Unit 14 - Psychological Disorders

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Panic Disorder

NOT the panic attacks themselves but they are expected and feared so you develop apprehension about future attacks

Why is it hard to define abnormal behavior

Sx reflecting abnormality are very hard to define

psychological disorders are classified in terms of.....

Symptoms... but this can be difficult to define

Dissociative Amnesia

psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information

Negative Schizophrenia sx do what?

take away from normal experience

Sx of GAD

tension HA, teeth grinding, sweating

Are normal vs abnormal behaviors a rigid category?

NO

Bio factors for psychological problems

- neurotransmitter imbalances, structural problems in the brain, genetic pre-dispositions

Unipolar Depression

A major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase - can be seasonal and so intense it leads to suicide

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - describes not etiology or treatment

When did the biological tradition of looking at deviant behavior begin?

Hippocrates and Galen with the 4 humor - hysteria was the wandering womb

Cluster C personality disorders

OCD

Preparedness hypothesis

The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors. ie. there are things ppl tend to be afraid of

In the past, deviant behavior was seen as...

a battle between good and evil - believed that evil spirits entered the body and needed to be removed

the DSM is what kind of approach to classification

a categorical approach - describe symptoms, med history, environment, daily life, etc.

Social phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Phobic Disorder

a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation

Insanity

a legal concept, usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of a crime

Medical Model

abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease" which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy

Emotional Distress

abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset

Affective Disorders

abnormal disturbances in emotion or mood

positive Schizophrenia do what?

add to experience

inappropriate affect

affect for no apparent reason, too much or too little for situation

Cognitive sx of schizophrenia

deficits in absorbing or processing info, issues with working memory

What are the four classes of phobic disorders?

animals, natural environments, blood-injection-injury, and specific situation

Cluster B Personality disorders

antisocial and borderline

cognitive factors to psychological problems

attribution and learned helplessness

Statistical Deviance

behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among members of a population

Cultural Deviance

behavior is abnormal is it violates the rules or accepted standards of society

Paranoid Schizophrenia

delusions of grandeur

Four common phobia categories

blood-injury-injection, animals, natural environments, or situational

Dysfunction

breakdown in normal functioning, abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies

Agoraphobia

causes individuals to restrict their normal activities - tend to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur

positive sx of schizophrenia

changes in emotion, delusions/ hallucinations, disorganized speech

Personality Disorders

chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning

Personality Disorders

chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, perceiving, behaving

Schizophrenia

class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior

Dissociative Disorders

class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories

What is the psychological approach to psychopathology today?

cognitive and behavioral

psychological causes of affective disorders

cognitive errors can lead to depression and you can have learned helplessness that makes you think you have no control over your environment

What is the goal of classifying psychological disorders?

common language, understanding etiology and developing treatment plans

Panic Disorder

condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread

Phobias

consistent and irrational fears of a specified object, activity, or situation

Paranoid personality disorder

consistent distrust and suspiciousness about motives of others

Environmental factors of psychological problems

cultural background

What is the interactionist approach to psychopathology today?

disorders are product of mix of bio, psychological, and social factors

Delusions

disorders of logical thinking

pathophysiological functioning involves...

disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought processes that lead to personal distress

what are the major criteria for defining abnormal behavior ?

distress or disability, maladaptive behavior, irrationality, unpredictability, etc.

biological causes of Schizophrenia

dopamine, abnormal brain structure (larger ventricles)

negative sx of schizophrenia

elimination or reduction of norm behavior, flat affect, unable to care for self

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety that lasts for at least 6 months and cannot be attributed to a single source

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences

Suicide

fatal consequence of a mood disorder

Agoraphobia

fear of open spaces

Learned helplessness

general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment

diathesis stress model of Schizophrenia

genetic pre-disposition leads to vulnerability under specific environmental stressors

bio causes of affective disorders

genetics, neurotransmitters (serotonin)

What are three classic Sx of abnormality

hallucinations, delusions, or inappropriate affect

Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective

idea that psychological disorders are influenced by a combo of biological, psychological, and social factors

Dissociative Identity Disorder

individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities

Disorganized Schizophrenia

innaproproate behavior and emotions

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations --> extreme anxiety and self-consciousness in social situations

Why does the diagnostic labeling effect occur?

label makes it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs and it may increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way

Diagnostic Labeling Effects

labels for psychological problems that can become self-fulfilling prophesies

Antisocial Personality Disorder

little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms

Dissociative Fugue

loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home

Bipolar Disorder

manic depression - periods of severe depression alternating with mania episodes

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

manifests though persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions

Anxiety Disorders

marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning

Bipolar Disorder

mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions - from depression to manic state

How can behavior be influenced by biological factors?

neurotransmitters in the brain... why psychoactive drugs can be effective

antisocial personality disorder

no remorse for violating social norms and laws

Cluster A Personality Disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

perfectionistic, need to do everything right, fear of errors

Abnormal psychological Sx must be...

persistent, harmful, and uncontrollable

Ecological model says that pathology is an interaction between

person and society - mismatch between ability and society

Schizophrenia spectrum

personality seems to disintegrate, thought and perception are distorted, emotions are blunted

Conversion Disorder

presence of a real physical problem that seems to have no real physical cause

Borderline Personality Disorder

problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self

Depressive Disorders

prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state

Somatic Symptom Disorders

psychological disorders that focus on the physical body ---> can be associated with specific complaints or excessive worry about the possibility of contracting a serious disease

What is the biological approach to psychopathology today?

psychological disturbances are directly caused by underlying biological causes (anatomy, imbalance in neurotransmitters)

other kinds of Schizophrenia

residual or undifferentiated

Catatonic Schizophrenia

rigid behaviors, oppositional

Under the ecological model, pathology should not be...

seen as an illness

How does the diagnostic labeling effect play a role is med treatment as well?

seen through the lens of expectation by medical staff... makes it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs

What are other kinds of 'phobias'

separation anxiety

Manic Episode

state in which the person becomes hyperactive and talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep

Major Depressive Episode

type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

unrelenting worry that is not focused on a particular threat produces a sense of loss of control

borderline personality disorder

unstable moods, frequent threats of suicide

Social causes of affective disorders

women report more depression than men and there are varying social pressures and ways to respond to problems


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