Unit 1 - Pharmacolgoy

liver

First-pass metabolism refers to the metabolism of drugs in the A. kidney B. blood vessels C. liver D. heart E. adipose tissue

Define drug

Chemical properties

1970 federal comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act

Controlled substance act, regulate the dispensing of drugs, that have potential for abuse.

150

Drug X has a half-life of 6 hours. How much drug is left in the body 18 hours after an IV injection of 1200 milligrams (mg)? (LO 2.3) A. 75 mg B. 150 mg C. 300 mg D. 600 mg E. 900 mg

pregnancy category nr

Drug has not yet been rated by FDA

Pregnancy category d

Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy

pregnancy category x

Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

x

Drugs that have demonstrated teratogenic effects in women are classified as Pregnancy Category

Schedule 1

Drugs with high abuse potential and NO accepted medical use

Schedule 2

Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use

Schedule 4

Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use

duration of action

. The time a drug continues to produce its effect is its (LO 1.4) A. ED50 B. maximal response C. ceiling effect D. onset of action E. duration of action

enzyme induction

. When a drug increases the rate of drug metabolism of other drugs, the process is termed (LO 2.2) A. first-pass metabolism B. enzyme induction C. enzyme inhibition D. enterohepatic cycling E. microsomal inhibition

The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is known as

Pharmacokinetics

Schedule 4

Phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, zopidem, antianxiety drugs. 5X within 6 months

Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

Providers indication for use, dosage, administrations, contraindications, and adverse reactions

Schedule iii

drugs with MODERATE abuse potential and accepted medical use

schedule 5

drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use

drug excretion

elimination of a drug from the body

drug absorption

entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from it's site of administration

Mechanism of Action

explanation of how a drug produces its effects

maximal response

further increases in dose do not produce any greater effect

Adverse effects

general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect

Intramuscular (IM)

gluteal or deltoid muscles

drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)

group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs

toxic effect

undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening

ED 50

used to compare the potency of drugs that produce the same response

Incompatibility

usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container

controlled substances

6. A drug that has the potential for abuse and is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Agency is classified as a (LO 1.7) A. poison B. OTC drug C. prescription drug D. controlled substance E. nonproprietary drug

drug addiction

condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior

drug dependence

condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence

Intravenous (IV)

into a vein

GI excretion

drug can be released into the intestines and reabsorbed from the intestines back into the blood, entero hepatic cycle.

Side effect

drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful

first pass metabolism

drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation

blood-brain barrier

drug must have certain degree of lipid solubility*

Pregnancy category c

drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to fetus is unknown

Pregnancy Category b

drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk

Pregnancy category A

drug studies on pregnant women have not demonstrated risk to fetus

enzyme induction

increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs

enzyme inhibition

inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs

Loading dose

initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations

Duration of action

length of time that a drug continues to produce its effect

LD50

lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested

Ceiling effects

limit of some drug classes to produce a particular effect

site of action

location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor

Schedule 3

moderate and intermediate-acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, may be refilled 5 times in 6 months.

Drug Facts and Comparisons

most current drug information

Drug absorption

passive transport, high to low concentrations

trade name

patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name

bioavailability

percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed

Nonprescription

. A medication that does not require a physician's service to obtain is referred to as (LO 1.6) A. trade B. nonproprietary C. nonprescription D. brand E. generic

independent variation

difference in the effects of dugs and drug dosages from one person to another

transdermal

The drug administration route demonstrating the slowest onset of action is (LO 2.1) A. inhalation B. transdermal C. intramuscular D. sublingual E. intravenous

all of these

. Which of the following could be categorized as an adverse reaction? (LO 1.5) A. idiosyncrasy B. drug allergy C. teratogenicity D. carcinogenicity E. all of these

pharmacy

sciences of preparing and dispensing medicines

Antagonist

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors.

Agonist

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

Idiosyncrasy

An unusual or unexpected drug reaction by an individual is known as (LO 1.5) A. toxic effect B. antagonism C. idiosyncrasy D. side effect E. drug allergy

parenteral administration

Giving medication by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract.

Schedule 1

Heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana, these drugs are not prescribed

lipid soluble

In order for drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier, they must be (LO 2.2) A. ionized B. positively charged C. water soluble D. lipid soluble E. negatively charged

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

It provides information concerning the physical and chemical propertied of drugs.

therapeutic index

LD50/ED50

Drug formulation *

Liquid medications are absorbed faster, smaller the size the quicker to dissolve *

oral administration (PO)

Method that involves administering a drug through the mouth.

Schedule 5

Narcotic drugs, drugs that can be sold by a pharmacist; diphenoxylate, codeine.

Schedule 2

Narcotics (morphine and pure codeine) cocaine, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturate's, nabilone, no refills without a new written prescription from the physician.

Posology

Select the term below that relates to the amount of drug administered to produce a therapeutic effect. (LO 1.1) A. posology B. toxicology C. pharmacodynamics D. pharmacotherapeutics E. pharmacy

Pharmacodynamics

Study of the action of drugs on living tissue

Pharmacokinetics

Study of the processes of drug absorptions, distributions, metabolism, and excretion

Pharmacotherapeutics

Study of the use of drugs in treating disease

1906 Federal Pure Food and Drug Act

The first law that required drugs to have minimal standards of drug strength and purity. 1912 amended to include regulations for labeling.

drug distribution *

The main factor are plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the presence of specific tissue barriers*

Contraindication

The medical situation when a particular drug should not be administered is referred to as (LO 1.2) A. side effect B. adverse effect C. drug allergy D. contraindication E. antagonism

Pharmacokinetics

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.

Trade name

The proprietary drug name supplied by a pharmaceutical company is also referred to as the (LO 1.6) A. generic name B. over-the-counter name C. trade name D. chemical name E. none of these

lipid solubility

The rate of drug absorption would be increased by which of the following? (LO 2.2) A. drug ionization B. water solubility C. positively charged drug D. negatively charged drug E. lipid solubility

On Set Of Action

The time from drug administration to the first observable drug effect is known as the (LO 1.4) A. duration of action B. onset of action C. ceiling effect D. maximal response E. ceiling effect

1962: Amendment to 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act

This act required pharmacological and toxicological research testing in several animal species before a drug could be tested in humans. Included clinical requirements for testing on humans.

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

This act set standards for drug safety and was enacted after 40 patients died. Drug manufacturers now had to show proof of drug safety.

category A

Which FDA pregnancy category would appear to be the safest for a developing fetus? (LO 2.5) A. Category A B. Category B C. Category C D. Category D E. Category

placebo effect

Which factor of individual variation is dependent upon the patient's attitude toward treatment? (LO 2.4) A. weight B. age C. genetic variation D. placebo effect E. gender

dose

a measurement of the amount of drug that is administered

Therapeutic effect

desired drug effect to alleviate some condition or symptom of disease

drug tolerance

decrease in susceptibility to a drug after continued use of the drug

Contraindications

situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered

Posology

study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects

Toxicology

study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue

drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)

take lipid-soluble drugs and chemically alter them so they become ware-soluble compounds. Liver- excreted by kidney*

Maintenance dose

the dose of drug that maintains or keeps the drug in the therapeutic range

drug metabolism

the enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites

Plasma protein binding *

the way proteins bind within plasma affects drug efficiency as well as how proficiently a drug diffuses through a cell membrane*

Onset of action

time from drug administration to the first observable effect

half-life

time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug

Synergism

when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects

Antagonism

when the combined effect of two drugs is less than they sum of their individual effects

Summation

when the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response but by a different mode of action, is equal to the sum of their individual

additive effect

when the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects

Termination of drug action

when the plasma drug concentration falls below the therapeutic range