Undernutrition

underweight

*adult BMI >18.5, only affects about 10% of US *fewer health risks than obesity, unless severe *underweight women have increased risk of osteoporosis, infertility, and giving birth to unhealthy babies *if accompanied by undernutrition, more dangerous

symptoms of anorexia

*damage to body due to starvation: growth and development falter, lowered BMR, heart weakens and pumps irregularly (low blood pressure), loss of brain tissue, impaired immune system, anemia and loss of digestive function *death typically due to multiple organ failure (heart, kidneys, liver)

Treatment of Undernutrition

*eat more proper nutrients *proper education on good nutrition *balanced diet with a variety of foods *moderation in portions

symptoms of kwahiorkor

*edema in limbs *hair loses color and falls out *swollen belly due to enlarged, fatty liver *ulcers and sores fail to heal

treatment of anorexia

*multidisciplinary approach *deals with two behaviors-those relating to food, and those relating to self/others *team approach-physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, and dietitians *must tailor diet to individual's needs *low risk-family counseling and therapy to modify behaviors *high risk-hospitalization

symptoms of marasmus

*muscle and heart weakening *dystentery and diarrhea impaired brain development and learning *decreased body temp *stunted growth (4 year old looks like 2 year old) *decreased synthesis of key hormones *antibodies not made

Symptoms of Undernutrition

*overall poor health *generalized symptoms, such as fatigue, seizures, heart palpitations, poor teeth, weak bones, inflamed eyes, sore tongue, muscle weakness, etc.

treatment of bulimia

*team approach *often easier to treat, as individuals more willing to cooperate and know behavior abnormal *goals :gain control, establish regular eating patterns, restore nutritional health *eat quantity of nutritious foods to satisfy hunger *regular exercise

symptoms of bulimia

*vitamin K deficiency, can lead to heart failure *leads to fluid and electrolyte loss, can cause metabolic alkalosis (apathy, confusion, muscle spasms) *vomiting can cause irritation of esophagus and pharynx, erosion of teeth, cavities *stomach and esophagus may rupture or tear

impacts of undernutrition

1. blood sugar imbalance 2. heart irregularity 3. decreased basal metabolism 4. delayed maturation 5. dehydration 6. interferes with learning 7. inhibit or stunt growth 8. limits physical activity

how can families influence a child to have an eating disorder?

1. mother always on diet and concerned with appearance 2. how family relates to food 3. bad marriages-children feel guilty 4. lack of attention-want to gain attention for how they look 5. lack of communication 6. drug and alcohol addictions in family 7. multi-generational eating disorders 8. emotional, mental, physical, or sexual abuse

causes of eating disorders

1. personality (perfectionist, insecure, etc.) 2. society and media 3. family influences

causes of undernutrition

1. poverty 2. lack of nutritional education 3. cultural patterns 4. physiological factors-sometimes an inaccurate view of a person's own nutrition can lead to eating disorders

risk factors for female athlete triad

1. young age (adolescents) 2. pressure to succeed in chosen activity 3. focus on achieving or maintaining "ideal" weight or BMI 4. often diet unsupervised at an early age 5. participation in sports or competitions that judge on aesthetic appearance

kwashiorkor

PEM that follows marasmus (may be latter stage). common in 1 to 3 year olds. involves severe acute malnutrition, which occurs after attempted adaptation to starvation (marasmus) fails.

marasmus

PEM that is most common in toddlers. involves chronic severe energy deprivation due to inadequate energy, vitamins, minerals, and proteins. person with malnutrition looks extremely emaciated.

eating disorders

a disturbance in eating behavior that jeopardizes a person's physical and psychological health. 30 million in US suffer from anorexia or bulimia, and most commonly women, particularly teenage girls, young women, and female athletes

Methods to gain weight

depends on the individual, but those who are at risk for illness should try to gain weight. *physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercises *energy-dense foods (opposite of weight loss, but still need to be nutritious) *at least 3 meals per day *larger portions-person should expect to feel overly full *snack between meals *drink juice or milk instead of water

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder in which individual has a distorted body image (see themselves as fat when could be very thin), so starve themselves to lose weight. there is a clinical criteria for diagnosis. disorder resembles an addiction, as behavior is obsessive and compulsive.

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder that occurs usually after various unsuccessful weight-loss diets. individual follows a strict diet but then consumes large amounts of food (binge) not for nutritions value, but out of compulsion to eat. feel guilty, so "purge" by laxatives or inducing vomiting.

Female athlete triad

female adolescent athletes are at high risk for developing potentially fatal combination of conditions: 1. eating disorder (excessive dieting or exercising) 2. osteoporosis 3. amenorrhea (diminished hormones), can lead to infertility

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

most widespread malnutrition in world: impoverished areas, those with chronic diseases, serious traumas, or eating disorders. when energy insufficient, person degrades own proteins, leading to protein deficiency. children most commonly affected

undernutrition

not getting enough enough nutrients. can occur even if eating more than enough calories (if empty, high-sugar, or high-fat). more dangerous, though, in those who are underweight, as body burns fat reserves. most common in those whose nutrient needs are higher, such as infants, children, and adolescents.

genetics of eating disorders

studies show that they may be 50-80% genetic