves to maintain at least some of the economic and cultural ties established during its long imperial rule
parties in power
Russian parties created by political elites to support their political aspirations; typically lacking any ideological orientation
oligarchs
Russian people noted for their control of large amounts of the Russian economy (including the media), their close ties to the government, and the accusations of corruption surrounding their rise to power
Chechnya
Russian republic that has been a source of military conflict since 1991
Special Economic Zones
SEZ's, enclaves established since 1980 by the Chinese government that have offered tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign investment
4 Modernizations
Set forth by Deng Xiaoping, reform in agriculture, industry, national defense, and technology
One child policy
Set up in the 70's due to rising population, parents could only have one child, resulted in illegal abortions because boys were favored and spoiling of children. Was ended in 2015 after 35 years
Electoral method in Nigeria's House of Representatives
SMD plurality
The most infamous and brutal of Nigeria's presidents was
Sani Abacha
The Shah's repressive secret police force was known as
Savak
Which region has the strongest sense of national pride?
Scotland
2014 Scottish Independence Referendum
Scotland voted whether to separate from Great Britain; the result...55.3% voted to REMAIN with England
Which party was most responsible for the poor showing of the traditional third largest party, the Liberal Democrats in the last election?
Scottish National Party [SNP]
In Iran, the concept of jurist' guardianship states that
Senior clerics have authority over the entire community
Fundamentalist religion as defined by the Ayatollah Khomeini was characterized by all of the following except a. Social conservatism b. Separation of political and religious power c. Literal interpretation of Islamic texts d. Resentment of the US and other western nations e. Political traditionalism
Separation of political and religious power
Legally, a Mexican president today can
Serve one term only
What is the legacy of the Mexican Revolution regarding PRI?
Since 1917, Mexico under PRI is an authoritarian regime dominated by a single political party, but one that affords far more civil liberties, regular elections, and toleration of other political parties. PRI has kept human rights abuses to a minimum.
Which of the following is an accurate contrast of the democratization process in Mexico with the democratization process in Russia? a. Mexico's democratization process started much later than Russia's b. Mexico's democratization process was highly decentralized; Russia's was centralized in Moscow c. Russia's democratization process was violent and bloody; Mexico's was not d. Since 2000 Mexico's legislative and presidential elections have been more competitive than Russia's elections e. Since the early 1990's Mexico's legislative and presidential elections have been markedly more corrupt than Russia's elections
Since 2000 Mexico's legislative and presidential elections have been more competitive than Russia's elections
"first past the post"
Single member district (SMD) sysmte based on plurality voting; Each of the 650 constituencies elects one MP, and that member need to win only a plurality of votes
Nigeria's political party system for most of the past decade may best be described as
Single party dominance
Yabloko
Small party in Russia that advocates democracy and a liberal political economic system
Differences between China and Russia
Social mobility • In China, the CCP is an important channel for upward social mobility • In Russia, the CPRF is NO longer a means of upward social mobility
The Pendulum Theory describes a mid-20th century tendency in Mexican politics to go back and forth between
Socialist reforms and pro business capitalistic policies
political culture
Societal pattern of basic norms about politics
Which of the following is the best description of the societal cleavages in Mexico between the north and the south? a. Northerners are generally more prosperous than southerners, but they are ethnically similar b. Southerners are more likely to be Amerindian with less European ethnicity than northerners c. Northerners are more likely to be engaged in agriculture as a main occupation than southerners d. Northerners are less likely to support a market-based economy than southerners e. Northerners are generally less well-educated than southerners.
Southerners are more likely to be Amerindian with less European ethnicity than northerners
Caucasus
Southwest Russia, near the Black Sea and Turkey, where there is a diverse mixture of non-Slavic peoples with distinct languages and customs as well as a much stronger historical presence of Islam than Orthodox Christianity
KGB
Soviet secret police agency charged with domestic and foreign intelligence
Cheka
Soviet secret police created by Lenin; precursor to the KGB
Nikita Khruschev
Soviet statesman that led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He was the first secretary of the CPSU
who took over after Lenin died?
Stalin
Which of the following forms of industrial ownership has increased the least in China in the last 20 years? (A) Collective (B) Private or Individual (C) Foreign (D) State
State
The highest organ of state authority according to the Chinese constitution which is representative of the Chinese population and has formal governing power is the
State Council
The highest organ of state authority in China is the
State Council
lower house
State Duma
legitimacy
State authority that is regarded as right and proper
Which of the following is not a political reform with the 1993 constitutional amendments? a. Federal district of Mexico City elects its mayor b. Opposition parties are guaranteed a minimum of 25% of the seats in the Senate c. Each state and the federal district's representation in the Senate increases from two to three with 32 PR from national party lists d. State governors will no longer be subject to removal by the Mexican Senate
State governors will no longer be subject to removal by the Mexican Senate
personality cult
State-sponsored exaltation of an authoritarian leader
unitary states
States that concentrate most political power in the national capital, allocating very little decision-making power to regions or localities
The Retribution Law is a good example of
Strict interpretation of the shari'a law
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)
Successor of the Soviet-era organization; remains close to its Communist ideology and rejects Western capitalism and globalization; a new base of support among Russians born after 1991 who have struggled economically; As the 2nd largest party, receives protest votes from those opposed to United Russia
Founder and first president of the Republic of China was
Sun Yat-sen
In Iran the Chief Justice is appointed by the
Supreme Leader
Which figure in the Iranian political system is the leading jurist who has the final say in interpreting the meaning of religious documents? a. Chief judge of the Supreme Court b. President c. Supreme Leader d. Speaker of the Majlis e. Chairman of the Guardian Council
Supreme Leader
Corporatism
an economic system in which economic policy is negotiated among government, labor, and industry
All of the following are policies the Iranian government has used to address population growth concerns/issues in the last 20 years except a. Government offering increasing education and employment options to encourage women to enter the labor force and thereby lowering birth rates b. Increased access to and free birth control c. Family planning laws to encourage reduction in family size d. State media campaigns to raise public consciousness of population growth issues e. Tax penalties imposed on families with more than three children
Tax penalties imposed on families with more than three children
The contest for the presidential nomination in the latter 20th c. under PRI was most often between
Technocrats and politicians
The capital of Iran is
Tehran
Since 1949 all of the following have consistently been part of the ideology of the Chinese Communist party except the belief in (A) The central role of technical experts in making policy (B) Historical materialism as the way to understand the evolution of human society (C) The guiding role of the Communist party in development of China (D) Popular participation through the mass line (E) Progress toward a socialist society
The central role of technical experts in making policy
Snap election
an election called earlier than expected. Generally it refers to an election in a parliamentary system called when not required (either by law or convention), usually to capitalize on a unique electoral opportunity or to decide a pressing issue.
Most observers of Mexican politics believe that the military is likely to become more important politically when
The civilian elite is unable to maintain law and order
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the Revolutionary Guards? a. They form a supra constitutional body that can initiate legislation on its own b. They are the top advisors to the Supreme Leader c. They have replaced the regular armed forces as the defenders of Iran's borders d. They have special powers in applying the principle of jurist's guardianship e. They form a parallel force to the regular armed forces with its own budgets, weapons and uniforms
They form a parallel force to the regular armed forces with its own budgets, weapons and uniforms
BNP (British National Party)
predominant in E. London, no MPs; many members arrested for racial hate crimes; goal was to deport all non-white immigrants who had come to England in the past few decades
AMLO
president from the MORENA movement; former mayor of México City
Safe seat
an electoral district (constituency) in a legislative body (e.g. Congress, Parliament, City Council) which is regarded as fully secure, for either a certain political party, or the incumbent representative personally or a combination of both
Which of the following statements about Neighborhood Committees is FALSE? (A) They are the eyes and ears of the CCP at the local level (B) They are largely composed of retired women volunteers (C) They report to local officials the visits to local residents by outsiders (D) They determine when a couple may marry, have a child, or divorce (E) They register voters for the party
They register voters for the party
Proportional Representation (PR)
an electoral system where the percentage of votes a party receives in a district determines how many of that district's seats the party will gain
Yeltsin, Boris
president of Russia from 1991-1999
Rape of Nanking
an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanking, then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
What are "quangos"?
an example of neo-corporatist lobbying relations, members of non-governmental organizations who assist in policy-making
Public school
private schools originally designed to train British boys for public service
anarchism
an ideology based on the belief that private property and capitalism lead to inequality; however, like liberals, anarchists place high value on individual political freedom
In the past 20 years all of the following statements correctly reference tensions in Iran EXCEPT a. Green Movement protests b. Tensions between the Majlis and the judicial branch c. Factionalism within the religious experts d. Institutional tensions between popularly elected offices and appointed clerical ofices e. Tensions between the Supreme Leader and the President
Tensions between the Majlis and the judicial branch
Third Way
Term describing recent policies of the Labour Party that embrace the free market
majoritarian
Term describing the virtually unchecked power of a parliamentary majority in the UK political system
Iron Rice Bowl
Term for Mao's promise to cradle-to-grave healthcare, work, and retirement security, which has largely disappeared under reform and opening (Deng)
Which of the following statements about Shiite Muslims is incorrect? a. They represent approximately 75% of Iranian Muslims b. They disagree with Sunni Muslims as to the legacy of leadership in the religion c. They bestow temporary leadership of the religion in clerics known as ulama d. The highest rank in the class of priests known as ulama is the ayatollah e. They honor the 12th descendant of the prophet Mohammad as the true leader of Islam
They represent approximately 75% of Iranian Muslims
communism
an ideology that emphasizes creating economic equality instead of ensuring individual political and economic freedoms
fascism
an ideology that is hostile to the idea of individual freedom and rejects the notion of equality
The major consequence of the 2015 parliamentary elections was that
They were able to rule without a coalition government
Silk Road
ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West
Dialectic
any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments
Backbencher
anyone who is not on the front bench (cabinet or shadow cabinet),
Which of the following statements about the Gang of Four is FALSE? (A) One of the leaders was Jiang Qing, Madame Mao (B) One of their goals was to revitalize the Communist Party and refocus the people's attention on political struggle through expansion of the revolutionary movement (C) They fought to continue the Cultural Revolution and the cult of Mao (D) They were convicted of crimes against the people and imprisoned (E) They were guided by the Soviet Union in their political struggle
They were guided by the Soviet Union in their political struggle
Electoral system for upper house:
appointed by local executive and legislature
United Front
attempt to join the KMP and CCP against common enemy -- the warlords. Warlords wanted to become leader of china.
Yabloko
pro-Western and pro-market economy stance; Drew support from white collar workers and urban residents in major cities; Currently holds only a few seats in regional legislatures
Which of the following statements about the Red Guards is FALSE? (A) Teachers were a primary target of the groups (B) They were ultimately brought under control by the PLA (C) They were viewed by Mao as counterrevolutionary (D) A significant number were children of government officials and Long March Veterans (E) A primary slogan was "Bombard the Command Post"
They were viewed by Mao as counterrevolutionary
Electoral system for lower house:
proportional representation
constitutional court
The highest judicial body that rules on the constitutionality of laws and other government actions and, in most political systems, formally oversees the entire judicial structure
Dialectical materialism
The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways
judicial review
The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution
co-optation
The mechanism by which members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state and government
clientelism
The mechanism whereby the state provides benefits to groups of its political supporters
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the middle class in Iran? a. The middle class in Iran consists mainly of clerics and other religious officials. b. The middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often hostile to the clergy. c. The middle class in Iran is very small and found in predominantly rural areas. d. The middle class in Iran controls the media and is very influential in national decision making.
The middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often hostile to the clergy.
Which of the following statements is false? a. There is no Vice President in the Mexican government b. The judicial branch, until recent constitutional changes, followed the political question doctrine c. The Mexican national army was established by Lazaro Cardenas to protect the newly nationalized PEMEX
The Mexican national army was established by Lazaro Cardenas to protect the newly nationalized PEMEX
National Health Service (NHS)
provides healthcare for all UK citizens based on their need for healthcare rather than their ability to pay for it. It is funded by taxes
Political Socialization: Education
public schools = Conservative; parochial sway with religious affiliation
Succession of Crown Act 2013
ended the historical disqualification of a person who married a Roman Catholic from the line of succession, and removed the requirement of those outside the first six persons in line to the throne to seek the Sovereign's approval to marry
Mandate of Heaven
The belief of Chinese rulers that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the Universe
Kremlin:
executive power, whether in the form of the tsar or the general secretary
Parties of power:
Those parties created by political elites to support those elites' political aspirations; since 1991 consistently represented the largest segment of parties in the Duma
Political Socialization: Family
Though declining political party ID transfer
Hyperinflation
extremely high rate of inflation, happened after shock therapy under Yeltsin from socialist to capitalist, value of the ruble went down to close to nothing
Democratic centralism
democratic practice in which political decisions reached by voting processes are binding upon all members of the party
Democratic centralism
a revolutionary strategy to reorganize society in China after 1949, the Leninist organizational system in which policy is decided centrally and is binding on all members
Which of the following statements about Taiwan is FALSE? (A) Nationalist government imposed martial law on Taiwan for almost 40 years, from its arrival in 1949-1987 (B) Nationalist government was in a sense a dynasty for almost 50 years as Chiang was succeeded by his son (C) PRC follows a "One China" Policy and regards Taiwan as a renegade province (D) Taiwan is currently recognized as a state in the UN but does not sit on the UN Security Council (E) China has threatened military action over Taiwan's assertion of national independence
Taiwan is currently recognized as a state in the UN but does not sit on the UN Security Council
House of Lords
Upper house of the UK legislature, whose reform is currently being debated
The "shadow cabinet" in Britain is made up of
designated members of Her Majesty's Opposition who are responsible for specific policy areas and ready to assume power in a brief time period
life peers
distinguished members of the society who are given lifetime appointments to the house of lords
Mandarins
eyes and ears of the emperor, in employ of emperor, they could collect taxes, hold meetings, make sure policies are carried out, they were the enforcement without that there would be chaos
The best description of the current state of the judicial system in the United Kingdom is
The British court system has historically been very weak, though recent reforms have pushed for greater power for the high courts.
Which of the following is true of the Crown?
The Crown is the head of state and the PM is the head of government
austerity measures
When a government severely cuts spending to try and increases taxationand get its finances under control
Reformists' attempts to return to power in presidency and/or Majlis have been most hindered by
The Guardian Council
Which of the following have veto power over legislation passed by the Majlis? a. The Assembly of Religious Experts and the Expediency Council b. The Assembly of Religious Experts and the Guardian Council c. The Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader d. The Guardian Council and the President e. The President and the Supreme Leader
The Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader
Russia political regime?
illiberal regime
2010 Austerity program
The National Health Service and education were protected from direct spending cuts; increased taxes, decreased "excessive" gov spending; public wasn't happy but re-elected Tories because they had experience in financial crisis
In Mexico, most interest representation in the 20th century took place within
The PRI
Which of the following statements about the office of the President of the PRC is FALSE? (A) The President is elected to a term of 5 years (B) The President can serve two consecutive terms (C) Position until the last couple of decades has been largely ceremonial (D) The President is in charge of foreign policy and commander in chief of the armed forces (E) The Presidency was vacant for more than a decade
The President is in charge of foreign policy and commander in chief of the armed forces
The coalition reformist group of the late 1990's was known as
The Second Khordad Front
Which of the following central organs carries out the daily work of the Chinese Communist party? (A) The Party Congress (B) The Secretariat (C) The National People's Congress (D) The Military Affairs Commission (E) The Neighborhood Committees
The Secretariat
SDLP
The Social Democratic and Labour Party, a political party set up to demand civil rights for Catholics in Northern Ireland
Trades Union Congress (TUC)
The TUC is not officially affiliated to the Labour Party. At election time the TUC cannot endorse a particular party by name. However it can point to policies that it believes would be positive for workers' rights, or to social cohesion and community welfare
judiciary
The branch of a country's central administration that is concerned with dispensing justice
legislature
The branch of government that is formally charged with making laws
Britain's evolutionary government had its last revolution in 1688 when which monarch was placed on the throne in what would become known as the Glorious Revolution?
William of Orange
The United Kingdom, despite the fact that it was once the world's leading economy and power, has experienced a significant decline into the modern era because
The UK's historic wealth rested completely on the resources extracted from its colonies; with the loss of the empire the UK economy was unable to adapt
Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
The UK's most important group representing the private sector
Trades Union Congress (TUC)
The United Kingdom's largest trade union confederation
civil society
The collection of organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests
national identity
The common set of political aspirations that bind citizens of a country together
Xi Jinping
The current president of China and leader of the Chinese Communist Party who, despite being born to high-ranking father, worked his way up from the lowest ranks of the party.
Which of the following statements about the 1989 Tienanmen Square events is FALSE? (A) The demonstration began in honor of recently deceased Chinese leader Zhao Ziyang (B) The order to clear the square on June 4th came from Deng Xiaoping (C) The events came to a head shortly after the visit to PRC by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev (D) Students were demonstrating for a Fifth Modernization, political reform (E) The symbol of the demonstration was a statue dubbed the Goddess of Democracy
The demonstration began in honor of recently deceased Chinese leader Zhao Ziyang
Chernobyl
nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air
The Cardenas reform period reflects
The fact that the interests of the peasants and urban workers were being taken seriously
Which of the following is a false statement? a. The Mayor of Mexico City until 1997 was appointed by the Mexican President b. Mexico City is a federal district c. The first directly elected Mayor of Mexico City was PAN leader Vicente Fox d. Greater Mexico City has a population of approximately 23 million people or 20% of the entire population
The first directly elected Mayor of Mexico City was PAN leader Vicente Fox
Magna Carta
The first time that you challenge the government of the King; resulted in creation of Parliament
Which of the following is not a correct description of the Porfiriato? a. The government was an authoritarian dictatorship b. The government brought stability to Mexico during this period c. The government discouraged foreign investment and economic growth d. The gap between the rich and poor grew during this period e. The regime ended in violent revolution in 1911
The government discouraged foreign investment and economic growth
Political scientists have often categorized the Mexican political system as 'corporatist' largely because
The government has had a longtime tendency to network with business and other interest group leaders
With regard to human rights in Iran, the Iranian government has acted in which of the following ways? a. The government mandates that women only have one child b. The government targets and imprisons political opponents c. The government protects the religious rights of Baha'is d. The government supports gay rights and women's rights e. The government banned executions during the presidency of Ahmadinejad
The government targets and imprisons political opponents
Presidential candidates of PRI in the 20th century were chosen by
The incumbent president, perhaps after consultation with PRI leadership
head of government
The individual who deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.
head of state
The individual who symbolizes and represents the people, both nationally and internationally, embodying and articulating the goals of the regime
All of the following statements are true except a. Mexico has a federal system of government b. The federal Senate can dissolve the state government [legislature] c. The influence of the military in political decision-making has been declining d. Controlling right-wing opposition was more difficult for PRI than managing political enemies on the left e. Few Mexican politicians come from politically prominent families
The influence of the military in political decision-making has been declining
Growing urban underclass, in a typical 'Third World' profile, who are engaged in non-regulated jobs such as street peddlers, are called
The informal economy
market
The interaction between the forces of supply and demand that allocates resources
Which of the following statements about the gender equity law is false? a. Approximately one-third of the chamber of deputies seats are held by women b. All parties are required to have 40% of their PR candidates as women c. In a move in which female candidates are called "Juanitas" they are appointed to legislative positions and then resign in favor of their male spouse/relative d. The law also relates to the Mexican Senate candidates
The law also relates to the Mexican Senate candidates
(general) lower house
The legislative chamber that usually represents the population at large
(general) upper house
The legislative house that often represents geographic subunits
PPO
The lowest level of the CPSU organization
Similarities between U.K., Mexico, and Nigeria
The most free press
Nation-states must adjust to all the following trends of globalization except a. International markets for investment funds b. The potential of global warming caused by human activity c. The narrowing of the economic gap between rich and poor nations d. The increasing wealth and power of corporations not exclusively associated with a country
The narrowing of the economic gap between rich and poor nations
Dependency theory
economic process of a developing nation that is often hampered by developed nations' dominance of foreign direct investment in that developing nation
Pendulum politics
The party in power switches if their policies are left or right to make everyone happy
abstract review
The power of judicial review that allows courts to decide on questions that do not arise from actual legal cases; sometimes occurs even before legislation becomes law
Sexino
The president serves one 6 year term
Which of the following was the best description of the power of the Mexican PRI president in the 20th century? a. The president had very little power because PRI party leaders made all the political decisions b. The president was virtually a dictator for one six-year term c. Many Mexican presidents ruled as dictators for extended periods of time d. The president's power was unpredictable and depended on military support e. The president shared power equally with the national legislature
The president was virtually a dictator for one six-year term
globalization
The process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and economies
The term "mandarins" refers to
The professional bureaucrats during the dynastic cycle
Which of the following statements about Iran's military forces is incorrect? a. Qods forces operate outside the country supporting militant factions operating against the state of Israel b. Basij are volunteer militia enforcing shari'a law on the streets and controlling anti-government protests c. Revolutionary Guards are the personal military forces of the Supreme Leader d. The regular armed forces were established by the Ayatollah Khomeini after the 1979 revolution and protect the Iranian national borders e. The majority of the regular army are draftees
The regular armed forces were established by the Ayatollah Khomeini after the 1979 revolution and protect the Iranian national borders
legislative-executive relations
The relationship between legislatures and the executive
Which of the following is a feature of the Iranian political system? a. Male suffrage only b. The President must also be a cleric c. The religious character of the state d. The diplomatic recognition only of Muslim states e. Having a Supreme Religious Leader, a Prime Minister and a President
The religious character of the state
The split between Sunni and Shi'i Muslims originated in an argument over
The rightful heir to lead Islam after the Prophet Mohammed died
At the beginning of the 21st century, categorizing a nation as a "third world" country primarily means that
The standard of living there is significantly lower than the standard of living in industrialized nations
Guanxi
The system of social networks and influential relationships which facilitate business and other dealings, if you have connections it's easier to be in power, Deng gained power by Guanxi
electoral system
The system that determines how votes are cast and counted
Politburo
The top policy-making and executive body of a communist party
Which is the best description of statists as a faction in Iran? a. They want to remove price controls, lower business taxes, encourage private enterprise and balance the budget b. They believe that the political system needs significant reform, and they tend to advocate some degree of international involvement c. They believe that the legislative branch of government should have more power than it has now, and that the president should have less d. They believe that the government should take an active role in controlling the economy, including redistribution of land and wealth e. They support the government as it is now, and are wary of influence from western nations
They believe that the government should take an active role in controlling the economy, including redistribution of land and wealth
What type of regime is Iran?
Theocratic republic → a form of government in which gods/God is recognized as the supreme civil authority, with his/her laws interpreted by members of the clergy
Mexican industry has been able to grow because
There are few restrictions on foreign investments
Highly centralized power
There is one main person in charge -- currently Putin
The current Prime Minister is
Theresa May, Conservative
2017 use of the snap election
Theresa May, in a bad decision, said "I think we're very popular, the people are behind us..." and called one; she lost seats = hung parliament = coalition with DUP (N. Ireland, Protestant)
Proportional representation
electoral systems that tend to encourage a proliferation of small parties o Parties compete in multimember districts in national elections and win seats roughly proportional to their vote results o Commonly leads to more than 2 political parties represented in parliament
Cooptation
To neutralize or win over (an independent minority, for example) through assimilation into an established group or culture, Luis Echeverria did this to win over students protesting olympics. Made part of gov.
In comparison to PAN and PRI, the ideological leanings of PRD may best be described as
To the left of both of the other parties
recruitment of elites
Top level politicians spend most of their lives working in London; They don't work their way up from local politics; Leaders early become "cadets" in position qualifying for central political role
The regime in Iran by the end of Muhammad Reza Shah's rule is best described as a
Totalitarian dictatorship
The Iranian political culture is characterized by all of the following except a. Totalitarianism b. Authoritarianism c. Union of political and religious authority d. Shi'ism as a central component e. Limited amounts of aerable land
Totalitarianism
Collective responsibility
Tradition that requires all members of the cabinet either to support government policy or to resign
collective responsibility
Tradition that requires all members of the cabinet either to support government policy or to resign
Differences between Mexico and Russia
Transition to democracy... • Mexico reformed existing institutions • Russia created new institutions
Current President of Taiwan, representing the KMT is
Tsai Ing-wen
Communist Party of Iran, banned by the government, operates in exile, and is the
Tudeh Party
Which of the following statements about the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq is an incorrect statement? a. The UK sought the help of the United States in overthrowing the Prime Minister b. The coup was a direct consequence of the nationalization of the oil industry by the Iranian government c. U.S. President authorized the mission because of the alleged connection between Mossadeq and communism d. Prime Minister Mossadeq received support in the United Nations for his government's actions, as a third world nation challenging the dominant world powers e. The mission reinstalled Reza Shah Pahlevi as Iranian leader
U.S. President authorized the mission because of the alleged connection between Mossadeq and communism
Evolutionary government
UK government did not evolve through revolution, it was peaceful for the most part
Treaty of Lisbon (2009)
UK still on own currency, not the Euro
During the 2015 elections, why was Britain's right-wing, anti-immigrant, UKIP [United Kingdom Independence Party] only able to win one MP seat?
UKIP support had never been regionally concentrated enough to be first-past-the-post in most districts
Cabinet members are most likely to have attended for their undergraduate education which of the following? a. A Jesuit seminary b. A military academy c. A private technological institute or business school d. UNAM, the national university
UNAM, the national university
Which of the following is not a power of the Iranian president? a. Devising the budget b. Proposing legislation to the Majlis c. Signing of treaties, laws, and agreements d. Vetoing decisions of the Guardian Council e. Appointing provincial governors
Vetoing decisions of the Guardian Council
Legislature in Iran
Unicameral • Majlis o 290 seats
Legislature in China
Unicameral • National People's Congress (NPC) o 2,987 seats - indirectly elected by provincial people's congresses
Federation Council
Upper house of the Russian legislature
who was the first region to unite with England?
Wales
Chinese modernization has been relatively more stable than that of Russia, because the Chinese leadership
Was more coherent and pragmatic in dealing with economic issues
Similarities between China and Russia
Weak legislative branch → stronger executive branch Modernization: • China = more stable, more effective because more coherent economic policy + pragmatic in dealing with economic issues • USSR = changes (that aimed to modernize the country) ultimately led to the end of the regime & the fall of the USSR Response to ethnic political movements that seemed to threaten national integration by using the military to quell demonstrations and protests for more ethnic autonomy
The Chinese Communist revolution had all of the following goals EXCEPT to (A) Westernize Chinese society (B) Eradicate the political power of the Guomindang [Kuomintang] (C) Eliminate the vested interests of state administrators (D) Enhance the power of the Communist party (E) Abolish private ownership of the means of production
Westernize Chinese society
Mexico has been more likely to follow a foreign policy independent of the United States
When the economy is in good shape, and oil revenues are high
Plutarco Elias Calles
Which of the following saw a need for a political party to stabilize the Mexican government, and thereupon formed the PNR, predecessor to the PRI?
Liberal Democrats
emphasis on individual freedom and a weak state and social democracy's emphasis on collective equality; support European integration, oppose war in Iraq; centrist party; frequently call for increased taxation and social spending
Which of the following is the best description of women's involvement in national politics in Iran? a. Iran has had no women presidents, but women are much better represented in the legislature than they once were b. Iran has had many women cabinet members and legislators for many years c. Iran has good representation of women in government on the local and state levels, but not on the national levels d. Iran has had women judges that sit on national courts, but they have few women legislators e. Women are largely underrepresented in every area of government in Iran
Women are largely underrepresented in every area of government in Iran
What is Russia rich in? (GDP wise)
Wood, oil, natural gas, gold, nickel, diamonds
The Supreme Court can issue an injunction against a presidential action which is deemed to violate a civil liberty or it may issue an order requiring the president to act to protect civil liberties in what is called
Writ of amparo
Battle for Moscow (1993)
Yeltsin and Gorbachev were both based in Moscow. This was a political stand off between Yeltsin and the Russian Parliament.
Nicola Sturgeon
a Scottish politician serving as the fifth and current First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) since November 2014. She is the first woman to hold either position.
political rights
enable people to participate freely in the political process through (1) the right to vote, (2) compete for public office, and (3) elect representatives who have a decisive impact on public policies + that are accountable to the electorate
White Terror
encirclement campaigns vs CCP cells
Single dominant party
a category of parties/political organisations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future
Cadre
a civil servant holding a managerial position in the Communist Party of China, may or may not be a member of CCP
English Civil War
a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy; only civil war in British history
Referendum
a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal
Constitutional monarchy
a government in which a king/queen has power that is limited by a parliament but he/she inherited power from a family member
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
a measure of affluence that divides gross domestic product by total population
The British constitution is most accurately described as
a mixture of customs, acts of Parliament, and common law principles
Euroskeptics
a person who is opposed to increasing the powers of the European Union
The Third Way
a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of some centre-right economic and some centre-left social policies; promoted by social liberal movements and some social-democratic movements.
shock therapy
a process of rapid marketization
Globalization
a process that results in the growing interconnectedness of the world o Typically, entails an increasing interdependence of economies, political systems, and societies on a global scale This process is typically understood to result from technological innovations that allow for greater interconnectedness among peoples, groups, countries, international/transnational organizations
inflation
a situation of sustained rising prices
Failed state
a state in which law + order persistently breaks down
Civil List
a sum provided by Parliament to meet the expenses of the Queen's household
Asymmetric federalism:
a system in which power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions, often because of specific laws negotiated between a region and the central government
Maastricht Treaty
a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.
Orthodox Christianity
a variant of Christianity separate from Roman Catholicism and Protestantism; originally centered in Byzantium (now roughly modern-day Turkey)
Absolutist rule
acceptance of centralized power, shown by the tzars and now CPSU
Political development requirement
acceptance of common national identity, acquisition of legitimacy by political institutions, expanded citizen political participation, improved political communication but not industrialization
Which of the following is a false statement with regard to the Nigerian bureaucracy? a. accounts for about 90% of all government expenditures b. generally believed to be corrupt and inefficient c. Britain established an elaborate bureaucracy during the colonial period which has largely remained in place d. Prebendalism is largely responsible for the exponential growth of the bureaucracy
accounts for about 90% of all government expenditures
Which of the following is true of the British electoral process?
all parties with candidates are eligible to produce a campaign advertisement on BBC for voter support
civil liberties
allow for the freedoms of (1) expression and belief, (2) associational and organizational rights, (3) rule of law, and (4) personal autonomy -- without interference from the state
SNP (Scottish National Party)
became most popular party in Scotland after Lib/Dems joined with Conservative Party; Really replaced the Lib/Dems in Scotland; pushes for the Scottish independence
Similarities between Russia and U.K.
both Prime Ministers can be removed by a vote-of-no-confidence Lower legislative house = more powerful chamber in policy-making process
Command economy
central planners direct and plan production and distribution // the government makes all basic economic decisions about capital investment, prices, wages, production levels
Gradualism
change happens slowly in the UK
regime changes
changes that occur in nation's political institutions and policies o i.e. Totalitarian → democratic
United Russia
characterized by a cult of personality around Putin, a youth wing that advances the cause of the party, and party membership as a means for individual access to importance jobs in the state and economy; emphasize national pride, stability and conservatism; PUTIN'S PARTY
Unitary government
characterized by a highly centralized policy progress -- there is NO constitutional division of powers between central + regional governments
totalitarian
characterized by a strong, official ideology that seeks to transform fundamental aspects of the state, society, and the economy using a wide array of organizations and the application of force
State Council
chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China
Legitimacy
citizens believe a government has the right to make policies and the right to rule
Cabinet members in the UK do not publicly disagree with the PM's policies. In the UK this principle is known as
collective responsibility
Kolkhozniki
collective vs farm peasants, section of population most underprivileged and most poorly represented in CPSU and government
Gini coefficient
compares economic performance of nations / indicates economic inequality
Which of the following statements about the Iranian Majlis is incorrect? a. It is a unicameral legislature b. There are 290 members elected in a system of both SMDs and MMDs c. 5 seats are reserved for specific religious minorities: Christians (3), Zoroastrians (1) and Jews (1) d. conservatives were returned to control in the Majlis in the February 2016 elections e. directly elected by universal suffrage, 18 years and older
conservatives were returned to control in the Majlis in the February 2016 elections
Queen Elizabeth II
current head of state of the UK; purely ceremonial figure; she can only act at the behest of the cabinet
During the past 50 years the British monarch has
dealt almost exclusively with the ceremonial aspects of government
Orangemen
defeated James II at the Battle of the Boyne, when he tried to retake the throne with the help of Irish Catholic supporters
Which of the following is a major obstacle that the leader of the Chinese Communist party faces when attempting to gain approval for policies? (A) the domination of national politics by military interests (B) factionalism within the highest levels of the party (C) the limitations placed on the party by the constitution (D) the power of the legislative body (E) the opposition of local elected officials
factionalism within the highest levels of the party
Maquiladora
factories that import goods or parts to manufacture goods that are then exported, mostly along US border and exported to US
what type of division of power?
federal
differences in unitary vs. federal system
federal system has subnational governments and those governments can have own police forces & militia
Concept most clearly seen in the British political system since 2009 is
federalism
multinational corporations (MNCs)
firms that produce, distribute, and market in more than one country
Margaret Thatcher
first female prime minister (Conservative); Her government focused on privatization
Vicente Fox
first non-PRI president; now México can really be a democracy; pro-business, global trade and expansions
A factor that contributes to the continued dominance of two parties in Britain's House of Commons is
first past the post electoral system
divided ballot
for Chamber of Deputies gives 300 SMD (single member district) and 200 PR (proportional representation) so lesser parties have electoral representation
"Political socialization" refers to
formation of political attitudes
Cuauhtemoc Cardenas
formed PRD
Which of the following was a feature of the Third Way policy of Labour?
free market trade policies
Dedazo
from dedo, finger; tapped for high office, choosing who gets to be in office next (successor) (tapping them on the shoulder)
Parliamentary system
fusion of legislative and parliamentary (executive) Because of the fusion of the legislative and the executive + strong leadership → makes for more efficient policy-making
Which of the following terms best describes a feature of parliamentary democracies like the UK?
fusion of powers
Divided ballot for Chamber of Deputies in terms of political participation?
gives 300 SMD and 200 PR so lesser parties have electoral representation
What does the "first past the post" system do for how the parties are disbursed?
goes for a 2 party system
public goods
goods and services that benefit all society and are not easily provided by the market
Gerontocracy
government of the old
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
groups created by states to serve particular policy ends
Developing nations...
have a higher % of workers in agriculture
Developed nations...
have largest % of workers in services
Lazaro Cardenas
he nationalized foreign oil companies
UK prime minister
head of government
By-elections
held if a seat becomes vacant during the lifetime of a Parliament, either when an MP resigns from the House of Commons, or because an MP has died
Carlos Salinas de Gortari
his PRI presidential administrations included a major economic depression, charges of fraud, corruption and murder
Provisions (as provided by public policy)
i.e. health care, pensions, unemployment insurance, direct economic assistance
4-2-1 problem
idea that one child becomes responsible for parents and grandparents, economic hardship
camarilla
in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, a politician's personal following in a patron-client relationship
Cult of personality
in communist and other systems, the excessive adulation (admiration/praise) of a single leader, Mao
Kolkhosz
in the Soviet Union, a small farm worked by farmers who shared in the farm's production and profits
Procampo
income transfer subsidy to farmers' supposed to give benefits to small holders or low-income producers. It has not been very successful, as many small holders have been excluded.
Political Socialization USSR: Family
initially weakened in the 1930's but there as a resurgence in transmission values, since decollectivation in the 1980s family is rising in importance. Role of family in socialization process does not fit with what CPSU wants, it contradicts lessons taught in schools. Strong families reinforce pluralistic tendencies
Which of the following best describes the political party system of Britain?
it combines long periods of domination by two parties with the presence of significant smaller parties
A British Government is said to enjoy the "confidence" of Parliament when
it controls a majority in the House of Commons
The UK legal system is based on common law which means that
it is a system based on local customs and precedent but not formal legal codes
The UK uses a common law, political and legal system which means
it is a system based on local customs and precedent, not formal legal codes
ejidos
land owned in common by villages; collective land owned; one of the types of land reform that would periodically be put forth; peasants wanted land, commonly used when talking about peasants who wanted land
Jeremy Corbyn
leader of the Labour party; opposition leader
Nick Clegg
leader of the Lib Dem party, served as Deputy Prime Minister in 2015; UK's youngest party leader; He stepped down as party leader after the 2015 election
Electoral method in Mexico's Chamber of Deputies
o 300 SMD o 200 PR Multi-seat constituencies
Electoral method in Nigeria's Senate
o 36 x one-seat constituencies 1 seat for federal district (capital) Abuja → single- seat constituency
Electoral method for Mexico's Senators
o 96 in 3-seat constituencies 2 seats to plurality winner & 1 seat to runner- up o 32 elected via PR
Alvaro Obregon
led the last successful uprising in México's history in 1920 to overthrow Carranza; organized guerrilla groups into a national army; began PRI's pendulum politics ; won presidential race twice but was assassinated before 2nd term
Green Party
left-wing; combines environmentalism with left-wing economic policies, including well-funded, locally controlled public services within the confines of a steady state economy, and it supports proportional representation.[16] It also takes a progressive approach to social policies such as civil liberties, animal rights, LGBT rights and drug policy reform.
A Just Russia
leftist; A social-democratic party along European lines; Its platform emphasizes social justice and reducing inequality; became smallest party in the Duma 2016
unicameral legislatures
legislatures with a single chamber
bicameral legislatures
legislatures with two chambers
rational-legal legitimacy
legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that become highly institutionalized
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
loose body that incorporates many former Soviet republics
Duma
lower house of the Russian legislature
United Russia
main political party in Russia and supporter of Vladimir Putin
term of office House of Commons
max 5 years
Privy Purse
meets the official expenses of the Queen not covered by the civil list
Britain's first of only 3 national referendums in her history was on which policy issue
membership in Common Market
Socioeconomic change resulting from economic development
more migration from rural to urban areas
SMD electoral system
most likely to win seat = regional party Parties unlikely to win: Ecology Neo-fascist Anti-tax party Peace party
The Troubles
name given to the three decades of extreme ethnic conflict (late 60s to late 90s) between Northern Ireland's nationalists or republicans, who are mostly Catholic, and unionists or loyalists, who are mostly Protestant
Parliament
name of the UK legislature
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon
national voter ID cards; during his presidency the US bailed México out, so PRI lost legitimacy with the population
All Union Central Council of Trade Unions (ACCTU)
network of industrial unions which most workers belong . The goal is to stimulate more productive effort to carry on welfare activities for the state
Theresa May
new prime minister after David Cameron resigned; also from Conservative party; Second female prime minister
what can bankbenchers do?
not a party to initiating gov. Policy, can propose policy for discussion, but is not considered gov. policy
Electoral method in Iran's Majlis
o Majority vote in 2 rounds o Candidates must win at least 25% of the votes cast to be elected in the first round // a simple majority in the second round
Authoritarian regimes
o More efficient at the policy-making processes o Lack well-established rule of law o Political participation is more organized by state (as compared to democratic regimes)
Pluralism vs. corporatism
o Pluralism often leads to public debates + controversies o Corporatism association with negotiations among elites
Political modernization process includes increase in...
o citizen mobilization o merit-based civil service o expansion of mass communication o extension of government services but not less government regulatory activity
Liberalization in command economies
o eliminating price controls o privatization of SOEs o more foreign direct investment o membership in the World Bank o lowering of tariffs
State
o has a monopoly of legitimate use of force within society o has stable & democratically elected leadership o Separation of religion from government
GDP's relationship to democracy
o the higher the GDP the more democratic the regime o the lower the GDP the more authoritarian the regime
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
official name of the British state
Political Socialization USSR: Religion
officially atheist, Families persevere in religion doctrine especially Jews and Muslims
Stormont Parliament
often referred to as Stormont because of its location in the Stormont Estate area of Belfast, is the seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly, the devolved legislature for the region. The Executive or government is located at Stormont Castle.
Which of the following is not one of the three national referendums the UK has had?
on subject of independence for Scotland
PPS
opposition political party on the left, formed by Lombardo Toledano in response to President Aleman's pro business policies was
Commonwealth
organization that includes the UK and most of its former colonies
states
organizations that maintain a monopoly of violence over a territory
property
ownership of goods and services
ethnic Russians:
part of a larger family of Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe who are linked by similarities in language, and to a lesser extent, culture and religion
The voting behavior of members of the House of Commons is principally determined by their
party affiliation
"In a year's parliamentary business, the British government can secure the passage of every bill it introduces; this has happened 8 times since 1945, and since then the governments have secured an average of 97% of the legislation introduced during a full Parliament. The ability of the government to get its way isn't influenced by which party is in power." Which of the following best explains why the British government has had the record of parliamentary Success described above?
party discipline
Maoism differs from Leninism most significantly in its emphasis on the role of
peasants as a revolutionary force
United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)
populist and euroskeptic political party favoring British exit from the EU
Pluralistic society
power is held by multiple groups who compete for control of decision-making organizations
Modernization theory
predicts trend of declining intensity and political relevance of religious beliefs
Xia Xiang
re-education to use political socialization in schools so people would follow Mao's ideas
democratic regimes
regimes with rules that emphasize a large role for the public in governance and that protect basic rights and freedoms
House churches
religion is seen as a threat, but house churches are allowed but they are monitored by the government
Similarities between Iran and Nigeria
rentier states
Writ of amparo
requires or bans action on the part of the executive branch
Which of the following are most closely associated with authoritarian regimes? a. regular and open elections for public office b. governmental transparency and open communications c. diverse groups of political elites exercising power d. constitutional separation of power e. restrictions placed on civil rights and personal freedoms
restrictions placed on civil rights and personal freedoms
hereditary peers
seats in the House of Lords that were granted to aristocratic families in perpetuity but were largely eliminated by recent legislation
the Cheka
secret-police force under Lenin
legislative-executive system
semi-presidential
Spirit of Yan'an
sense of common goals, group over individual
A "secular state"
separates church and state in predictable ways
Presidential system
separation of legislative and executive The executive is electorally independent of the other branches
political ideologies
sets of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics
Her Majesty's Opposition
shadow cabinet and the opposition leader
Gensek
short for general secretary, Powerful CPSU chief
Magna Carta for political significance
signed in 1215 by King John, long-standing significance to the British
The "first-past-the-post" electoral system in Great Britain is based on
single-member districts
Intelligentsia
smartest in community, were alienated
nationalities vs. republics
social cleavages; segregation and tension; 160 language
social expenditures
state provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation
Election Manifesto is
statement of each political party's platform issues
failed states
states that experience a complete loss of legitimacy and power, and are overwhelmed by anarchy and violence
weak states
states that have trouble carrying out the basic tasks of defending themselves against external and internal rivals, and often suffer from endemic violence, poor infrastructure, weak rule of law, and an inability to collect taxes
strong states
states that perform the basic tasks of defending their borders from outside attacks and defending their authority from internal non-state rivals
federal states
states whose power is divided between the central state and regional or local authorities (such as states, provinces, counties, and cities)
caudillo
strong leader with a political following [similar to 'cult of personality']
Oxbridge
students are mainly from public schools; graduates go on to pursue careers in government or industry
FSB
successor to the KGB, Russian intelligence agency
Clientilism
system of exchanging favors]-means of political control for votes
Devolution
taking power away from the top level and giving it to the lower levels, not a policy change
In general, the more education one has...
the more political participation
Xia xiang or the temporary assignment of Chinese Communist party officials to rural villages and factories, was intended to do all of the following EXCEPT (A) teach pro-Soviet attitudes to the masses (B) help to broaden the narrow bureaucratic perspective to party functionaries (C) help the party maintain legitimacy in the eyes of the populace (D) improve the ties between the party and the peasants (E) enable to party to gauge public opinion
teach pro-Soviet attitudes to the masses
One country, two systems
term for China's guaranteed to Hong Kong of 50 years of domestic autonomy as a "special administrative region" after the British colony was returned to China in 1997
The New Normal
term in business and economics that refers to financial conditions following the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the aftermath of the 2008-2012 global recession.
Magna Carta
the 1215 document signed by King John that set the precedent for limited monarchical powers
Long March
the CCP's 6,000 mile heroic retreat (1934 - 35) to northwestern China during the country's civil war with the Chinese Nationalist Party, KMT
In Great Britain, civil liberties and human rights are protected mainly by
the European Convention on Human Rights
who is the head of the Politburo?
the General Secretary, the de facto leader of the country
In both the Soviet and Chinese political systems, policy-making power is primarily centered in
the Politburo of the Communist Party Central Committee
Liberals (Whigs)
the UK's historic first opposition party; one of its two major political parties until the early 20th century
One China policy
the United States acknowledges that Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China.
executive
the branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a given state
The most important policy-making body in the British political system is
the cabinet
cabinet
the chief government ministers or officials in government, in charge of such policy areas as defense and agriculture
In Comparative politics, the term "legitimacy" refers to
the degree to which a political system is accepted by its citizens
Welsh Assembly
the devolved parliament of Wales, with power to make legislation and vary taxes
Lopez Mateos
the first opposition representation in the Chamber of Deputies occurred during the administration of
Luis Echeverria
the first president to change focus from 'politicos' to 'tecnicos'
Lopez Portillo
the key factor responsible for the sudden increase in political competitiveness at the local level in the early 1980's was Middle class anger over the policies of the Lopez Portillo government
government
the leadership or elite that operates the state
The Crown
the legislature, the prime minister, the cabinet, and the judiciaries
corporation
the mechanism by which citizens are forced to participate in state-sanctioned groups
Military -- developing nations vs. advanced + industrial nations
the military is more independent in developing nations than in industrialized nations
ethnicity
the specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others
comparative politics
the study and comparison of politics across countries
political economy
the study of how politics and economy are related
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country over a period of 1 year
Scotland source of social cleavage
they hella want independence; Cannot be "Great Britain" if Scotland votes for independence and is no longer a member state
Cabinet government
top members of the UK government who assist the prime minister and run the major ministries
U.K. cabinet
top members of the UK government who assist the prime minister and run the major ministries
Women's political participation
traditional cultural values (patriarchy) often preclude women from participating in politics
Natural Law Party
transnational party founded in 1992 on "the principles of Transcendental Meditation", the laws of nature, and their application to all levels of government.
Communist economic systems
typically characterized by an inability to extend growth smoothly from 1 sector of economy to other sectors
Communist Party of Soviet Russia (CPSU)
under USSR, Abolished by Yeltsin in 1991 in the Russian Federation
Iran is an example of which of the following systems of government?
unitary
political attitudes
views regarding the status quo in any society, specifically the desired pace and methods of political change
Communes
was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983 when they were replaced by townships, the largest collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams
The effects of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 have been to
weaken the power of the House of Lords
Chiapas
where uprising by EZLN (Zapatista Army of National Liberation) was
soviets
workers' councils
Judiciary in China
• A complex amalgamation of custom + statute • Largely criminal law • Rudimentary civil code in effect since Jan. 1, 1978 • New legal codes in effect since Jan. 1, 1980
VOTING IN ALL COUNTRIES
• All countries have universal suffrage (18 years). o NOTE: Mexico has "compulsory" voting, but it is not enforced
Judiciary in Nigeria
• Based on English common law • Islamic law & traditional law o Shari'a in 12 northern states • Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, but with reservations
Judiciary in Russia
• Based on a civil law system • Judicial review of legislative acts
Differences between USSR and China
• China succeeded with changes because she emphasized the importance of liberalizing the economy, rather than the political system • USSR tried to both (and failed)
Judiciary in Iran
• Constitution 'codifies' Islamic principles of government • Shari'a law They do NOT have an independent judiciary.
Judiciary in Mexico
• Mixture of U.S. constitutional theory + civil law system • Judicial review of legislative acts
Who is the head of state in the U.K.?
• Monarch (largely a ceremonial role) • Not elected o Hereditary
Who is the head of government in China?
• Premier of State Council a.k.a. Prime Minister • Elected by NPC • 5 year term -- 2 terms max
Who is the head of state in Nigeria?
• President • Direct popular election • 4 year term -- max of 2
Who is the head of state in Mexico?
• President • Direct popular election • Singular 6-year term (sexenio)
Who is the head of state in China?
• President • Elected by NPC • 5 year terms -- a max of 2 terms
Who is the head of government in the U.K.?
• Prime Minister • Indirect election o Leader of the majority party OR majority coalition • Member of Parliament • No term limit
Who is the head of government in Russia?
• Prime Minister • Appointed by the President o with the approval of the Duma • Unelected position • Not a member of Parliament
Who is the head of state in Iran?
• Supreme Leader • Appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts
Who is the head of state in Russia?
•President • Direct popular election • 6 years terms -- max of 2 terms → constitutional change
Indigenous
⅓ of the population, speak many languages, face discrimination income distribution is unfair
