Unit 2
all of the above
How do microbiologists prevent microbial contamination when making media? the media is cooked for 15 minutes at 120o C and at 15 psi the media is treated so that spores are killed the media is placed in an autoclave
virtually an eternity
How long can spores survive?
1 1/2 hours
How long does it take for a spore to germinate?
6 hours
How long does it take to produce a spore?
Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: does not have a cell wall; most common cause of pneumonia in college students
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Helminths is a group in the Kingdom Animalia. Which of the following phylums make up this group?
Platyhelminthes Spirochetes
Following an algae bloom, what is the cause of death of ocean plants and animals?
bacteria decompose the dead algae and use up ocean oxygen
Toxoplasmainfects:
billions of people
Include a group called 'kelp'; produces a substance which is used as an emulsifier for food products and rubber
brown algae
The functions of a glycocalyx include the following:
can be used as a food source acts as a sunscreen to prevent chromosomal damage attaches the bacterium to a surface attaches the bacterium to other bacteria
Toxoplasmosis has the following characteristics:
can cause deformities in fetus reservoir is cats zoonose
Glycocalyx comes in two forms. If it is a rigid structure and tightly attached to the cell, it is called a:
capsule
Glycocalyx is made from:
carbohydrate
This worm has a flat body structure and is segmented. Each segment is called a proglottid.
cestode
One of the genera of bacteria is called Streptococci. The name tells you that the cell arrangement is:
chains
Because of their form of nutrition, algae contain a special organelle called a:
chloroplast
Which group of protozoans are coated with small hair-like structures which move in unison to propel the protozoan through an aqueous environment?
ciliates
Examples of an antimicrobial which interferes with protein synthesis include all of the following except for:
ciprofloxacin
Prior to cell division, the chromosome is replicated. Which antibiotic is used to interfere with replication and therefore kill the bacteria?
ciprofloxacin
If a bacterium divides along multiple planes during reproduction, it will appear under the microscope as:
clusters
One of the genera of bacteria is called Staphylococci. The name tells you that the cell arrangement is:
clusters
A round-shaped bacterial cells is called:
coccus
Prokaryote flagellum have the following characteristics:
components include a basal body, hook and filament components rotate like an outboard motor
All spirochetes look:
corkscrew
When the environment becomes hostile, some protozoans can produce a protective outer layer and become metabolically inactive. This form of protozoan is called a:
cyst
Some fungi exist in a yeast form. Some fungi exist in a mold form. Some fungi can switch from yeast to mold and back again. Those that can switch are called:
dimorphic
Match the following terms with the appropriate definition: only used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
When are plasmids replicated by a cell?
during cell division as part of conjugation
Spirochetes use a modified flagellum called a(n):
endoflagellum
Some areas of the ocean are 'dead zones' where no life exists. These dead zones are the result of algae blooms. The algae blooms are a result of:
eutrophication of the water
Symptoms associated with giardiasis include:
explosive stools malnutrition
Amoeba move via:
extension of the cell membrane; also called a pseudopod
The US is a country of immigrants and former slaves. A fungal infection of potatoes was responsible for the immigration of:
irish
A silver bullet has the following characteristics:
kills the pathogen but does not harm the host targets structures which human cells do not have
Algae can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of algae can combine with fungi to form:
lichen
Cyanobacteria can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of cyanobacteria can combine with fungi to form:
lichen
LPS is an acronym for:
lipopolysaccharide
Thermoacidophiles like:
low pH
Which group of Archaea contribute to global warming?
methanogens
Which white blood cell has a receptor for lipid A?
monocyte
A collection of mold filaments is called a:
mycelium
Which of the following symbiotic relationships includes a species of fungi?
mycorrhizae lichens
A fungal infection is called a:
mycosis
This worm has a round body structure and is known to be a pathogen for every known animal and plant:
nematode
Are membranes a good target for antimicrobials?
no
One of the unique groups of bacteria is the cyanobacteria. This group has the following characteristics except:
obligate intracellular pathogen
The main form of nutrition for algae is:
photoautotroph
If taxis is caused by sunlight, it is called:
phototaxis
Algae along with cyanobacteria are part of the food web of the ocean. Algae and Cyanobacteria are called:
phytoplankton
Algae can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of algae can combine with _________to form coral:
polyps
Cyanobacteria can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of cyanobacteria can combine with _________to form coral:
polyps
Which component of LPS extends away from the cell surface?
polysaccharide
Which component of LPS interferes with antibody/complement killing?
polysaccharide
Which component of LPS is actually embedded in the outer membrane?
polysaccharide glycan
The description of a prokaryote cell membrane is based on the fluid-mosaic model. Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for the mosaic character of the cell membrane?
proteins
Spores are produced by most fungi. The reason for making the spore is for:
reproduction be dispersed in the environment so the species can find new places for growing
The part of the mold which produces spores is called:
reproductive hyphae
Another source of methanogenic bacteria is:
rice patties
Movement occurs by a combination of runs and tumbles so the cell eventually moves toward attractants or away from repellants. The part of the movement which is a straight line is called:
run
The main form of nutrition for fungi is:
saprobe heterotroph
The part of a tapeworm which attaches to the wall of the small intestine is the:
scolex
When bacteria share genetic information, a copy of the plasmid is moved through a tubular structure into another cell. This tubular structure is called a:
sex pilus
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes which can reproduce:
sexually asexually
In prokaryotes, substances move across the membrane by the following mechanism(s):
simple diffusion active transport facilitated diffusion
Plasmids
sometimes include genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance are dsDNA code for conjugation
If a worm can only infect a particular species, it is called:
species specific
Giardia lamblia are ingested with contaminated water. Once inside the small intestine, they attach via:
suction cup
If a substance is transported across the membrane by facilitated diffusion, the energy for transport is from:
the concentration gradient
Which structure of a spore makes it resistant to chemicals?
the protein coat
Bacterial ribosomes are:
the same size as the ribosomes found in a mitochondria or chloroplast
The term 'mosaic' refers to:
the variety of molecules making up the membrane
When a white blood cell binds to lipid A, what happens?
the wbc releases chemicals which cause inflammation if a large number of wbc bind LPS, it can lead to sepsis, organ failure and intravascular coagulation
Bacterial cells whose cell wall is removed with chemicals will typically lyse under hypotonic conditions. Why isn't this true for the genus of bacteria which do not have a cell wall?
they strengthen their plasma membrane with steroids like cholesterol
The bacteria which incorporate mycolic acid into the cell wall have the following characteristics:
they take longer to grow the mycolic acid interferes with the movement of nutrients into the cell they are more difficult to kill by phagocytosis
This worm, is leaf -like in appearance, and is hermaphroditic:
trematode
The form of protozoans which feeds and is metabolically active and reproducing is the:
trophozoite
A recently discovered underground fungus is believed to be the largest life form on Earth.
true
All algae contain a photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. However, different subgroups have different kinds of accessory pigments. Based on a particular set of pigments, an aquatic species will position itself under the surface at a depth which provides the appropriate wavelength of light for its set of pigments.
true
All prokaryote cells must have a chromosome, or they will die.
true
Although algae are considered to be predominantly unicellular, some are filamentous. Additionally, some appear to exhibit tissues as evidenced by holdfast structures and pneumatocysts.
true
Although fungi destroy 40% of the fruit crop each year, they provide us with antibiotics, fermentation reactions for making beer and other food products, and they are used for genetic engineering.
true
As the basal body rotates in a spirochete, the entire cell spins. Its corkscrew-like shape propels it through the water.
true
Because of the amphipathic character of phospholipids, when placed in water they will arrange themselves into a bilipid membrane even though they aren't bonded to each other.
true
Besides the internal organelles, the inside of a cell contains cytoplasm which is 70-80% water. However, various substances are dissolved in the cytoplasm to account for the rest of the cytoplasm.
true
Chlamydia are the cause of many of the newly emerging infectious diseases. They are also listed as a potential bioterrorist agent.
true
Combined, algae and cyanobacteria produce a lot of oxygen. In fact, they account for 80% of the oxygen produced daily on our planet.
true
Even in small amounts, LPS can cause a strong inflammatory response in the human body:
true
Every naturally occurring organic material on the earth can be digested by some type of fungus.
true
Fortunately for us, the worm load of A. lumbricoides is based on the number of larvae a person eats instead of the number of fertilized eggs produced by a female worm.
true
Glycocalyx can act as a virulence factor. For example, a slimy glycocalyx helps adhere pathogens to the surface of implanted artificial devices such as catheters.
true
If a structure of a microbe is used to cause disease in a host, it is considered a virulence factor. For example, fimbriae are virulence factors.
true
If you can kill a spore, you will kill any other life form.
true
In order for many pathogens to cause disease in the human body, they must first attach to host tissue. For some of the bacterial pathogens, attachment is performed by fimbriae.
true
Like other eukaryote kingdoms, algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction provides the necessary genetic diversity for survival.
true
Mechanically, the basal body is like an electric motor. However, unlike an electric fan which rotates due to the flow of electrons, the basal body rotates due to protons.
true
One of the drawbacks of using an antibiotic which targets the prokaryote ribosome is that it will damage the ribosome in the mitochondria of human cells. This is because the mitochondria contains 70S ribosomes. Thus, antibiotics which target prokaryote ribosomes are not a true silver bullet.
true
Prokaryote movement is not random but it is not in a straight line.
true
Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, belch methane gas because methanogenic bacteria live in the ruminant's stomach.
true
Some aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria need to float near the surface so that they are exposed to sunlight. These bacteria have inclusions which are bilipid membranes with air.
true
Some fimbriae not only attach a bacterium to a host cell, but can contract and bring the bacterial cell into close contact with the host cell.
true
Some fungal infections are superficial and restricted to the surface of the skin. Others are systemic.
true
Spores can be sexual or asexual. The structure which produces the sexual spore is used for classifying molds.
true
The ability to attach to a surface is important for many prokaryotes. One of the structures used for attachment is fimbriae.
true
The ability to attach to a surface is important for many prokaryotes. One of the structures used for attachment is the glycocalyx.
true
The function of the chromosome is to provide information for making a copy of an organism and maintaining an organism. Itself does not carry out any of the activities of a cell, but it codes for the enzymes which do.
true
To feed, the mold will release digestive enzymes into the organic material it's growing on. After digestion, the products are absorbed by the mold filaments.
true
Yeast have the following characteristics:
unicellular divide by budding
Which of the following is the best description of a saprobe?
uses organic matter which is already dead
Which antibiotic prevents the elongation of peptidoglycan and is considered the antibiotic of last resort (because bacteria are rarely resistant)?
vancomycin
A mold growing on a food item, e.g., bread, will extend some of its filaments into the bread. These filaments are called:
vegetative hyphae
A bacterial cell shaped like a comma is called:
vibrio
The cell wall helps to prevent lysis under hypotonic conditions. Which of the following is the definition of "hypotonic"?
water is in higher concentration outside of the cell than inside causes osmosis of water into the cell and the cell swells
Based on our definition of a "silver bullet", would antibiotics which attack the cell wall of a bacteria be silver bullets?
yes
Many bacteria thwart the actions of antimicrobials. To inactivate antimicrobials which target the peptidoglycan, some bacteria produce:
β-lactamase
Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: It is a diecious roundworm which infects the human intestines. The female worm is capable of producing 200,000 eggs per day.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: Its life cycle includes penetration of the mucosa by the larvae, and traveling via blood or lymph to the lungs. It crawls into the air sacks, moves up the bronchi and trachea, and is swallowed. After it has returned to the small intestines, it becomes an adult.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Which species of spirochete causes Lymes Disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
Mold and yeast are part of the normal flora in most people. A common yeast found in the oral cavity and in the vagina is:
Candida albicans
A unique group of bacteria which are obligate intracellular pathogens and cause the 2ndmost common sexually transmitted disease is:
Chlamydia
Which species of spirochete causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
The number of fungal spores found in a cubic meter of air is:
10,000
How many chromosomes does a typical prokaryote cell contain?
1; haploid
The number of nucleotide base pairs which make up the human genome is:
3 billion
A 70S ribosome is composed of two subunits. These include:
30S 50S
The number of nucleotide base pairs which make up a typical bacterial chromosome is:
4 million
How many chromosomes does a human cell contain?
46 total; 23 different ones
Bacillus cereus
A spore producing bacterial species which causes food-borne infectious disease typically associated with rice dishes is:
If a substance is transported across the membrane by active transport, the energy for transport is from:
ATP
The remains of its cell wall are used for making abrasives and bricks
Diatoms
Responsible for "red tides"; some species produce a neurotoxin
Dinoflagellates
survive harsh environmental conditions
Endospores are produced by some genera of bacteria. The reason for making the spore is to:
Toxins produced by fungi are called helmitoxins. Breathed in, they can cause inflammation.
False
Ringworms are caused by:
Fungi
Giardia lamblia causes ___________________. It belongs to the kingdom ______________, the subkingdom called ____________________ and the subgroup called ___________________.
Gastrointestinal disease; protista; protozoan; flagellate
Bacillus anthracis
Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: forms spores; causes anthrax
Clostridium botulinum
Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: forms spores; causes botulism
lines
Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: hydrophobic
lines
Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: lipid
circle
Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: phosphate group
Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: cell wall includes a waxy substance called mycolic acid; causes leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
If a species of bacteria appears as cocci, bacilli, and vibrio in the same field of view, the morphology is described as:
Pleomorphic
Provides a compound called carageenan which is used in ice cream; also produces agar
Red algae
lines
Refer to the figure. Match the letter with the appropriate description: hydrophilic
circle
Refer to the figure. Match the letter with the appropriate description: interacts with water molecules
Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: a fluke responsible for a significant number of infections in developing countries; acquired via contaminated water
Schistosome
Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: It is a monecious tapeworm which infects the human intestines. Each segment contains both testes and ovary.
Taenia saginatta
True
Tetanus is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. This species produces spores.
Every known plant and animal can be infected by a species of nematode.
True
the presence of a nutrient such as an amino acid and water
What is the signal for a spore to germinate?
The structure a spirochete uses for movement includes:
a basal body a hook a filament outer sheath
Which structure of a spore makes it resistant to heat?
a dessicant in the spore
Which of the following are characteristics of biofilms?
a group of bacterial cells held together by a slimy glycocalyx a group of bacterial cells which communicate with each other
Algae are first divided based on ___________________ and secondly based on ______________________.
accessory photopigment; the polysaccharide they produce from photosynthesis
One of the unique groups of bacteria is the Rickettsias. Which of the following is true about this group? obligate intracellular pathogen cannot make its own ATP transmitted by ticks, fleas and lice invades the endothelium; cells lining the vasculature of the human body
all of above
Which group of antimicrobials interfere with synthesis of peptidoglycan? penicillins cephalosporins β-lactams
all of above
A plasmid has the following characteristics: a. contains the genes for carrying out conjugation b. is copied during conjugation, and a copy is transferred from one bacterium to another c. in addition, some plasmids contain genes for toxins or antibiotic resistance
all of the above
Enzymes (proteins) in or along the prokaryote cell membrane are responsible for: transporting substances across the membrane building outer structures like cell walls and appendages performing ATP synthesis carrying out photosynthesis
all of the above
How do algae harm humans? some species produce toxins that enter mussels that humans harvest for food a species of algae called Pfiesteria piscicida has the ability to invade skin some species produce toxins that can become airborne and when breathed in by humans, leads to inflammation
all of the above
The disease caused by A. lumbricoides includes: pneumonia biliary obstruction intestinal obstruction
all of the above
Mold spores are a leading cause of:
allergies
Match the following terms with the appropriate definition: may be used topically on skin or mucus membranes but not given orally
antiseptic
A rod-shaped bacterial cell is called:
bacillus
Methanogens are part of a larger group of bacteria called:
extremophiles Archaea
All prokaryote cells must have a plasmid or they will die.
false
Fimbriae are miniature flagellum. Combined, the fimbriae on a cell surface move together to propel a bacterium through its environment.
false
Fimbriae attachment is nonspecific. This means that the fimbriae on any bacterium can attach to any cell type in the human body.
false
Many bacteria produce a cell wall which includes peptidoglycan. The prefix 'pepti-' refers to the disaccharides which connect chains of short protein. The suffix '-glycan' refers to the chains of short proteins.
false
Prokaryote chromosomes are found within a double membrane bag called a nucleus.
false
Some algae forms shells.
false
Some antiseptics disrupt the plasma membrane of bacteria and yeast, and these antiseptics can be taken orally.
false
When you look for colony characteristics of a bacterial species, you observe a slide of the species under the microscope.
false
"Sick building syndrome" is caused by a:
fungus
Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
gram positive
Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: least likely to lyse under hypotonic conditions
gram positive
Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: most susceptible to β-lactam antimicrobials
grame positive
Which group of bacteria require an environment with a high salt concentration?
halophiles
Compared to gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria are more sensitive to an enzyme called lysozyme. Of the answers below, the best reason for this difference is that gram negative bacteria:
have an outer membrane
If a single worm has both male and female reproductive organs, it is called:
hermaphrodite diecious
The main form of nutrition for protozoans is:
heterotroph
The term 'fluid' refers to:
how molecules making up the membrane can freely move around the phospholipid molecules
A chain of fungal cells in a mold is called a:
hypha
LPS is found:
in the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall
Similar to humans, bacteria store glucose in the form of glycogen. In humans, the glycogen is stored in the liver. In the bacterium, it is stored as a(n):
inclusion
A capsule is a virulence factor because it:
interferes with phagocytosis interferes with white blood cells engulfing and killing the bacteria
β-lactam antimicrobials kill bacteria by:
interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis
Chlamydia have the following characteristics:
invade mucosal cells in the human body dependent on host cells for ATP; obligate intracellular pathogens often co-infect humans with Neisseria gonorrhea
