Unit 1 - Pharmacolgoy
liver
First-pass metabolism refers to the metabolism of drugs in the A. kidney B. blood vessels C. liver D. heart E. adipose tissue
Define drug
Chemical properties
1970 federal comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act
Controlled substance act, regulate the dispensing of drugs, that have potential for abuse.
150
Drug X has a half-life of 6 hours. How much drug is left in the body 18 hours after an IV injection of 1200 milligrams (mg)? (LO 2.3) A. 75 mg B. 150 mg C. 300 mg D. 600 mg E. 900 mg
pregnancy category nr
Drug has not yet been rated by FDA
Pregnancy category d
Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy
pregnancy category x
Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy
x
Drugs that have demonstrated teratogenic effects in women are classified as Pregnancy Category
Schedule 1
Drugs with high abuse potential and NO accepted medical use
Schedule 2
Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use
Schedule 4
Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use
duration of action
. The time a drug continues to produce its effect is its (LO 1.4) A. ED50 B. maximal response C. ceiling effect D. onset of action E. duration of action
enzyme induction
. When a drug increases the rate of drug metabolism of other drugs, the process is termed (LO 2.2) A. first-pass metabolism B. enzyme induction C. enzyme inhibition D. enterohepatic cycling E. microsomal inhibition
The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is known as
Pharmacokinetics
Schedule 4
Phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, zopidem, antianxiety drugs. 5X within 6 months
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
Providers indication for use, dosage, administrations, contraindications, and adverse reactions
Schedule iii
drugs with MODERATE abuse potential and accepted medical use
schedule 5
drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use
drug excretion
elimination of a drug from the body
drug absorption
entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from it's site of administration
Mechanism of Action
explanation of how a drug produces its effects
maximal response
further increases in dose do not produce any greater effect
Adverse effects
general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect
Intramuscular (IM)
gluteal or deltoid muscles
drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)
group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs
toxic effect
undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening
ED 50
used to compare the potency of drugs that produce the same response
Incompatibility
usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container
controlled substances
6. A drug that has the potential for abuse and is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Agency is classified as a (LO 1.7) A. poison B. OTC drug C. prescription drug D. controlled substance E. nonproprietary drug
drug addiction
condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior
drug dependence
condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence
Intravenous (IV)
into a vein
GI excretion
drug can be released into the intestines and reabsorbed from the intestines back into the blood, entero hepatic cycle.
Side effect
drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful
first pass metabolism
drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation
blood-brain barrier
drug must have certain degree of lipid solubility*
Pregnancy category c
drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to fetus is unknown
Pregnancy Category b
drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk
Pregnancy category A
drug studies on pregnant women have not demonstrated risk to fetus
enzyme induction
increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs
enzyme inhibition
inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs
Loading dose
initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations
Duration of action
length of time that a drug continues to produce its effect
LD50
lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested
Ceiling effects
limit of some drug classes to produce a particular effect
site of action
location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor
Schedule 3
moderate and intermediate-acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, may be refilled 5 times in 6 months.
Drug Facts and Comparisons
most current drug information
Drug absorption
passive transport, high to low concentrations
trade name
patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name
bioavailability
percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed
Nonprescription
. A medication that does not require a physician's service to obtain is referred to as (LO 1.6) A. trade B. nonproprietary C. nonprescription D. brand E. generic
independent variation
difference in the effects of dugs and drug dosages from one person to another
transdermal
The drug administration route demonstrating the slowest onset of action is (LO 2.1) A. inhalation B. transdermal C. intramuscular D. sublingual E. intravenous
all of these
. Which of the following could be categorized as an adverse reaction? (LO 1.5) A. idiosyncrasy B. drug allergy C. teratogenicity D. carcinogenicity E. all of these
pharmacy
sciences of preparing and dispensing medicines
Antagonist
A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors.
Agonist
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.
Idiosyncrasy
An unusual or unexpected drug reaction by an individual is known as (LO 1.5) A. toxic effect B. antagonism C. idiosyncrasy D. side effect E. drug allergy
parenteral administration
Giving medication by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract.
Schedule 1
Heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana, these drugs are not prescribed
lipid soluble
In order for drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier, they must be (LO 2.2) A. ionized B. positively charged C. water soluble D. lipid soluble E. negatively charged
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
It provides information concerning the physical and chemical propertied of drugs.
therapeutic index
LD50/ED50
Drug formulation *
Liquid medications are absorbed faster, smaller the size the quicker to dissolve *
oral administration (PO)
Method that involves administering a drug through the mouth.
Schedule 5
Narcotic drugs, drugs that can be sold by a pharmacist; diphenoxylate, codeine.
Schedule 2
Narcotics (morphine and pure codeine) cocaine, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturate's, nabilone, no refills without a new written prescription from the physician.
Posology
Select the term below that relates to the amount of drug administered to produce a therapeutic effect. (LO 1.1) A. posology B. toxicology C. pharmacodynamics D. pharmacotherapeutics E. pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Study of the action of drugs on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics
Study of the processes of drug absorptions, distributions, metabolism, and excretion
Pharmacotherapeutics
Study of the use of drugs in treating disease
1906 Federal Pure Food and Drug Act
The first law that required drugs to have minimal standards of drug strength and purity. 1912 amended to include regulations for labeling.
drug distribution *
The main factor are plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the presence of specific tissue barriers*
Contraindication
The medical situation when a particular drug should not be administered is referred to as (LO 1.2) A. side effect B. adverse effect C. drug allergy D. contraindication E. antagonism
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Trade name
The proprietary drug name supplied by a pharmaceutical company is also referred to as the (LO 1.6) A. generic name B. over-the-counter name C. trade name D. chemical name E. none of these
lipid solubility
The rate of drug absorption would be increased by which of the following? (LO 2.2) A. drug ionization B. water solubility C. positively charged drug D. negatively charged drug E. lipid solubility
On Set Of Action
The time from drug administration to the first observable drug effect is known as the (LO 1.4) A. duration of action B. onset of action C. ceiling effect D. maximal response E. ceiling effect
1962: Amendment to 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act
This act required pharmacological and toxicological research testing in several animal species before a drug could be tested in humans. Included clinical requirements for testing on humans.
1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
This act set standards for drug safety and was enacted after 40 patients died. Drug manufacturers now had to show proof of drug safety.
category A
Which FDA pregnancy category would appear to be the safest for a developing fetus? (LO 2.5) A. Category A B. Category B C. Category C D. Category D E. Category
placebo effect
Which factor of individual variation is dependent upon the patient's attitude toward treatment? (LO 2.4) A. weight B. age C. genetic variation D. placebo effect E. gender
dose
a measurement of the amount of drug that is administered
Therapeutic effect
desired drug effect to alleviate some condition or symptom of disease
drug tolerance
decrease in susceptibility to a drug after continued use of the drug
Contraindications
situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered
Posology
study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects
Toxicology
study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue
drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)
take lipid-soluble drugs and chemically alter them so they become ware-soluble compounds. Liver- excreted by kidney*
Maintenance dose
the dose of drug that maintains or keeps the drug in the therapeutic range
drug metabolism
the enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites
Plasma protein binding *
the way proteins bind within plasma affects drug efficiency as well as how proficiently a drug diffuses through a cell membrane*
Onset of action
time from drug administration to the first observable effect
half-life
time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
Synergism
when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
Antagonism
when the combined effect of two drugs is less than they sum of their individual effects
Summation
when the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response but by a different mode of action, is equal to the sum of their individual
additive effect
when the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
Termination of drug action
when the plasma drug concentration falls below the therapeutic range