Unit 1,2,3, 4 quizes cognitive psych

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?

1950s

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours.

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

Deliberate

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?

Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

Propositional

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert with her boyfriend.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

availability heuristic.

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

An animal might learn how to navigate a maze through the use of

cognitive map

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience.

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology.

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity.

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

schema

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as

structuralism

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

Dynamic

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors.

more often than normal distractors

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision.

Which of the following represents Wallas' 4 stages of creativity?

preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

If you were given the words jog, gallop, sprint, jump, track, chase, and escape and asked to remember them, which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?

run

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?

Brain

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Choosing an entree from a menu

Which one of these early pioneers in cognitive psychology was the first to undertake quantitative measurements of mental processes?

Ebbinghaus

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

While George takes the bus home, he is thinking about how to resolve a difficult issue at work. This is an example of the mind

problem solver

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia.

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

Behavior of people with brain damage

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions.

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory.

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Mental scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory

long-term

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short-term

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

the method of loci

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

The conclusion is valid

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?

The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

Winning the first grade spelling bee

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Joe and Meg are doing a study in psychology. Joe is asked to push a button as soon as he sees a red light, whereas Meg is asked to push a red button if she sees a red light and a green button if she sees a green light. From the information, who appear(s) to be involved in a task measuring choice reaction time?

only Meg

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators.

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattributions

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration, for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?

words

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and manager

Memory-span is a measure of ...

working memory capacity.

According to your CogLab, if you show a split-brain patient a word in their right visual field they

would be able to say the word aloud

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as

the neuron is at rest

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

the source of information

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

Analysis

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

The serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?

Free-recall

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult

Freedom

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

Incubation

In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?

Information processing model

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces

Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)?

It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

What is a scene schema?

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

Meaning dominance

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

Myside bias

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

Neurotransmitters

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

One sends information and the other receives information.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

an illusory correlation.

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as

analytic introspection.

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

Action potentials occur in the

axon

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

c. similarity.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

confirmation bias.

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect.

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Which of the following terms best reflects the concept of cognition?

ideas

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

ignore the falsification principle.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

Perception is NOT essential for

improving empathy

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.

mental scanning

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions.

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as

resting potential

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.

spatial

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

spatial

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

In your CogLab experiment, the reaction time measure was the time between the:

stimulus onset and the subject's response

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

The brain asymmetry demonstration in your CogLab experiment predicts that right handed participants will have a higher hit rate for words shown in the right visual field...

than in the left visual field

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

In your CogLab experiment, which of the following was not necessarily involved in a simple detection task of a visual stimulus?

the brain double checks the stimulus information.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.