Unit 14 - Psychological Disorders
Panic Disorder
NOT the panic attacks themselves but they are expected and feared so you develop apprehension about future attacks
Why is it hard to define abnormal behavior
Sx reflecting abnormality are very hard to define
psychological disorders are classified in terms of.....
Symptoms... but this can be difficult to define
Dissociative Amnesia
psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information
Negative Schizophrenia sx do what?
take away from normal experience
Sx of GAD
tension HA, teeth grinding, sweating
Are normal vs abnormal behaviors a rigid category?
NO
Bio factors for psychological problems
- neurotransmitter imbalances, structural problems in the brain, genetic pre-dispositions
Unipolar Depression
A major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase - can be seasonal and so intense it leads to suicide
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - describes not etiology or treatment
When did the biological tradition of looking at deviant behavior begin?
Hippocrates and Galen with the 4 humor - hysteria was the wandering womb
Cluster C personality disorders
OCD
Preparedness hypothesis
The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors. ie. there are things ppl tend to be afraid of
In the past, deviant behavior was seen as...
a battle between good and evil - believed that evil spirits entered the body and needed to be removed
the DSM is what kind of approach to classification
a categorical approach - describe symptoms, med history, environment, daily life, etc.
Social phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
Phobic Disorder
a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation
Insanity
a legal concept, usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of a crime
Medical Model
abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease" which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy
Emotional Distress
abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset
Affective Disorders
abnormal disturbances in emotion or mood
positive Schizophrenia do what?
add to experience
inappropriate affect
affect for no apparent reason, too much or too little for situation
Cognitive sx of schizophrenia
deficits in absorbing or processing info, issues with working memory
What are the four classes of phobic disorders?
animals, natural environments, blood-injection-injury, and specific situation
Cluster B Personality disorders
antisocial and borderline
cognitive factors to psychological problems
attribution and learned helplessness
Statistical Deviance
behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among members of a population
Cultural Deviance
behavior is abnormal is it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
Paranoid Schizophrenia
delusions of grandeur
Four common phobia categories
blood-injury-injection, animals, natural environments, or situational
Dysfunction
breakdown in normal functioning, abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies
Agoraphobia
causes individuals to restrict their normal activities - tend to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur
positive sx of schizophrenia
changes in emotion, delusions/ hallucinations, disorganized speech
Personality Disorders
chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
Personality Disorders
chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, perceiving, behaving
Schizophrenia
class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior
Dissociative Disorders
class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
What is the psychological approach to psychopathology today?
cognitive and behavioral
psychological causes of affective disorders
cognitive errors can lead to depression and you can have learned helplessness that makes you think you have no control over your environment
What is the goal of classifying psychological disorders?
common language, understanding etiology and developing treatment plans
Panic Disorder
condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
Phobias
consistent and irrational fears of a specified object, activity, or situation
Paranoid personality disorder
consistent distrust and suspiciousness about motives of others
Environmental factors of psychological problems
cultural background
What is the interactionist approach to psychopathology today?
disorders are product of mix of bio, psychological, and social factors
Delusions
disorders of logical thinking
pathophysiological functioning involves...
disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought processes that lead to personal distress
what are the major criteria for defining abnormal behavior ?
distress or disability, maladaptive behavior, irrationality, unpredictability, etc.
biological causes of Schizophrenia
dopamine, abnormal brain structure (larger ventricles)
negative sx of schizophrenia
elimination or reduction of norm behavior, flat affect, unable to care for self
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety that lasts for at least 6 months and cannot be attributed to a single source
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Suicide
fatal consequence of a mood disorder
Agoraphobia
fear of open spaces
Learned helplessness
general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment
diathesis stress model of Schizophrenia
genetic pre-disposition leads to vulnerability under specific environmental stressors
bio causes of affective disorders
genetics, neurotransmitters (serotonin)
What are three classic Sx of abnormality
hallucinations, delusions, or inappropriate affect
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
idea that psychological disorders are influenced by a combo of biological, psychological, and social factors
Dissociative Identity Disorder
individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities
Disorganized Schizophrenia
innaproproate behavior and emotions
Social Anxiety Disorder
intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations --> extreme anxiety and self-consciousness in social situations
Why does the diagnostic labeling effect occur?
label makes it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs and it may increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way
Diagnostic Labeling Effects
labels for psychological problems that can become self-fulfilling prophesies
Antisocial Personality Disorder
little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms
Dissociative Fugue
loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home
Bipolar Disorder
manic depression - periods of severe depression alternating with mania episodes
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
manifests though persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions
Anxiety Disorders
marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning
Bipolar Disorder
mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions - from depression to manic state
How can behavior be influenced by biological factors?
neurotransmitters in the brain... why psychoactive drugs can be effective
antisocial personality disorder
no remorse for violating social norms and laws
Cluster A Personality Disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
perfectionistic, need to do everything right, fear of errors
Abnormal psychological Sx must be...
persistent, harmful, and uncontrollable
Ecological model says that pathology is an interaction between
person and society - mismatch between ability and society
Schizophrenia spectrum
personality seems to disintegrate, thought and perception are distorted, emotions are blunted
Conversion Disorder
presence of a real physical problem that seems to have no real physical cause
Borderline Personality Disorder
problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self
Depressive Disorders
prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
Somatic Symptom Disorders
psychological disorders that focus on the physical body ---> can be associated with specific complaints or excessive worry about the possibility of contracting a serious disease
What is the biological approach to psychopathology today?
psychological disturbances are directly caused by underlying biological causes (anatomy, imbalance in neurotransmitters)
other kinds of Schizophrenia
residual or undifferentiated
Catatonic Schizophrenia
rigid behaviors, oppositional
Under the ecological model, pathology should not be...
seen as an illness
How does the diagnostic labeling effect play a role is med treatment as well?
seen through the lens of expectation by medical staff... makes it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs
What are other kinds of 'phobias'
separation anxiety
Manic Episode
state in which the person becomes hyperactive and talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep
Major Depressive Episode
type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
unrelenting worry that is not focused on a particular threat produces a sense of loss of control
borderline personality disorder
unstable moods, frequent threats of suicide
Social causes of affective disorders
women report more depression than men and there are varying social pressures and ways to respond to problems
