Unit 2 Chapter 24: America Moves to the City (1865-1890)

pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems.

John Dewey

A leader of the pragmatist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Dewey applied its philosophy to education and social reform, advocating "learning by doing" as well as the application of knowledge to solving real-life problems. He became an outspoken promoter of social and political reforms that broadened American democracy.

regionalism

A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color," of America's various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.

Tuskegee Institute

All choices are correct: A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accommodationist."

Carrie Chapman Catt

All of the choices are correct: Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 to 1920. A leader of the revived women's suffrage movement. Catt was also active internationally, helping women in other countries gain suffrage and advocating for international peace.

W. E. B. Du Bois

All of the choices are correct: A Harvard-educated leader in the fight for racial equality, Du Bois believed that liberal arts education would provide the "talented tenth" of African Americans with the ability to lift their race into full participation in society. From New York, where he was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), he relentlessly brought attention to racism in America and demanded legal and cultural change. During his long life he published many important books of history, sociology, and poetry and provided intellectual leadership to those advocating civil rights. One of his deepest convictions was that American blacks needed to connect their freedom struggle with African independence, and he died as a resident of the new nation of Ghana.

Which of the following best represents organized labor's views toward new immigrants?

American workers deserved protection from these foreign laborers.

naturalism

An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments

Booker T. Washington

As head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Washington advocated for vocational education for African Americans so that they could gain economic security

What conclusion may be reasonably drawn from the image?

Assimilation was not yet complete for these families.

During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following?

Calls for reforms to local and state governments

After 1875, most natural scientists did which of the following?

Came around to espouse organic evolution after having initially opposed it.

Which two religious groups gained greatly from the mass immigration of the late nineteenth century?

Catholics and Jews

Which of the following was a long-term development that contributed to the change in Chinese immigration depicted in the graph between 1875 and 1885 ?

Chinese laborers competed with White laborers for jobs and mineral wealth during the 1850s and 1860s.

Which author took a magnifying glass to the inner turmoil and moral shortcomings of post-Civil War high society?

Edith Wharton

During the late nineteenth century, members of which of the following groups were most likely to advocate settlement houses as a means of social reform?

Educated middle-class women

What did the "normal schools" that grew dramatically in the late nineteenth century specialize in?

Educating teachers

Immigrants to the United States in the last quarter of the nineteenth century came primarily from

European farms and villages

Who was the journalist-reformer who advocated a single tax?

Henry George

Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth century?

Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce

A prominent leader in promoting the settlement house movement was

Jane Addams

What does this image suggest about life in the tenement?

Life in the tenement was communal.

Which American author is known for carrying literary realism to new heights?

Mark Twain

realism

Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.

Who primarily ran settlement houses?

Middle-class, native-born women

The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the

Midwest and Northeast

Which of the following was a difference between the immigration from 1865 to 1895 depicted in the graph and immigration in the 1840s and 1850s?

More immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s arrived with cultural practices similar to those of Americans than did the immigrants who arrived between 1865 and 1895.

Which of the following was a response to both immigration in the 1850s and the immigration depicted in the graph?

Nativists advocated against the continued arrival of immigrants.

Which of the following best accounts for the downward curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900?

Restrictive congressional legislation

Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

Settlement house workers

Anthony Comstock was best known for his crusade against which of the following?

Sexual explicitness and obscenity

"Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization." The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought?

Social Darwinism

"Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as

Social Darwinists

The late nineteenth century ushered in an era of social crusades and reform, including the effort to prohibit alcohol and promote temperance. All of the following phrases describe the goals of this movement except:

Target unwanted immigrant groups

Which of the following aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces?

The City Beautiful movement

Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women's activism during which of the following earlier periods?

The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

All of the following were true of daily newspapers in the late nineteenth century except:

The day of slashing journalistic giants like Horace Greeley was returning.

Which of the following statements about woman suffrage is true?

The only states with complete woman suffrage before 1900 were west of the Mississippi.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend (increase in immigration) depicted in the graph?

The transformation of the United States into an industrial society

Which of the following was true of the settlement house workers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

They included large numbers of middle-class, college-educated women.

All of the following are true of "New Immigrants" except:

They primarily immigrated from western Europe

City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following?

They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of immigrants in the late nineteenth century?

They were mainly female.

What is the likely purpose of the piecework?

To earn a second income.

Naturalism

a literary style exploring social dislocation and intellectual upheaval

Jane Addams began the settlement house movement with her Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services primarily to

immigrants

Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to help

immigrants adapt to American customs and language

The cartoon above is a commentary on late-nineteenth-century

municipal corruption

Settlement house workers of the late nineteenth century would most likely have engaged in all of the following EXCEPT

organizing women workers into labor unions

Liberal Protestantism

reconciliation of religious ideas with modern culture

The image was created most directly in response to

the power gained by urban political machines

natural selection

theory explaining how organisms evolved