Unit 2

How did gender notions figure into the discussion?

...

German Armistice

11 November 1918 A suspension of fighting in war time by agreement between the conflicting sides

What two countries were engaged in a negotiation that the Lodge Corollary disallowed? A. Mexico and Japan B. Nicaragua and France C. Colombia and Japan D. Mexico and Spain

A

Which of the following was not a key area of focus for the Progressives? A. land reform B. democracy C. business regulation D. soil justice

A

Wisconsin Idea

A political system created by Robert La Follette, Governor of Wisconsin, that embodied many progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions in his state

League of Nations mandate

Former German colonies given to Britain, France, Belgium had to safeguard interests of African inhabitants and prepare them for self-governance, but were treated like any other colony

Radical Division of the Department of Justice

Found allegedly radical individuals and organization, jailed IWW members, and deported 249 radical aliens to Russia

silent sentinels

Founded by Alice Paul; the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, later renamed the National Woman's Party, in 1913. Picketed White House, many jailed

what else happened because of Haymarket affair?

Laborers were gathered to demonstrate for an eight-hour day Seven of the eight men accused in the Haymarket affair were foreign born.

Wobblies

Nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

Recession of 1913-1914

Productions and real income declined during this period and were not offset until the start of World War I increased demand

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Progressive reformers?

Progressives pursued radical alternatives to capitalism.

The popularization of ___________________ expanded the communications and sports industries.

Radios

*Indian Ring*

Secretary of War, William Belknap, took bribes from companies with licenses to trade on Native American reservations

Liberty bonds

The name for the war bonds that the US government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort

NAACP

The national Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W.E.B. Du Bois and Florence Kelly

Nigro nationalism

The notion that African-Americans Had a distinct and separate National Heritage that should inspire pride and a sense of community

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Which of the following did NOT influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?

The passage of the Volstead act

Sewards Folly

The pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward's acquisition of Alaska in 1867

What was an immediate result of the widespread use of the Bessemer converter in the U.S. steel industry?

The price of steel plummeted, allowing for more metal goods to be made.

Nativism

The rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs

Red Summer

The summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Zimmerman telegram

The telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter into World War I on the side of the allies

Red Scare

The term used to describe the fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over communist infiltrators let Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether communist or not

Which U.S. President of the Progressive Era was most involved in conservationism?

Theodore Roosevelt

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish American war

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful federal government to protect the American public

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful for federal government to protect the American public

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt's cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed

The Progressive presidents were:

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

*Grange Movement*

Was located in the West West wanted fair railroad rates and warehouse charges as railroads were monopolistic. Became "Farmer's Alliance Movement" which split into north and south rings; not much happened after that.

subtreasury plan

a plan that called for storing crops in government warehouses for a brief period of time, during which the federal government would provide loans to farmers worth 80 percent of the current crop prices, releasing the crops for sale when prices rose

Harlem Hellfighters

a nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

Populist Party

a political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers but eventually all workers in regional and federal elections

Progressive Party

a political party started by Roosevelt and other Progressive Republicans who were unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive third term in 1912

Coxey's Army

an 1894 protest, led by businessman Jacob Coxey, to advocate for public works jobs for the unemployed by marching on Washington, DC

Women's Peace Party

founded by Jane Addams, Carrie Chapman Catt in early 1915. U.S. section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

Committee of Public Information

government agency created to popularize the war with American people through positive propaganda and cut down on any criticism of the government and war effort

The Nineteenth Amendment did which of the following?

granted women the right to vote

What was the most common reason immigrants came to the United States at the turn of the twentieth century?

greater economic oppurtunities

the following represents an action that the American government took to help it citizens fulfill the goal of western expansion?

he passage of the Homestead Act

Food Administration

headed by Herbert Hoover launched voluntary programs to conserve food (meatless days) and increase production (victory gardens)

Which industry experienced the greatest growth in the United States after the Civil War?

heavy machinery

Frederick Winslow Taylor's management system was designed to make industry more efficient by doing which of the following?

increasing the productivity of workers

wisconsin idea

introduced by La Follette; wherein he hired experts to research and advise him in drafting legislation to improve conditions in his state. "Fighting Bob" supported numerous Progressive ideas while governor: He signed into law the first workman's compensation system, approved a minimum wage law, developed a progressive tax law, adopted the direct election of U.S. senators before the subsequent constitutional amendment made it mandatory, and advocated for women's suffrage.

Muckrakers

investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

How did World War I change the role of the government in the United States?

it forged a greater relationship between the government and private industry

In the early 1900s, what was significant factor in the establishment of the United States as a major global power?

its growing overseas empire

muckrakers

journalists who exposed problems in American society and urged the public to identify solutions. Whether those problems were associated with corrupt machine politics, poor working conditions in factories, or the questionable living conditions of the working class (among others), muckrakers shined a light on the problem and provoked outraged responses from Americans.

The policy of "dollar diplomacy" employed during William Howard Taft's presidency involved which of the following?

making loans to foreign countries

The Peace Movement

many people began urging Wilson to get the US out of the war; women began to believe it was their duty to be the "guardians of life";peace groups began forming and included many such as Carnegie, Ford, and Debs; all believed that war was draining the nation of its youth, resources, and reform impulse, that it violated Christian morality, that it fostered repression at home, and that wartime businesses reaped huge profits at the expense of the people

The Second Industrial Revolution that followed the Civil War was characterized by which of the following?

mass production of goods

Evaders

men who fled to Canada to escape the draft

The Progressive movement drew its strength from:

middle-class reformers.

Which national issue of the late nineteenth century was most relevant to working-class Americans and farmers?

monetary policy

The Populist Party's demands for reform included which of the following?

more direct elections

Journalist and authors who wrote about social ills and corruption and urged the public to take action.

muckrakers

Newspaper and magazine writers, who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the progressive movement, were known as:

muckrakers.

A portion of the Republican Party that broke away from the Stalwart-versus Half-Breed debate due to the disgust with their candidate's corruption.

mugwumps

Which position did the Democrats of the nineteenth century but not the Republicans support?

non-interventionalist, Laissez-Faire policy should be followed.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and promoting active international engagement by the United States

Eugene V. Debs

one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

the East St. Louis riot of 1917

outbreak of labor- and race-related violence that caused between 40 and 200 deaths and extensive property damage.

Article 10

part of the League of Nations that said that if any nation was attacked, the other countries in the treaty would defend them; the US did not join the League of Nations because of it

Draft dodgers

people who would flee to other nations such as Canada in order to evade the United State's military draft

Which of the following was most responsible for the economic difficulties in the 1890s?

perceived instability of the U.S. currency

Which of the following was the most responsible for the economic difficulties in the 1890's?

percieved instability of the US currency

The Reserve Officers Training Corps

permanent military "colleges" created after WWI to provide training for upper-level military officers

bloody shirt campaign

the strategy of Republican candidates to stress the sacrifices that the nation had to endure in its Civil War against Democratic southern secessionists

Benjamin Gitlow

Principal in 1924 U.S Supreme Court decision that barred state censorship laws.

Referendum

Process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject

Influenza

The last global pandemic in history that killed millions in 1918. (killed more than WWI)

New morality

The more permissive mores adopted by many young people in the 1920s

What was one cause of the United States' involvement in World War I?

the sinking of the Lusitania

A program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices.

''scientific management"

*Plessy V. Ferguson (1896)*

"Separate but Equal" facilities became legal

Crystal Eastman

(1881-1928) lawyer, feminist. Marriage Under Two Roofs

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Easter Rebellion

(1916) in the midst of WWI while British were distracted, a small group of Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin over the delay in home-rule during Easter week; aroused nationalist Irish support (*British crushing of it soured relations with the U.S.*)

*Compromise of 1877*

(Compromises usually never end out well) Elect of Rutherford B. Hayes, a republican, but had to take union troops out of the south, for the democrats to be happy. Rep. party lost commitment to racial equality

Treaty of Versailles

(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Shell Shock

(War Psychosis) Medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to the distressing experiences of trench warfare.

"Four-Minute Men"

- gave four-minute speeches about the war

Lodge Reservations

12 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself Wilson refused to accept these. defeated by the democrats/irreconcilables

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

*Whiskey Ring*

1874-1875 Distillers in St. Louis didn't want to pay excise taxes, and so bribed people in Grant's Executive Branch, like McDonald, in order to not have to pay said taxes

*Grover Cleveland*

1884-1888 Believed in Laissez-Faire economics Brought two ex-confederates into his cabinet

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

John Reed

1887-1920 wrote first hand account of bolshevik revolution

African Americans in WWI

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

*Great Railroad Strike of 1877*

4 largest railroads cut workers wages by 10%, so the workers went on strike. Hayes sent fed. troops to stop the strike. Was a failure and showed the weakness of the labor movement at the time.

How did Hay's suggestion of an open door policy in China benefit the United States over other nations? A. The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries. B. The United States enjoyed a historically stronger relationship with the Chinese government. C. The United States was the only nation granted permission to collect taxes on the goods it traded within China's borders. D. The United States controlled more foreign ports than other countries

A

How did Roosevelt intercede in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902? A. He invited strikers and workers to the White House. B. He urged the owners to negotiate a deal. C. He threatened to send in the army to work the mines. D. He ordered the National Guard to protect the strikers.

A

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A. because inflation made the cost of living higher B. because wages were lowered due to the war effort C. because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D. because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

A

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Schenck v. U.S.

A United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.

Haymarket affair

A bomb exploded, killing a police officer.

Progressivism

A broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption

Niagara Movement

A campaign led by W. E.B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Anti-imperialist league

A group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building

Lost generation

A group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their disillusionment with the era

The Fourteen Points

A list of terms developed by Woodrow Wilson that was designed to resolve WWI and prevent future wars.

Moving assembly line

A manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work came to them

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Harlem Hellfighters

A nickname for the decorated, all black 369th infantry, which served on the front lines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

Wobblies

A nickname for the industrial workers of the world, a radical progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

*Grantism*

A phrase synonymous with greed and corruption

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters US broke off diplomatic ties, and later declared war on Germany

*Political Machine*

A political group who use (sometimes corrupt) tactics in order to gain votes in their favor. Said corrupt tactics that can be used are listed under Tammany Ring

Progressive Party

A political party started by Roosevelt and other progressive Republicans who were unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a non-consecutive third term in 1912

Direct primary

A political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the south, this strengthened all-white solidarity within the Democratic Party

Referendum

A process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Initiative

A proposed law, or initiative, placed on the ballot by public petition

Hollywood

A small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of America movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry

Roosevelt Corollary

A statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region

Roosevelt Corollary

A statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nations threatening the stability of the region

Taylorism

A system named for Frederick Winslow Taylor, aimed at improving factory efficiency rates through the principle of standardization; Taylor's model limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

American Expeditionary Forces

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Slavic Alliance

Alliance between Russia and all Slavic Nations (such as Romania, Croatia, and Bulgaria)

Were Puerto Ricans satisfied with U.S. control?

Although a military government improved transportation and sanitation and developed public health and education, it, to the dismay of Puerto Ricans, who had been promised that American rule would bestow "the advantages and blessings of enlightened civilization," their political freedom was curtailed. Economic development also disappointed most islanders, for American investors quickly gained control of the best land and pursued large-scale sugar production for the U.S. market.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

What seems to be the trend in U.S. foreign policy during this time period?

America became increasingly assertive in its foreign affairs and often used the Monroe Doctrine as a justification to watch over the Western Hemisphere. U.S. slowly stepped away from isolation and took steps to advance its own hegemony.

What evidence supports the idea that the US government developed a different relationship with business and industry during World War I?

American businesses were given tax breaks for service to government programs.

From a moral perspective, how was U.S. imperialism justified in the early twentieth century?

Americans felt that they were spiritually helping the conquered people.

Why did the Republican Party lose political dominance in the 1870's and 1880's?

Americans were disappointed by the failiure of Reconstruction Era policies

Why did the Republican Party lose political dominance in the 1870s and 1880s?

Americans were disappointed by the failure of Reconstruction-era policies.

Sherman Antitrust Act

An act passed in 1890 which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce."

Frontier thesis

An idea proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

An industrial disaster in NYC that caused the death of 146 garment workers who died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth the the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer conditions.

Green Corn Rebellion

An uprising of Socialist and IWW radicals centered in Pottawatomie, Hughes, and Seminole Counties in the summer of 1917 in protest of U.S. entry into World War I, which they said was a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight." The rag tag band they inspired preached resistance to the draft and planned a march to Washington during which they would survive by eating "Green Corn" off the land. These demonstrators roamed the countryside, burning bridges and committing general mischief, until they were rounded up by posses and their leaders were arrested.

Bootlegging

And 19th century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition

Flapper

Are young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the jazz age

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austrian prince who was assassinated by the Black Hand which was a Serbian terrorist group. Started World War I. June 28, 1914 (6/28/1914)

. Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism? A. anti-liquor campaigns B. referendums C. workplace safety initiatives D. improvements in education

B

. With the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt sought to establish ________. A. the consequences for any European nation that involved itself in Latin American affairs B. the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary C. the idea that Latin America was free and independent from foreign intervention D. the need for further colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere

B

How did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen American ties with China? A. The United States supported the rebels and gained their support. B. The United States provided troops to fight the rebels. C. The United States sent arms and financial support to the Chinese government. D. The United States thwarted attempts by Great Britain and Germany to fortify the rebels.

B

Ida Tarbell wrote publicly about? A. the need for better housing in rural America B. the sinister business practices of Standard Oil C. the need for a national temperance movement D. the women's suffrage cause in the American West

B

What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles? A. the "war guilt clause" that France required B. the agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal C. the Allies' division of Germany's holdings in Asia D. the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia membership in the League of Nations

B

Which is not one of the reasons the AntiImperial League gave for opposing the creation of an American empire? A. fear of competition from foreign workers B. fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion C. concerns about the integration of other races D. concerns that empire building ran counter to American democratic principles

B

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war? A. a flu pandemic B. a women's liberation movement C. high inflation and economic uncertainty D. political paranoia

B

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A. extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C. France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D. a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

B

Why did some Central American nations object to Taft's paying off their debt to Europe with U.S. dollars? A. because American currency wasn't worth as much as local currencies B. because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage C. because they were forced to give land grants to the United States in return D. because they wanted Asian countries to pay off their debts instead

B

Why did the United States express limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and 1870s? A. fear of attacks on their borders B. post-Civil War reconstruction C. the Anti-Imperialist League D. Manifest Destiny

B

Which novel of the era satirized the conformity of the American middle class?

Babbitt

Why did McKinley declare war?

Because Spain refused to acknowledge Cuban independence, he began war preparations and submitted a war message to Congress on April 11, asking for authority to use force against Spain.

"peace without victory"

Before entering the war, Wilson presented a plan to Congress for the U.S. for maintaining peace through a permanent league of nations after the war. He wanted this war to end all wars, and build world peace, not punish the Germans

Which man was both a professional baseball player and an influential evangelist in the 1920s?

Billy Sunday

Communist Party of the United States of America

Bolshevik Party involved in labor crashes, legal issues and received directions from Moscow

Mail Bombs of May 1919

Bombs were sent through the mail to prominent Americans. The conspirators were never captured. Most bombs were intercepted and dismantled but this event furthered the belief that anarchists were bent on destroying the country

atlanta compromise

Booker T. Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. Their success and hard work, he implied, would eventually convince southern whites to grant these rights. Not surprisingly, most whites liked Washington's model of race relations, since it placed the burden of change on blacks and required nothing of them. His message also appealed to many in the black community, and some attribute this widespread popularity to his consistent message that social and economic growth, even within a segregated society, would do more for African Americans than an all-out agitation for equal rights on all fronts.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington speech, given at the Atlanta exposition in 1895, where he urged African-Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington's speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country.

The Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germans on May 7, 1915—killed both American and British civilians and caused a rise in American dislike for the Germans (though America hadn't entered the war at this point)

The Sussex

British passengers ship that was torpedoed by a German U-Boat. 2 Americans on board died-prompted the Sussex Pledge.

6. Which of the following was not a feature of Booker T. Washington's strategy to improve the lives of African Americans? A. self-help B. accommodating/tolerating white racism C. immediate protests for equal rights D. learning new trades/skills

C

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A. Charles Hughes B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. John Pershing

C

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A. propaganda campaigns B. repressive legislation C. National Civil Liberties Bureau D. loyalty leagues

C

What system did the direct primary replace? A. candidate selection by secret ballots B. candidate selection by machine bosses C. candidate selection by convention delegates D. an indirect primary

C

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A. a strike at a local factory B. a protest march of black activists C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

C

Which of the following did Mahan not believe was needed to build an American empire? A. a navy B. military bases around the world C. the reopening of the American frontier D. a canal through Central America

C

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A. women's contributions to the war effort B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C. the passage of the Volstead Act D. the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

C

Niagara Movement

Campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois & other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Who was the first person to fly across the Atlantic ocean?

Charles Lindbergh

"If We Must Die"

Claude McKay's poem detailing the determination of A.A. against segregation and discrimination

After radios became common in American homes, which of the following broadcasts had the greatest effect on the nations culture?

Commercials

William Z. Foster

Communist who led steel worker strike in America in 1919

Which unwritten deal between Republican Party leaders and southern Democrats was known as "the Great Betrayal" among African Americans?

Compromise of 1877

Why is the Teller Amendment important?

Congress added the Teller Amendment to the war resolution, disclaiming any intention of annexing Cuba and promising that Cubans would govern themselves.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

*William 'Boss' Tweed*

Controlled NY in late 1860's and through the 1870's. Mac Daddy of Tammany Hall Was revealed in 1871 by political cartoonist Nast and Samuel J. Tilden

How did Americans view Cuba?

Cuba held an economic potential that attracted American business interests and a strategic significance for any Central American canal. Plus, they sympathized with the Rebel's yearn for freedom.

How did Colombia react to the United States' proposal to construct a canal through Central America? A. They preferred to build such a canal themselves. B. They preferred that no canal be built at all. C. They agreed to sell land to the United States to build the canal, but in a less advantageous location than the Panamanians. D. They felt that Roosevelt's deal offered too little money.

D

Which of the following was a key Progressive item passed by Taft? A. the Pure Food and Drug Act B. the U.S. Forestry Service C. the Mann-Elkins Act D. the Payne-Aldrich Act

D

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A. the Food Administration B. the Selective Service Act C. the War Industries Board D. the Sedition Act

D

Who were the "Silent Sentinels"? A. a group of progressive African Americans who drafted the Declaration of Principles B. anti-suffrage women C. an offshoot of the Industrial Workers of the World D. suffragists who protested outside the White House

D

The Scopes Monkey Trial revolves around a law that banned teaching about ______________ in public school.

Darwinism

Election of 1912

Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years.

Describe U.S. involvement in Cuba following Cuban independence.

Despite the Teller Amendment, the Spanish-american War didn't leave Cuba independent. McKinley opposed independence and distrusted the rebels. Many Americans considered Cubans racial inferiors. Only in 1900, when the Democrats made an issue of imperialism, did McKinley move toward permitting a Cuban government, He summoned a Cuban convention to draft a constitution under the direction of the American military governor, General Leonard Wood. Reflecting the fear of Cuban autonomy, the constitution restricted suffrage o n the basis of property and education, leaving few Cubans with the right to vote. Even so, before removing its troops, the U.S. wanted to ensure its control over Cuba. It therefore made U.S. withdrawal contingent on Cuba's adding to its constitution the provisions of the Platt Amendment. It restricted Cuba's autonomy in diplomatic relations with other countries and in internal financial policies, required Cuba to lease naval bases to the U.S., and most important, authorized U.S. intervention to maintain order and preserve Cuban independence.

Which cities experienced the greatest population increase due to the growth in popularity of the automobile?

Detroit and Los Angeles

Which Populist positions did the Democrats and Republicans adopt after the election of 1896?

Direct election of senators

*Liberal Republican Party*

Election of 1872 Reformers wanted to fix the mess that Grant has put America into Nominated Horace Greeley (Bad Idea) Was endorsed by Democrats, who Horace had called many negative things Lost election of 1872 but did influence Congress into passing Amnesty Act, reducing tariffs, and fix Grant Admin.

who took advantage of the Haymarket affair

Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force that was prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals.

Which amendment did Alice Paul promote to end gender discrimination?

Equal Rights Amendment

*New York Courthouse*

Example of the corruption within Tammany Hall. Was supposed to cost 250k, but costed 52 times that (14 million)

*What were the politics like during the Gilded Age?*

FULL. OF. CORRUPTION.

A graduated income tax on personal wealth was a key objective of the Knights of Labor.

False

During the Great Migration, pursuit of racial equality was the primary motivation for African-Americans to leave the south.

False

The sinking of the Lusitania was the immediate cause for U.S. entry into WWI.

False

Eddie Rickenbacker

Famous "ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

In the 1890's, the Populist Party had the greatest appeal among which types of people?

Farmers and Laborers

In the 1890s, the Populist Party had the greatest appeal among which types of people?

Farmers and Laborers

*Republicans*

Favored High Tariffs, Low Gov. Spending, Reducing Nat. Debt/Amount of Greenbacks (paper money) Split into the Stalwarts (pro-political machines and spoils system) and the Half-breeds (pro- civil service reform and merit system) during the 1870's & 1880's

Red Scare

Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights)ear of Communism after WWI

*Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)*

Forbade practices that restrained trade Hard to enforce Mainly used against labor unions

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

American Legion

Founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Was distinguished for its militant patriotism, conservatism, and zealous anti-radicalism, but was notorious for aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits. (helped fuel the Red Scare)

Lillian Wald

Founder of public health nursing

Roger Baldwin

Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) which works to preserve constitutional freedoms often through court trials

Who is famous for his "Frontier Thesis" and advocated for expansion and American imperialism?

Fredrick Turner

taylorism

Fredrick Winslow Taylor, arguably the first American management consultant, laid out his argument of increased industrial efficiency through improvements in human productivity in his book The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). Progressive in its emphasis on efficiency, the use of science, and the reliance on experts, Taylorism, as scientific management became known, was not widely popular among workers who resented managerial authority and the loss of autonomy over their work. Many workers went on strikes in response

venereal disease among American soldiers

French prime minister Georges Clemenceau offered licensed, inspected prostitutes in "special houses" for American men. By war's end 15% of American soldiers had contracted venereal disease, costing the army $50 million and 7 million days of active duty.

*Election of 1880*

Garfield (R & came from Ohio) Vs. Gen. Winfield Scott (D & Bloody Shirt candidate) Garfield won (assassinated a year later) VP became President (Chester Arthur)

General John J. Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Force (American soldiers fighting in Europe)

The great depression in the United States was preceded by an economic crisis in which other country?

Germany

Which foreign country experienced an economic crisis in the 1920s that greatly affected the US economy?

Germany

the submarine and international law

Germany couldn't win the war on land, so they opted to use submarine warfare. The submarine warfare used by the Germans rejected the international law that said an attacker had to warn a passenger/merchant ship before attacking so that passengers and the crew could disembark safely

The Arabic

Germany promised to refrain from attacking passenger liners, but then attacked and sunk the Arabic off the coast of Ireland; three Americans died, leading to much discontent from the U.S about whether or not they should let their citizens on board British ships; 1915

For what reason did advertising become more common in American media in the 1920s?

Goods were being mass produced on levels never seen before

Fuel Administartion

Government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal and gasoline for the war effort.

War Shipping Board

Government agency that made sure that all boats and cargo ships were packed and ready for war (failed to do so)

Which position did the Republicans of the nineteenth century but not the Democrats support?

Government should play a large role in the lives of people

Which position did the Republicans of the nineteenth century but not the Democrats support?

Government should play a large role in the lives of the people

Anti-Imperialist League

Group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building

*Election of 1884*

Grover Cleveland (D & Pro-Business) Vs. James G Blaine (R) Blaine wasn't well-liked by some republicans, and therefore they switched over to democrats (mugwumps)

In the early 1890's, when the natives of this sugar producing island expressed anti-american resentment, Americans staged a armed revolt to protect its business interests.

Hawaii

Which statement best describes Woodrow Wilson's approach at the beginning of World War I?

He believed that victory would only result from centralized planning in industry

William McKinley

He was 25th President of the United States (1896-1901). He was responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the annexation of Hawaii.. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.

Roscoe Conkling

He was a New York senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans in the late 1800s.

James G. Blaine

He was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

Chester A. Arthur

He was appointed customs collector for the port of New York in the 1870s. He was notoriously corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was elected Vice President in 1880. He and Garfield won but Garfield was assassinated in July 1881, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Rutherford B. Hayes

He was the 19th President of the U.S (1876-1880). He was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states in one of the most corrupt elections in U.S. history.

Benjamin Harrison

He was the 23rd President of the United States (1888-1892). He was a Republican who introduced the McKinley Tariff.

William Jennings Bryan

He was the Democratic candidate for President in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. He lost the election to McKinley.

Samuel Tilden

He was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 1800s.

Why does General Leonard Wood make a good topic of discussion for a look at American imperialism?

He was the Military Governor of Cuba and more or less controlled Cuba. His reports captured the journey of the U.S from a developing nation to a world power. Plans for economic expansion, a belief in national mission, a sense of responsibility to help others, scarcely hidden religious impulses and racist convictions - all combined in an uneasy mixture of self-interest and idealism.

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892. He received only 8.2% of the vote.

Eugene V. Debs

He was the socialist leader of the American Railway Union. He voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

It was a law passed by Congress which prohibited discrimination against blacks in public places, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. It was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

How did Taft deal with Latin America?

He, Roosevelt's successor, hoped to promote American interests in less confrontational ways. He proposed "substituting dollars for bullets" - using government action to encourage private american investments in Latin America to supplant European interests, promote development and stability, and earn profits for American bankers.

Which book documented the poverty resulting from urbanization in late nineteenth-century New York?

How the Other Half Lives

the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense

Ida Tarbell and Carrie Chapman, vast network of state,county, and town volunteer organizations, the council publicized government mobilization programs, encouraged home gardens sponsored drives to sell liberty bonds, and continued to push for social welfare reform

Frontier Thesis

Idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character

Who were key outspoken individuals for and against the treaty?

Imperialists invoked the familiar arguments of economic expansion national destiny and strategic necessity, while asserting that Americans had religious and racial responsibilities to advance civilization by uplifting backward people. McKinley defended his decision to acquire the Philippines with self-righteous imperialist rhetoric, promising to extend Christian influence and American values. But he was motivated primarily by a determination to use the islands to strengthen America's political and commercial position in East Asia. Opponents of the treaty raised profound questions about national goals and ideals. They included prominent figures such as civil-service reformer Carl Schurz, the steel baron Andrew Carnegie, the social reformer Jane Addams, the labor leader Samuel Gompers, and the author Mark Twain. Their organization base was the Anti-Imperialist League, which campaigned against the treaty, distributing pamphlets, petitioning Congress, and holding rallies. The League's criticism reflected a conviction that imperialism was a repudiation of the moral and political traditions embodied in the Declaration of Independence. The acquisition of oversea colonies, they argued, conflicted with the nation's commitment to liberty and its claim to moral superiority.

What happened in Chile and Venezuela?

In 1891, American Sailors on shore leave in Chile became involved in a drunken brawl that left two of the dead, seventeen injured, and dozens in jail. Encouraged by a combative navy, President Harrison threatened military retaliation against Chile, provoking and outburst of bellicose nationalism in the U.S. Harrison relented only when Chile apologized and paid an indemnity. A few years later, the U.S. again threatened war over a minor issue but against a more formidable opponent. In 1895, President Cleveland intervened in a boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over British Guiana, Cleveland was motivated not only by the long-standing U,S, goal of challenging Britain for Latin American markets but also by ever more expansive notions of the Monroe Doctrine and the authority of the U.S. He urged congress to establish a commission to determine the boundary and enforce its decision by war if necessary. As war fever swept the U.S., Britain agreed to U.S. arbitration, recognizing the limited nature of the issue that so convuled Anglo-American relations. Cleveland's assertion of U.S. hemispheric dominance angered Latin Americans, and their fears deepened when the U.S. decided arbitration terms with Britain without consulting Venezuela, which protested before bowing to American pressure. The U.S. had intervened less to protect Venezuela from the British bully than to advance its own hegemony.

Front Porch Campaign

In 1896, William McKinley conducted this low-key campaign wherein he never left his Canton, Ohio home. Large crowds of spectators were brought to his home to meet the candidate. This campaign contrasted sharply with McKinley's opposing candidate, William Jennings Bryan, who gave over 600 speeches and traveled many miles all over the United States to campaign. McKinley outdid this by spending about twice as much money. McKinley won this election.

What were American actions in the Caribbean?

In 1915, Wilson ordered U.S. marines to Haiti to preserve "gravely menaced" American interests. The U.S. saved and even enhanced those interests by establishing a protectorate over Haiti and drawing up a constitution that increased U.S. property rights and commercial privileges. Authority rested in the military, not the president of Haiti, who was more or less a regular citizen. As usual, the military rule improved transportation, sanitation, and educational systems, but the forced-labor program that the U.S. adopted to build such public works provoked widespread resentment. In 1919, marines suppressed a revolt against American domination, killing more than 3,000 Haitians. Wilson also intervened elsewhere in the Caribbean, such as when the Dominican Republican refused to cede control of its finances to U.S. bankers, he ordered the marines to occupy the country. The marines ousted Dominican officials, installed a military government to rule "on behalf of the Dominican government," and ran the nation until 1924. In 1917, U.S. also intervened in Cuba, which remained under American control until 1922.

The Great War

Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919.

Why was the U.S. more successful in Latin America?

In Latin America, where no major power directly challenged American objectives as Japan and Russia did in Asia, the U.S. was more successful in exercising imperial power. In the two decades after the Spanish-American War, the U.S. intervened militarily in Latin America no fewer than 20 times to promote its own strategic and economic interests.

How did the U.S. respond in diplomatic terms?

In his 1897 inaugural address, President William Mckinley outlined an expansionist program ranging from further enlargement of the bay to the annexation of Hawaii and the construction of a central American canal, but his administration soon focused on Cuba. Personally opposed to military intervention, McKinley first used diplomacy to press Spain to adopt reforms that would settle the rebellion. When the U.S. battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor in February 15, 1898, popular anger was inflamed, but the sinking didn't bring war, though it did restrict McKinley's options and pressure him to be more assertive toward Spain. Increasingly, business interests favored war as less disruptive than a volatile peace that threatened their investments. At the end of March 1898, McKinley sent Spain an ultimatum, He demanded an armistice in Cuba, an end to the reconcentration policy, and the acceptance of American arbitration, which implied Cuban independence. Most interventionists were not imperialists, and Congress added the Teller Amendment to the war resolution, disclaiming any intention of annexing Cuba and promising that Cubans would govern themselves.

Why did Japanese and American relations decline?

In the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, Japan won control of Russia's sphere of influence in Manchuria, half of Russian island of Sakhalin, and recognition of its domination of Korea. The treaty marked Japan's emergence as a great power, but, ironically, it worsened relations with the U.S. Anti-American riots broke out in Tokyo. The Japanese people blamed Roosevelt for obstructing further Japanese gains and blocking a Russian indemnity that would've helped Japan pay for the war. Tensions were further aggravated by San Francisco's decision in 1906 to segregate Asian and white schoolchildren. Under the Gentlemen's Agreement, worked out through a series of diplomatic notes in 1907 and 1908, Japan agreed to deny passports to workers trying to come to the U.S., and the U.S. promised not to prohibit Japanese immigration overtly or completely. Although this didn't mend the deteriorating relationship.

War Revenue Act of 1917

Increase in taxes (more graduated personal income tax, corporate income tax, excess-profits tax, and increased excise taxes) to pay for the war

Poison Gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

What was the main reason why the Kellogg-Briand Pact failed to prevent future conflicts after World War I?

It did not specify sanctions for breaking it

How did racism affect the ideological arguments?

It had to do with Social darwinism. in that it was a pervasive belief in racial inequality and in the superiority of people of English, or Anglo-Saxon, descent.

Overproduction

It is a condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them. This problems plagued farmers in the late 1800s and caused declining prices for agricultural goods.

Patronage

It is the granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support. This practice was common in the U.S. in the late 1800s.

civil service system

It is the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit. This system emerged in the U.S. in the 1880s.

How did religion affect the ideological arguments?

It often resembled a cultural conversion, for they promoted trade, developed business interests, and encouraged westernization through technology and education as well as religion.

Election of 1892

It pitted Grover Cleveland versus Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won in a close election.. The Populist Party ran James B. Weaver receiving about 8% of the vote.

Which statement gives the best evidence for how the automobile changed American life in it's earlier stages?

It reduced the need for public transportation

Populist Party

It was a U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies.

Election of 1876: Hayes and Tilden

It was a controversial election which pitted Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) v. Samuel Tilden (Democrat). Tilden won the popular vote but ultimately Hayes won the electoral vote after a deal was struck between the parties (Compromise of 1877) which effectively ended Reconstruction. -

Half-Breeds

It was a faction of the Republican party in the late 1800s. This group opposed political machines and the patronage system. This group supported civil service reform.

Stalwarts

It was a faction of the Republican party in the late 1800s. This group supported the political machines and the patronage system. This group opposed civil service reform.

Grange

It was a farmers' organization formed after the Civil War. One of its main goals was the regulation of the railroads.

Farmer's Alliance

It was a farmers' organization founded in late 1870s. It worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy.

Panic of 1873

It was a four year economic depression caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver).

Subtreasury Plan

It was a program promoted by the Southern Farmers' Alliance in response to low cotton prices and tight credit. Farmers would store their crop in a warehouse until prices rose, in the meantime borrowing up to 80 percent of the value of the stored crops from the government at a low interest rate.

Redshirts

It was a racist organization which operated in the South after the Civil War. It was similar to the Ku Klux Klan, but more open in its actions against African Americans.

Liberal Republican Party

It was a short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption.

spoils system

It was a system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. It was common in the U.S. in the late 1800s.

Mongrel Tariff

It was a tariff passed by Congress in 1883. It was a compromise measure that satisfied nobody. Duties were lowered on a few items, but increased on most manufactured goods.

Greenback Party

It was an American political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Cross of Gold Speech

It was an impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

White League

It was an organization established in 1874 by the Redeemer Democrats to restore political power to the prewar white Democrats.

The Johnson-Reed Act virtually banned all Asian immigration to the United States for what reason?

It was believed that Asians could not assimilate into American culture

Pendleton Civil Service Act

It was passed by Congress in 1883. This law created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

Omaha Platform

It was the Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. It called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

The Compromise of 1877

It was the deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.). Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South, thus ending Reconstruction.

"bloody shirt"campaign

It was the strategy of Republican candidates to stress the sacrifices that the nation had to endure in its Civil War against Democratic southern secessionists.

Pullman Strike

It was violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide.

For what reason did most of the opponents of the league of Nations believe that the United States should not join it?

It would increase US involvement in its allies affairs

Did Johnson-Reed Act most severely limited immigration from which country?

Italy

James Garfield

James Garfield was elected to presidency in 1880. He barely won the popular vote but won by a huge margin in the electoral college. His assassination ultimately led to reforms which brought about an end to the spoils system.

*Civil Right Act of 1875*

Last ditch effort by Radical Republicans during reconstruction; supposedly allowed equal accommodations in public places & equality of all under the due process of law. Was nullified by the Supreme Court in 1883

Why is it significant?

Latin Americans vigorously resented the U.S.'s unilateral claim to authority. by 1907, the so-called Drago Doctrine Was incorporated into international law, prohibiting armed intervention to collect debts. Still, the U.S. would continue to invoke the Roosevelt Corollary to advance its economic and strategic interests in the hemisphere.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

*Jim Crow Laws*

Legal segregation, specifically in the South

Which person was a Supreme Court justice and a Progressive reformer who advocated for the labor movement, free speech, and privacy?

Louis Brandeis

In what way did the use of new types of machinery negatively impact industry in the United States?

Machines did the work of many workers, decreasing labor needs and leading to unemployment.

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment.

What was Alfred Mahan?s contribution to American imperialism?

Mahan proposed that the U.S. build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama to link its coasts, acquire naval bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific to protect the canal, and annex Hawaii and other Pacific islands to promote trade and service the fleet, U.S. must "cast aside the policy of isolation which befitted her infancy", Mahan declared, and "begin to look outward."

African American Migration

Many African Americans pooled their money to be able to travel northward for better paying jobs (railroad yards, coal mines) Allowed escape from low wages, sharecropping, tenancy, crop liens, debt patronagem lynchings, and political disenfranchisement

What were reactions to it?

Many Americans were appalled by what the Chicago American called Roosevelt's "rough riding assault upon another republic over the shattered wreckage of international law and diplomatic usage." But others, as Public Opinion reported, wanted a "canal above all things" and were willing to overlook moral questions and approve the acquisition of the canal zone as simply "a business question." Roosevelt himself boasted, "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate," but his actions generated resentment among Latin Americans that rankled for decades.

What were the arguments surround the annexation of Hawaii?

Many Republicans strongly supported annexation, which they regarded as merely the first step toward making the Pacific "an American ocean, dominated by American commercial enterprise for all time." Some also invoked racial imperialism, maintaining that annexation would both fittingly reward the enterprising white residents of Hawaii and proved an opportunity to civilize native Hawaiians. Democrats generally opposed annexation. They doubted, as Missouri Senator George Vest declared, whether the U.S. should desert its traditional principles and "venture upon the great colonial system of the European powers." The Hawaiian episode of 1893 thus foreshadowed the arguments over imperialism at the end of the century and emphasized the policy differences between Democrats and the uncreasingly expansionist Republicans.

Why did Americans want the U.S. to intervene in Cuba?

Many sympathized with the Cuban rebels' yearn for freedom, others worried that disorder in Cuba hreated their own economic and political interests, and some thought that intervention would increase the influence of the U.S. in the Caribbean and along key Pacific routes to Asian markets.

Who coined the phrase "Gilded Age" in a book satirizing the corruption post-Civil War society and politics?

Mark Twain

How did gender affect the ideological arguments?

Men: Some Americans endorsed expansion as consistent with their ideals of masculinity, Forceful expansion would be a manly course, relying on building strength and honor among American males. Women: They, in particular, organized foreign missionary societies and served in the missions. They pursued a religious transformation that often resembled a cultural conversion, for they promoted trade, developed business interests, and encouraged westernization through technology and education as well as religion.

*Civil Service Act of 1883 (or the Pendleton Act)*

Merit instead of political affiliation in order to get a federal job. Considered the Magna Carta of Civil Service Reform Affected 10% of jobs at first

What was a result of the immigration laws passed in the United States after World War I?

Mexican immigrants began to migrate to northern cities

What two countries were engaged in a negotiation that led to the created of the Lodge Corollary?

Mexico and Japan

Describe the U.S. military of the Spanish-American War.

Military victory also came swiftly in Cuba, since the U.S. Army finally landed in late June. Victory came despite bureaucratic bungling in the War Department, which left the army poorly led, trained, and supplied. Although the Rough Riders captured public attention, other units were more effective. The 10th Negro Cavalry, for example, played the crucial role in capturing San Juan Hill, a battle popularly associated with the Rough Riders. U.S. naval power again proved decisive. In a lopsided battle on July 3, the Spanish Squadron in Cuba was destroyed, isolating the Spanish army and guaranteeing its defeat.

Which technology of 1920s had the greatest influence on American ideas and attitudes?

Motion pictures

What of the following was NOT used to control American dissent against the war effort?

National Civil Liberties Bureau

The Steel Strike of 1919

National Committee for Organizing Iron and Steel workers to improve their lives, post-war unemployment increased and the US Steel Corporation refused to meet with committee, demanded right to bargain, shorter workdays, and a living wage, companies won

What were our economic concerns?

Nearly all Americans favored economic expansion through foreign trade, Such a policy promised national prosperity: more markets for manufacturers and farmers, greater profits for merchants and bankers , more jobs for workers.

*Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882*

No immigration from China (this is until 1940's)

Was Mahan solely responsible for the development of the U.S. Navy?

No, its origins went back to 1881, when Congress established the Naval Advisory Board, which successfully lobbied for larger naval appropriations. This larger navy, in turn, demanded strategic bases and coaling stations.

Why was victory in the Philippines important?

Once war was declared, Commodore George Dewey led the U.S. Asiatic squadron into Manila Bay and destroyed the much weaker Spanish fleet on May 1, 1898. This dramatic victory galvanized expansionist sentiment in the U.S. With Dewey's triumph, exalted one expansionist, "We are taking our proper rank among the nations of the world. We are after markets, the greatest markets now existing in the world."

Emily Greene Balch

One of the leaders of the women's movement for peace efforts—received Nobel Peace and Freedom. Fired from Wellesley College for anti war views

*Democrats*

Opposite of Republicans (ex. opposed tariffs); associated with NY bankers/financiers

American Civil Liberties Union

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties.

Oswald Garrison Villard

Organizer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

*Chester Arthur*

Originally VP of Garfield, but becomes president after Garfield is assassinated Focused on reform Was more of a Half-breed Republican, as seen with the legislature passed during his time in office Didn't like the Stalwarts

What issues surrounded the Open Door Policy?

Other nations replied evasively, except for Russia, which rejected the Open Door concept. In 1900, an anti-foreign Chinese nationalist movement known as the Boxers laid siege to the diplomatic quarter in Beijing.

Conscientious Objectors

Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

Wisconsin Idea

Political system created by Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin, that embodied progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions his state.

*Subtreasury Plan*

Populist Party Store grain in gov. warehouses and use said grain as collateral for farmer's equipment and such

What impact did the establishment of national parks such as Yosemite and Yellowstone have on the American railroad industry?

Potential tourists from eastern states showed an increased interest in rail travel to visit the parks.

Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality

President Wilson issued this statement to continue America's traditional neutrality policy towards Europe. Asked Americans not to pick sides

Wilsonianism

President Wilson's idealistic world view of opposing imperialism, war, revolution and the belief in democracy/democratic peace theory

Wilson's 14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace

The Palmer Raids

Raided offices,homes of those suspected communists socialists anarchists. rarely had warrants jailed without lawyers hundreds deported. Failed to find evidence of communists take over , fueled the red scare

What were "spheres of influence" in China?

Regions dominated and controlled by an outside power, such as European nations or Japan.

Recall

Remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, free silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Irreconcilables

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

Reservationists

Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

Reservationists

Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate article X

square deal

Roosevelt's own brand of Progressivism; to protect public health; protection of public land

new nationalism

Roosevelt; a charge that required a vigorous and powerful federal government to protect public interests; sought to capitalize on the stewardship approach that he had made famous during his previous administration.

Religious persecution led to the increased immigration of what nationality of people beginning in the 1880s?

Russians

*Election of 1876*

Rutherford B. Hayes (R & came from Ohio) Vs. Samuel Tilden (D & uncovered truth about Tweed) Was a Stalemate, and therefore the Electoral Count Act (1877) was passed in order to resolve the issue, where a group of 15 men from Supreme Court, House of Rep. & Senate, decided on a compromise....

Which of the following events was not used to justify the United States' entry into World War I in 1917?

Selected Service Act

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Yellow journalism

Sensational newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers

Identify and explain the historical significance of the settlement house movement

Settlement houses came to be due to the wealthier women wanting to make change. Many people were very poor and because most women could not due to much in the political realm they came up with housing. Settlement Housing was when a person of wealth bought an old house or mansion and renovated it to match a persons needs. This housing was meant to be temporary while families found work and got themselves back on their feet. many of these places had sections for sleeping, eating, bathing, and more. These help numerous families in need and helped bring the standard for living up for urban communities.

The popularization of which psychologist's idea encourages the new morality of the 1920s?

Sigmund Freud

The Revenue Act of 1916

Significantly increased taxes on individuals (richer people) and corporations to finance the war.

In the 1920s, the populations of American metropolitan areas grew as a result of the construction of which of the following?

Skyscrapers

How did geography affect the argument?

Social Darwinism had a part in it. As European nations expanded into Asia and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s, seeking colones, markets, and raw materials, these advocates argued, the U.S. had to adopt similar policies to ensure national success.

Expatriate

Someone who lives outside of their home country

Which of the following was an indirect outcome of the United States' entering World War I?

Southern African-Americans migrated to northern cities

Which of the following was an indirect outcome of the United States' entering World War I?

Southern African-Americans migrated to northern cities.

*Credit Mobilier*

Started in 1872 Road builder for Union Pacific Railroad. Overcharged public & bribed Republicans of Congress

The Navy Act of 1916

Started the largest naval expansion in American History

Taylorism

System named for Fredrick Winslow Taylor, aimed improving factory efficiency rates through principle of standardization; Taylor's model limited workers repetitive tasks, reducing human contact & opportunities to think or collaborate

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies

Dollar diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy, which involves using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies

How did Wilson contradict himself and why?

Taking office in 1913, the Democrat Woodrow Wilson repudiated the interventionist policies of his Republican predecessors. He promised that the U.S. would "never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest" but would instead work to promote "human rights, national integrity, and opportunity" in Latin America. Nevertheless, Wilson soon became the most interventionist president in American history. Convinced that the U.S. had to expand its exports and investments abroad and that U.S. dominance of the Caribbean was strategically necessary, he also held the racist belief that Latin Americans were inferior and needed paternalistic guidance from the U.S. Providing that guidance through military force if necessary.

*Tammany Ring*

Tammany Hall and William "Boss" Tweed Democratic POLITICAL MACHINE Used fraud, bribery, threats/violence, and graft to get their way when it came to votes New York Courthouse

*Populist Party*

Temporary Grew out of the Grange Movement; Subtreasury plan, Gov. owned railroads, graduated income tax, gov. control over currency, recognition of laborers, rights for unions, & Free coinage of silver

*Gilded Age*

Term coined by Mark Twain in his book " The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today".

What assumptions are evident in the primary source?

That America should act as the protector of the interests of Cuba; that America should be responsible for the welfare of the people, politically, mentally, and morally. In return, we are allowed a portion of their crops and whatnot. Also, there is no distrust in the Cubans for the Americans, and that the Cubans are grateful for America's intervention.

How did racism affect U.S. actions in the Philippines?

The "white man's burden" played a large role as white people felt that it was their duty to subjugate the "inferior races". The overt racism of the war repelled African Americans. John Mitchell, a Virginia editor, condemned all the talk of "white man's burden" as deceptive rhetoric for brutal acts that couldn't be "defended either in moral or international law." The Anti-Imperialist League revived, citing the war as proof of the corrosive influence of imperialism on the nation's morals and principles. Women figured prominently in mass meetings and lobbying efforts to have the troops returned, their moral stature further undercutting the rationale for colonial wars.

Scopes monkey trial

The 1925 trial of John scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites

the Balfour Declaration of 1917

The British proclamation in 1917 stating support for the creation of a Jewish state was called

Which of the following events was used to justify the United States entry into World War I in 1917?

The Germans sinking of the Lusitania

Which of the following films released in 1927 was the first successful talking motion picture?

The Jazz Singer

Railroad Administration

The Railroad Administration took charge of the railroads and ran them as a single system. (697)

Which book documented and exposed political corruption in the United States?

The Shame of the Cities

How did we get the Panama Canal?

The Spanish-American War intensified the long American interest in a canal through Central America to eliminate the length and dangerous ocean route around South America. Its commercial value seemed obvious, but the war emphasized its strategic importance. McKinley declared that a canal wa now "demanded by the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands and the prospective expansion of our influence and commerce in the Pacific." Theodore Roosevelt moved quickly to implement McKinley's commitment to a canal after becoming president in 1901. Roosevelt's canal diplomacy helped establish the assertive presidency that largely characterized U.S. foreign policy ever since. Roosevelt, furious that Columbia had rejected his proposal that Columbia sell a canal zone for $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 out of fear of loss of sovereignty in Panama and hoping for more money, wrote a message to Congress proposing military action to seize the isthmus of Panama. Instead of using direct force, however, Roosevelt worked with Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a french official of the Panama Canal Company, to exploit long-smoldering Panamanian discontent with Colombia. His purpose was to get the Canal Zone, Bunau-Varilla's was to get money. Roosevelt ordered U.S. naval forces to Panama; from New York, Bunau-Varilla coordinated a revolt against Colombian authority directed by officials of the Panama Railroad, owned by Bunau-Varilla's canal company. The bloodless "revolution" succeeded when U.S. forces was bound by treaty to maintain Colombian sovereignty in the region. Bunau-Varilla promptly signed a treaty accepting Roosevelt's original terms for a canal zone and making Panama a U.S. protectorate, which it remained until 1939.

Had the U.S. Prior to the 1890s aggressively pursued a strong foreign policy?

The U.S. had long aggressively fostered AMerican trade, especially in Latin America and East Asia. As early as 1844, U.S. had negotiated a trade treaty with China, and ten years later a squadron under Commodore Matthew Perry had forced the Japanese to open their ports to American products. In the late 19th century, the dramatic expansion of the economy caused many AMericans to favor more government action to open foreign markets to American exports.

What was one reason why the United States did not eceonomically suffer after World War I in the same way that its allies did?

The United States had no major battles or attacks on its own soil

How did Hay's suggestion of an open door policy in China benefit the United States over other nations?

The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries.

What were the key issues surround the Treaty of Paris?

The armistice required Spain to accept Cuban independence, cede Puerto Rico and Guam (a Pacific Island between Hawaii and the Philippines) to the U.S. and allow the Americans to occupy Manila, pending the final disposition of the Philippines at a formal peace conference.

Teapot Dome scandal

The bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923

Prohibition

The campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

Return to normalcy

The campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920

Open Door Notes

The circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and real roads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly Leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States

What is Mahanism?

The conviction, following the ideas advanced by Alfred Thayer Mahan, that U.S. security required a strong navy and economic and territorial expansion.

Winfield Scott Hancock

The democratic candidate for president in 1880 and civil war hero. He nearly took the national election, as Garfield failed to get a majority, but lost overwhelmingly in the Electoral College

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.

the Boston police strike

The entire police force of Boston went on strike in September 1919 because they had not received a pay increase since the start of the war. It raised Calvin Coolidge's popularity for dealing with the issue.

Clear and present danger

The expression used by Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1

Model T

The first car produced by the Ford motor company that took advantage of the economies of scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the population

Jeannette Rankin

The first woman elected to Congress from Montana; was a pacifist and voted no on the war resolution

Sphere of influence

The goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreement

What influence did Secretaries of State Seward and Blaine have on American imperialism?

These two secretaries of state laid the foundation for a larger and more aggressive U,S, role in the world affairs. Seward possessed an elaborate imperial vision, based on his understanding of commercial opportunities, strategic necessities and national destiny, His interest in opening East Asia to American commerce and establishing American hegemony over the Caribbean anticipated the subsequent course of American expansion. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, approved the navy's occupation of the Midway Islands in the Pacific, pushed AMerican trade on a reluctant Japan, and repeatedly tried to acquire Caribbean naval bases. His policy for expansion, as one observer noted, "went too far and too fast for the public," and many of his plans fizzled. Blaine was an equally vigorous, if inconsistent, advocate of expansion, He worked to extend what he called America's "commercial empire" in the Pacific and to ensure U.S, sovereignty over any canal in Panama, insisting that it be a "purely American waterway to be treated as part of our own coastline. He also attempted to induce Latin American nations to import manufactured products from the U.S. rather than Europe; but, wary of economic subordination to the colossus of the north, they rejected Blaine's plans.

Redeemers

These were Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

How did Spain respond?

They agreed to most of the demands, such as the then do the re-concentration policy, brutal military tactics, and an armistice in Cuba, but refused to acknowledge Cuban independence.

How did Colombia react to the United States' proposal to construct a canal through Central America?

They felt that Roosevelt's deal did not offer enough money.

What led some businesses in the early twentieth century to accept unions rather than resist them?

They hoped that accepting unions would be an effective way to prevent strikes and other problems

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

National Defense Act of 1916

This act, in response to the Lusitania, increased the standing Federal army to 175,000 and permitted that it be enlarged to 223,00. It also increased the National Guard to 440,000 and introduced ROTC in schools

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

This commission was created in 1914 to investigate industries engaged in interstate commerce. The commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.

The Great Betrayal

This is a phrase used by African Americans in reference to the Compromise of 1877 which ended Reconstruction in the South and doomed blacks decades of discrimination and violence.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This law (18900 was the first federal action against monopolies. It was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

This law passed in 1890 required the federal government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Revenue Act of 1913, aka Underwood Tariff Act.

This legislation lowered tariff rates across the board by approximately 15 percent and completely eliminated tariffs on several imports, including steel, iron ore, woolen products, and farm tools. To offset the potential loss of federal revenue, this new law reinstituted the federal income tax, which followed the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment.

Charles Giteau

This man assassinated James Garfield. He was a minor member of Garfield's campaign staff, Garfield never met the guy. This guy expected political appointment from Garfield, but didn't get it, so he shot and killed the President.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president under Grant.

Mugwamps

This term was used to describe Republicans who favored political reform in the late 1800s. James Blaine was a leader of this group.

Interstate Commerce Act

This was a 1887 law passed by Congress to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses through the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. This law was passed in response to the rising power of railroads.

McKinley Tariff

This was a law passed by Congress in 1890 that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history.

Depression of 1893

This was a major economic downturn caused by excessive building and over-speculation as well as a continued agricultural depression along with the free coining of silver and the collecting of debts by European banking house. This was the worst economic downturn of the 1800s.

The Zimmermann Telegram

This was a note sent from the German foreign minister to his ambassador in Mexico during World War I. It ordered him to seek an alliance with Mexico that would the Mexicans to seize the American Southwest if the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. Intercepted and published by the British, it contributed to the American decision to declare war against Germany on April 6, 1917.

Gilded Age

This was a phrase coined by Mark Twain to describe American society in the late 1800s to early 1900s. This was a time of a tremendous increase in wealth caused by industrialization contrasted with many social problems beneath the surface.

How did Americans want to expand their influence?

Through paternalistic or humanitarian instincts to improve Cuba's economy, schools, and sanitation while at the same time naturally making American business the beneficiaries of this reorganization of Cuban constitutional convention. They tended to use "conquest, colonization, and territorial expansion unequalled by any other people in the nineteenth century", some prefered to use extensive trade to maintain influence and investments rather than military occupation. Others advocated a cultural expansionism in which the nation exported its ideals and institutions.

What is the Roosevelt Corollary?

To protect the security of the canal, the U.S. increased its authority in the Caribbean, The objective was to establish conditions there that would both eliminate any pretext for European intervention and promote American control over trade and investment. Towards that end, in 1904, Roosevelt announced a new policy, the so-called Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. "Chronic wrongdoing," he declared, would cause the U.S. to exercise "an international police power" in the Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary attempted to justify U,S. intervention and authority in the region.

Recall

To remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war [*allowing the U.S. to enter the war* (didn't want to support a tsarist regime)] (1918).

*Grand Army of the Republic*

Tried to pass several bills through Congress that gave pensions to loads of veterans Most were vetoed by Cleveland

Mark Twain's Gilded Age is a reference to the corrupt politics of the post-Civil War era.

True

T/F The Harlem Hellfighters was the nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France.

True

What was the effect of his actions?

Under his Dollar Diplomacy, American investments in the Caribbean increased dramatically during Taft's presidency from 1909 to 1913, and the State Department helped arrange for American bankers to establish financial control over Haiti and Honduras. But Taft didn't shrink from employing military force to protect American property or to establish the conditions he thought necessary for American investments. In fact, Taft intervened more frequently than Roosevelt had, with Nicaragua a major target. Dollar diplomacy increased American power and influence in the Caribbean and tied underdeveloped countries to the U.S. economically and strategically, By 1913, American investments in the region had grown dramatically, and Americans had captured more than 50% of the foreign trade of Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haití, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. But this policy failed to improve the conditions of most Latin American countries. U.S. officials remained primarily concerned with promoting American control and extracting American profits from the region. Not surprisingly, dollar diplomacy proved unpopular in Latin America.

Second Ku Klux Klan

Unlike the secret terror group of the reconstruction era, the second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism

Abrams v. U.S.

Upheld convictions of 5 russian immigrants in NY for criticizing the federal government. The decision reflects emergence of the "bad tendency" test allowing greater restriction of speech and less freedom of speech.

The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed, which "muckraking" journalist published their investigations of Chicago's stockyards?

Upton Sinclair

Which "muckraking" journalist advocated the reforms that led to the Pure Food and Drug Act?

Upton Sinclair

How did Filipinos view U.S. involvement initially?

What was initially positive, decreased drastically as the American Officials acted in an increasingly imperious manner towards them, first refusing to meet with the "savages" and then ridiculing Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, and his "so-called government". Mounting Tensions erupted in a battle between American and Filipino troops outside Manila on Feb. 4, 1899.

Liberty Bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

During the late nineteenth century, which supremacist terror organization did the Democrats rely on to intimidate blacks and Republicans in Louisiana?

White League

In order to pursure his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State?

William Jennings Bryan

Who was NOT a candidate in the 1912 presidential election?

William Jennings Bryan

What were American actions in Mexico?

Wilson also involved himself in the internal affairs of Mexico. The lengthy dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz had collapsed in 1911 in revolutionary disorder. The popular leader Francisco Madero took power and promised democratic and economic reforms that alarmed both wealthy Mexicans and foreign investors, particularly Americans. In 1913, General Victoriano Huerta seized control in a brutal counter revolution backed by the landed aristocracy and foreign interests. Appalled by the violence of Huerta's power grab and aware that opponents had organized to reestablish constitution government, Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta government. Hoping to bring the constitutionalists to power, Wilson authorized arms sales to the forces led by Venustiano Carranza, pressured other nations to deprive Huerta of foreign support, and blockaded the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. In 1914, Wilson exploited a minor incident to have the marines attack and occupy Vera Cruz. This hurt assault damaged his image as a promoter of peace and justice, and even Carranza and the Constitutionalist denounced the American occupation as unwarranted aggression.

Wilson's War Message

Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany "to make the world safe for democracy." - Wilson accused Germans of violating freedom of the seas, killing innocent Americans, interfering with Mexico

National War Labor Board

Wilson instituted this board in 1918: discouraged strikes and lockouts and urged management to negotiate with existing unions

The Armed-Ship Bill

Wilson requested authority to arm American merchant ships after the release of the Zimmerman telegraph, antiwar senators saw it as a blank check for the president to move the country to war, and although Wilson began arming the ships anyway, several American ships were sunk

Silent Sentinels

Women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal.

Silent sentinels

Women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

Fourteen points

Woodrow Wilson's post war peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free-trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others

new freedom

Woodrow Wilson; stood for a smaller federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with big businesses and banks.

Eugene V. Debs was:

a Socialist candidate for president.

Progressivism

a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption.

Progressivism

a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption

niagara movement

a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Which challenege did American farmers face in the late nineteenth century that resulted in them having to continually lower the prices of the crops they sold?

a cycle of overproduction

Grange

a farmers' organization, launched in 1867, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade

the Paris Peace Conference

a meeting of 27 nations to decide what to do with Germany. Major players were Lloyd George of Britain, Woodrow Wilson of the US, and Clemenceau of France. Although Woodrow Wilson wanted mild repercussions towards Germany, the other nations wanted strong reparations.

Farmers' Alliance

a national conglomeration of different regional farmers' alliances that joined together in 1890 with the goal of furthering farmers' concerns in politics

IWW (Wobblies)

a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

Direct Primary

a political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the South, this strengthened all-white solidarity within the Democratic Party

Mugwumps

a portion of the Republican Party that broke away from the Stalwart-versus-Half-Breed debate due to disgust with their candidate's corruption

Initiative

a proposed law, or initiative, placed on the ballot by public petition

Coxey's Army

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. They sought government relief for unemployed workers .

Alliances

a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.

The word Progressivism came into common use around 1910 as:

a way of describing a broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups.

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war?

a women's liberation movement

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age

a. a growing supply of labor. b. availability of capital for investment. c. federal land grants to railroads. e. abundant natural resources.

During this period of study, southern state governments eliminated black voting using all of the following

a. literacy and understanding tests b. poll taxes c. the grandfather clause

cost-plus contracts

adding a standard markup (set percentage added) to the cost of the product rather than have companies compete for the lowest bid; allowed for faster mobilization because companies made higher profits from producing more/fast

The Industrial Workers of the World:

advocated a workers' revolution.

Jane Addams:

advocated for the working poor.

direct primary

allowed party members to vote directly for a candidate, with the nomination going to the one with the most votes. This was the beginning of the current system of holding a primary election before a general election. South Carolina adopted this system for statewide elections in 1896; in 1901, Florida became the first state to use the direct primary in nominations for the presidency. It is the method currently used in three-quarters of U.S. states.

referendum

allowed voters to counteract legislation by holding a referendum—that is, putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject. Currently twenty-four states allow some form of initiative and referendum.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

The Palmer Raids were targeted towards which group of people?

anarchists

Which form of patronage was common among US presidents during the late nineteeth century?

appointing friends and supports to work political positions

The Nineteenth Amendment:

barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting.

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity?

because inflation made the cost of living higher

Why did some Central American nations object to Taft's paying off their debt to Europe with U.S. dollars?

because it made them indebted to the United States.

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law?

because they refused to warn their targets before firing

Which of the following social groups was NOT heavily involved in the Progressive movement?

big-city-machine politicians

The illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition is best defined as

bootlegging

The Triangle Shirtwaist fire:

brought in its wake increased union organizing among New York City garment workers and much-needed safety legislation.

How did the Roosevelt administration react to Colombia's refusal to allow the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama?

by aiding Panama in declaring independence from Colombia

How did some Progressives of the early twentieth century justify segregation and exclusion of African-Americans from the democratic process?

by citing eugeniscists theories concerning race

How did the advertisers of the early 20th century use psychology to sell products?

by convincing people that they needed certain goods

In the late nineteenth century, how did business owners typically respond to periods of economic stagnation?

by increasing workers' hours and responsibilities while cutting wages

How did American workers most often protest unfair labor conditions before the onset of labor unions?

by performing poor work

How did the Second Industrial revolution change the economy in the United States after the Civil War?

consumer goods were produced in unprecedented quantities

The National Research Council

created during WWI, researched national defense (created Tanks, armor-piercing explosives, and oxygen masks)

what were some key areas of focus for the Progressives?

democracy social justice business regulation

Which Populist positions did the Democrats and Republicans adopt after the election of 1896?

direct election of senators

What was the primary motivator for U.S. intervention in Central America in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

economic gain

Dollar-a-year Executives

executives who flocked to nation's capital from major companies to serve as official administrators for advice on purchases and prices

Muckrakers:

exposed the problems of industrial and urban life.

a primary method by which the American government dealt with American Indians during the period of western settlement

extermination assimilation relocation

Which is not one of the reasons the Anti- Imperial League gave for opposing the creation of an American empire?

fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion

recall

permitted citizens to remove a public official from office through a process of petition and vote, similar to the initiative and referendum. While this measure was not as widely adopted as the others, Oregon, in 1910, became the first state to allow recalls. By 1920, twelve states had adopted this tool.

initiative

permitted voters to enact legislation by petitioning to place an idea, or initiative, on the ballot. In 1898, South Dakota became the first state to allow initiatives to appear on a ballot. By 1920, twenty states had adopted the procedure.

What was the goal of the Niagara Movement founded in 1906 by W.E.B. DuBois?

political, economic, and social equality for African Americans

What caused critics to started referring to Populists as "Democrats in sheep's clothing"?

populists weakened their own party identity by endorsing a democratic candidate

Why did the united states express limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860's and 1870's?

post civil war reconstruction

American Union Against Militarism

pressured Wilson to continue pursuing path of peace. many of the nation's most prominent progressives and socialists joined hands in this union.

Espionage Act

prison sentence of up to 20 years for people found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers or encouraging disloyalty

Neutral Rights

privileges or freedoms that are granted to nations that do not choose a side in a conflict

progressive party

progressive republicans under Roosevelt; "Bull Moose Party"; against Taft in 1912 presidential election

The Eighteenth Amendment:

prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Which of the following reform movements' advocates were mostly women?

prohibition

The Treaty of Versailles:

required Germany to pay over $33 billion in reparations.

Yellow Journalism

sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers

The Resignation of Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan

sinking of the Lusitania led to Brian believing that the US shouldn't let Americans on board British ships, Wilson refused; Bryan wanted Germany and Britain to be equally punished but Wilson again refused; the split between them led to Bryan's resignation

The American Left

socialist and communists, neither parties were successful in America

What effect did the result of the 1896 election have on the Populist Party?

started disappearing because they started working with democrats

Which of the following resulted from the opening of large coal deposits in the United States in the late 1800s?

steam replaced water as the nations leading source of energy

Eugenics is the:

study of the supposed mental characteristics of different races.

"Red Summer"

summer of 1919 when race riots rocked over 24 towns and cities. Worst violence was in Chicago, with one incident resulting in 38 people dead

Red Summer

summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

As a Progressive president, Theodore Roosevelt:

supported the conservation movement.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

supreme court justice that ruled that one's freedom of speech and other civil liberties not absolute and could be curtailed

Red Scare

term used to describe the fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over Communist infiltrators led Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether Communist or not

Which of the following events was not used to justify the United States' entry into World War I in 1917?

the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

What is the era towards the end of the nineteenth century, characterized by great transformation, commonly called today?

the Gilded Age

NAACP

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley

naacp

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded in 1909; Du Bois served as the influential director of publications for the NAACP from its inception until 1933.

Farmers and laborers who were displeased with the actions of the Republicans and Democrats in the 1890s formed which party as a response?

the Populist Party

Which American third party's membership included mostly farmers and laborers?

the Populist Party

After leaving the Republican Party, Theodore Roosevelt ran for a third term as a candidate for what party?

the Progressive Party

Which of the following was NOT enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort?

the Sedition Act

The government's changing role in the United States during World War I was evident in the establishment of which agency?

the United Railway Administration

In which part of the country were the first states to grant women suffrage?

the West

Deserters

the abandonment of a duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning

Prohibition

the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

With the Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine), Roosevelt sought to establish ________.

the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary

Open Door notes

the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States

civil service

the contrast to the spoils system, where political appointments were based on merit, not favoritism

After Reconstruction ended, what most encouraged foreign investment in U.S. industries?

the efficiency and friendliness of the U.S. patent system

Clear and Present Danger

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

Sphere of Influence

the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements

What position did the Populist Party support?

the government should own all railroads and telephone and telegraph lines.

What position did the Populist Party support?

the government should own all railroads and telephone/telegraph lines

What political party was formed by the Grange movement and supported the usage of a print currency not based upon a gold standard?

the greenback party

Half-Breeds

the group of Republicans led by James G. Blaine, named because they supported some measure of civil service reform and were thus considered to be only "half Republican"

Stalwarts

the group of Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling who strongly supported the continuation of the patronage system

Which goal of the Farmers' Alliance later led to the creation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act during the Great Depression of the 1930's?

the introduction of a subtreasury plan

What method of manufacturing known as the American system rely upon?

the making changeable parts

Which U.S. region's natural resources made it a key area for the production of iron and steel in the late 1800s?

the midwest

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919?

the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach

liberty bonds

the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort

Seward's Folly

the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward's acquisition of Alaska in 1867

Gilded Age

the period in American history during which materialism, a quest for personal gain, and corruption dominated both politics and society

The United States' first large business bureaucracies began within which industry?

the railroad industry

which is not one of the reasons the anti-Imperial league gave for opposing the creation of an American Empire

the reopening of the American frontier

which of the following did Mahan not believe was needed to build an american empire

the reopening of the American frontier

Zimmermann telegram

the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies

What led some businesses in the early twentieth century to accept unions rather than resist them?

they hoped accepting unions would be an effective way to prevent strikes and other labor problems.

Labor Shortage Solutions

time-and-a-half pay for overtime work, Dept. of Labor matched laborers with job vacancies, temporarily relaxed literacy tests and head tax of immigration law to attract farm labor

Federal Reserve Act

to regulate the banking industry and establish a federal banking system (Figure 21.22). Designed to remove power over interest rates from the hands of private bankers, the new system created twelve privately owned regional reserve banks regulated by a presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.

What characterized the era known as the Gilded Age?

transformation in the economy

By 1880, a majority of Americans worked in farm activities.

true

Reformers during this period of study, feared the, with lower-class groups seeking to use government to advance their own interest , democracy was becoming a threat to individual liberty and to the rights of property.

true

Women in the American West enjoyed greater equality than those in the eastern United States.

true

In the presidential election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson:

used the campaign slogan "He kept us out of war."

British naval policy

wanted to sever neutral trade with Germany to ruin their economy, declared blockade of water entrances to Germany and mined the North Sea, seized cargoes and defined a broad list of contraband that they prohibited neutrals from shipping to Germany, flew neutral flags on their ships, Wilson constantly protested their violation of neutral rights

Scientific management:

was pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor.

Educated middle-class women during the Progressive period

were actively involved in reform movements

As war broke out in Europe, Americans:

were deeply divided.