Unit 2

all of the above

How do microbiologists prevent microbial contamination when making media? the media is cooked for 15 minutes at 120o C and at 15 psi the media is treated so that spores are killed the media is placed in an autoclave

virtually an eternity

How long can spores survive?

1 1/2 hours

How long does it take for a spore to germinate?

6 hours

How long does it take to produce a spore?

Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: does not have a cell wall; most common cause of pneumonia in college students

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Helminths is a group in the Kingdom Animalia. Which of the following phylums make up this group?

Platyhelminthes Spirochetes

Following an algae bloom, what is the cause of death of ocean plants and animals?

bacteria decompose the dead algae and use up ocean oxygen

Toxoplasmainfects:

billions of people

Include a group called 'kelp'; produces a substance which is used as an emulsifier for food products and rubber

brown algae

The functions of a glycocalyx include the following:

can be used as a food source acts as a sunscreen to prevent chromosomal damage attaches the bacterium to a surface attaches the bacterium to other bacteria

Toxoplasmosis has the following characteristics:

can cause deformities in fetus reservoir is cats zoonose

Glycocalyx comes in two forms. If it is a rigid structure and tightly attached to the cell, it is called a:

capsule

Glycocalyx is made from:

carbohydrate

This worm has a flat body structure and is segmented. Each segment is called a proglottid.

cestode

One of the genera of bacteria is called Streptococci. The name tells you that the cell arrangement is:

chains

Because of their form of nutrition, algae contain a special organelle called a:

chloroplast

Which group of protozoans are coated with small hair-like structures which move in unison to propel the protozoan through an aqueous environment?

ciliates

Examples of an antimicrobial which interferes with protein synthesis include all of the following except for:

ciprofloxacin

Prior to cell division, the chromosome is replicated. Which antibiotic is used to interfere with replication and therefore kill the bacteria?

ciprofloxacin

If a bacterium divides along multiple planes during reproduction, it will appear under the microscope as:

clusters

One of the genera of bacteria is called Staphylococci. The name tells you that the cell arrangement is:

clusters

A round-shaped bacterial cells is called:

coccus

Prokaryote flagellum have the following characteristics:

components include a basal body, hook and filament components rotate like an outboard motor

All spirochetes look:

corkscrew

When the environment becomes hostile, some protozoans can produce a protective outer layer and become metabolically inactive. This form of protozoan is called a:

cyst

Some fungi exist in a yeast form. Some fungi exist in a mold form. Some fungi can switch from yeast to mold and back again. Those that can switch are called:

dimorphic

Match the following terms with the appropriate definition: only used on inanimate objects

disinfectant

When are plasmids replicated by a cell?

during cell division as part of conjugation

Spirochetes use a modified flagellum called a(n):

endoflagellum

Some areas of the ocean are 'dead zones' where no life exists. These dead zones are the result of algae blooms. The algae blooms are a result of:

eutrophication of the water

Symptoms associated with giardiasis include:

explosive stools malnutrition

Amoeba move via:

extension of the cell membrane; also called a pseudopod

The US is a country of immigrants and former slaves. A fungal infection of potatoes was responsible for the immigration of:

irish

A silver bullet has the following characteristics:

kills the pathogen but does not harm the host targets structures which human cells do not have

Algae can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of algae can combine with fungi to form:

lichen

Cyanobacteria can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of cyanobacteria can combine with fungi to form:

lichen

LPS is an acronym for:

lipopolysaccharide

Thermoacidophiles like:

low pH

Which group of Archaea contribute to global warming?

methanogens

Which white blood cell has a receptor for lipid A?

monocyte

A collection of mold filaments is called a:

mycelium

Which of the following symbiotic relationships includes a species of fungi?

mycorrhizae lichens

A fungal infection is called a:

mycosis

This worm has a round body structure and is known to be a pathogen for every known animal and plant:

nematode

Are membranes a good target for antimicrobials?

no

One of the unique groups of bacteria is the cyanobacteria. This group has the following characteristics except:

obligate intracellular pathogen

The main form of nutrition for algae is:

photoautotroph

If taxis is caused by sunlight, it is called:

phototaxis

Algae along with cyanobacteria are part of the food web of the ocean. Algae and Cyanobacteria are called:

phytoplankton

Algae can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of algae can combine with _________to form coral:

polyps

Cyanobacteria can form symbiotic relationships. Some species of cyanobacteria can combine with _________to form coral:

polyps

Which component of LPS extends away from the cell surface?

polysaccharide

Which component of LPS interferes with antibody/complement killing?

polysaccharide

Which component of LPS is actually embedded in the outer membrane?

polysaccharide glycan

The description of a prokaryote cell membrane is based on the fluid-mosaic model. Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for the mosaic character of the cell membrane?

proteins

Spores are produced by most fungi. The reason for making the spore is for:

reproduction be dispersed in the environment so the species can find new places for growing

The part of the mold which produces spores is called:

reproductive hyphae

Another source of methanogenic bacteria is:

rice patties

Movement occurs by a combination of runs and tumbles so the cell eventually moves toward attractants or away from repellants. The part of the movement which is a straight line is called:

run

The main form of nutrition for fungi is:

saprobe heterotroph

The part of a tapeworm which attaches to the wall of the small intestine is the:

scolex

When bacteria share genetic information, a copy of the plasmid is moved through a tubular structure into another cell. This tubular structure is called a:

sex pilus

Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes which can reproduce:

sexually asexually

In prokaryotes, substances move across the membrane by the following mechanism(s):

simple diffusion active transport facilitated diffusion

Plasmids

sometimes include genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance are dsDNA code for conjugation

If a worm can only infect a particular species, it is called:

species specific

Giardia lamblia are ingested with contaminated water. Once inside the small intestine, they attach via:

suction cup

If a substance is transported across the membrane by facilitated diffusion, the energy for transport is from:

the concentration gradient

Which structure of a spore makes it resistant to chemicals?

the protein coat

Bacterial ribosomes are:

the same size as the ribosomes found in a mitochondria or chloroplast

The term 'mosaic' refers to:

the variety of molecules making up the membrane

When a white blood cell binds to lipid A, what happens?

the wbc releases chemicals which cause inflammation if a large number of wbc bind LPS, it can lead to sepsis, organ failure and intravascular coagulation

Bacterial cells whose cell wall is removed with chemicals will typically lyse under hypotonic conditions. Why isn't this true for the genus of bacteria which do not have a cell wall?

they strengthen their plasma membrane with steroids like cholesterol

The bacteria which incorporate mycolic acid into the cell wall have the following characteristics:

they take longer to grow the mycolic acid interferes with the movement of nutrients into the cell they are more difficult to kill by phagocytosis

This worm, is leaf -like in appearance, and is hermaphroditic:

trematode

The form of protozoans which feeds and is metabolically active and reproducing is the:

trophozoite

A recently discovered underground fungus is believed to be the largest life form on Earth.

true

All algae contain a photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. However, different subgroups have different kinds of accessory pigments. Based on a particular set of pigments, an aquatic species will position itself under the surface at a depth which provides the appropriate wavelength of light for its set of pigments.

true

All prokaryote cells must have a chromosome, or they will die.

true

Although algae are considered to be predominantly unicellular, some are filamentous. Additionally, some appear to exhibit tissues as evidenced by holdfast structures and pneumatocysts.

true

Although fungi destroy 40% of the fruit crop each year, they provide us with antibiotics, fermentation reactions for making beer and other food products, and they are used for genetic engineering.

true

As the basal body rotates in a spirochete, the entire cell spins. Its corkscrew-like shape propels it through the water.

true

Because of the amphipathic character of phospholipids, when placed in water they will arrange themselves into a bilipid membrane even though they aren't bonded to each other.

true

Besides the internal organelles, the inside of a cell contains cytoplasm which is 70-80% water. However, various substances are dissolved in the cytoplasm to account for the rest of the cytoplasm.

true

Chlamydia are the cause of many of the newly emerging infectious diseases. They are also listed as a potential bioterrorist agent.

true

Combined, algae and cyanobacteria produce a lot of oxygen. In fact, they account for 80% of the oxygen produced daily on our planet.

true

Even in small amounts, LPS can cause a strong inflammatory response in the human body:

true

Every naturally occurring organic material on the earth can be digested by some type of fungus.

true

Fortunately for us, the worm load of A. lumbricoides is based on the number of larvae a person eats instead of the number of fertilized eggs produced by a female worm.

true

Glycocalyx can act as a virulence factor. For example, a slimy glycocalyx helps adhere pathogens to the surface of implanted artificial devices such as catheters.

true

If a structure of a microbe is used to cause disease in a host, it is considered a virulence factor. For example, fimbriae are virulence factors.

true

If you can kill a spore, you will kill any other life form.

true

In order for many pathogens to cause disease in the human body, they must first attach to host tissue. For some of the bacterial pathogens, attachment is performed by fimbriae.

true

Like other eukaryote kingdoms, algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction provides the necessary genetic diversity for survival.

true

Mechanically, the basal body is like an electric motor. However, unlike an electric fan which rotates due to the flow of electrons, the basal body rotates due to protons.

true

One of the drawbacks of using an antibiotic which targets the prokaryote ribosome is that it will damage the ribosome in the mitochondria of human cells. This is because the mitochondria contains 70S ribosomes. Thus, antibiotics which target prokaryote ribosomes are not a true silver bullet.

true

Prokaryote movement is not random but it is not in a straight line.

true

Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, belch methane gas because methanogenic bacteria live in the ruminant's stomach.

true

Some aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria need to float near the surface so that they are exposed to sunlight. These bacteria have inclusions which are bilipid membranes with air.

true

Some fimbriae not only attach a bacterium to a host cell, but can contract and bring the bacterial cell into close contact with the host cell.

true

Some fungal infections are superficial and restricted to the surface of the skin. Others are systemic.

true

Spores can be sexual or asexual. The structure which produces the sexual spore is used for classifying molds.

true

The ability to attach to a surface is important for many prokaryotes. One of the structures used for attachment is fimbriae.

true

The ability to attach to a surface is important for many prokaryotes. One of the structures used for attachment is the glycocalyx.

true

The function of the chromosome is to provide information for making a copy of an organism and maintaining an organism. Itself does not carry out any of the activities of a cell, but it codes for the enzymes which do.

true

To feed, the mold will release digestive enzymes into the organic material it's growing on. After digestion, the products are absorbed by the mold filaments.

true

Yeast have the following characteristics:

unicellular divide by budding

Which of the following is the best description of a saprobe?

uses organic matter which is already dead

Which antibiotic prevents the elongation of peptidoglycan and is considered the antibiotic of last resort (because bacteria are rarely resistant)?

vancomycin

A mold growing on a food item, e.g., bread, will extend some of its filaments into the bread. These filaments are called:

vegetative hyphae

A bacterial cell shaped like a comma is called:

vibrio

The cell wall helps to prevent lysis under hypotonic conditions. Which of the following is the definition of "hypotonic"?

water is in higher concentration outside of the cell than inside causes osmosis of water into the cell and the cell swells

Based on our definition of a "silver bullet", would antibiotics which attack the cell wall of a bacteria be silver bullets?

yes

Many bacteria thwart the actions of antimicrobials. To inactivate antimicrobials which target the peptidoglycan, some bacteria produce:

β-lactamase

Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: It is a diecious roundworm which infects the human intestines. The female worm is capable of producing 200,000 eggs per day.

Ascaris lumbricoides

Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: Its life cycle includes penetration of the mucosa by the larvae, and traveling via blood or lymph to the lungs. It crawls into the air sacks, moves up the bronchi and trachea, and is swallowed. After it has returned to the small intestines, it becomes an adult.

Ascaris lumbricoides

Which species of spirochete causes Lymes Disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

Mold and yeast are part of the normal flora in most people. A common yeast found in the oral cavity and in the vagina is:

Candida albicans

A unique group of bacteria which are obligate intracellular pathogens and cause the 2ndmost common sexually transmitted disease is:

Chlamydia

Which species of spirochete causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

The number of fungal spores found in a cubic meter of air is:

10,000

How many chromosomes does a typical prokaryote cell contain?

1; haploid

The number of nucleotide base pairs which make up the human genome is:

3 billion

A 70S ribosome is composed of two subunits. These include:

30S 50S

The number of nucleotide base pairs which make up a typical bacterial chromosome is:

4 million

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain?

46 total; 23 different ones

Bacillus cereus

A spore producing bacterial species which causes food-borne infectious disease typically associated with rice dishes is:

If a substance is transported across the membrane by active transport, the energy for transport is from:

ATP

The remains of its cell wall are used for making abrasives and bricks

Diatoms

Responsible for "red tides"; some species produce a neurotoxin

Dinoflagellates

survive harsh environmental conditions

Endospores are produced by some genera of bacteria. The reason for making the spore is to:

Toxins produced by fungi are called helmitoxins. Breathed in, they can cause inflammation.

False

Ringworms are caused by:

Fungi

Giardia lamblia causes ___________________. It belongs to the kingdom ______________, the subkingdom called ____________________ and the subgroup called ___________________.

Gastrointestinal disease; protista; protozoan; flagellate

Bacillus anthracis

Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: forms spores; causes anthrax

Clostridium botulinum

Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: forms spores; causes botulism

lines

Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: hydrophobic

lines

Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: lipid

circle

Match the letters on the diagram with the appropriate description: phosphate group

Match the following species with the appropriate characteristic: cell wall includes a waxy substance called mycolic acid; causes leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

If a species of bacteria appears as cocci, bacilli, and vibrio in the same field of view, the morphology is described as:

Pleomorphic

Provides a compound called carageenan which is used in ice cream; also produces agar

Red algae

lines

Refer to the figure. Match the letter with the appropriate description: hydrophilic

circle

Refer to the figure. Match the letter with the appropriate description: interacts with water molecules

Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: a fluke responsible for a significant number of infections in developing countries; acquired via contaminated water

Schistosome

Match the following species of helminth with the appropriate description: It is a monecious tapeworm which infects the human intestines. Each segment contains both testes and ovary.

Taenia saginatta

True

Tetanus is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. This species produces spores.

Every known plant and animal can be infected by a species of nematode.

True

the presence of a nutrient such as an amino acid and water

What is the signal for a spore to germinate?

The structure a spirochete uses for movement includes:

a basal body a hook a filament outer sheath

Which structure of a spore makes it resistant to heat?

a dessicant in the spore

Which of the following are characteristics of biofilms?

a group of bacterial cells held together by a slimy glycocalyx a group of bacterial cells which communicate with each other

Algae are first divided based on ___________________ and secondly based on ______________________.

accessory photopigment; the polysaccharide they produce from photosynthesis

One of the unique groups of bacteria is the Rickettsias. Which of the following is true about this group? obligate intracellular pathogen cannot make its own ATP transmitted by ticks, fleas and lice invades the endothelium; cells lining the vasculature of the human body

all of above

Which group of antimicrobials interfere with synthesis of peptidoglycan? penicillins cephalosporins β-lactams

all of above

A plasmid has the following characteristics: a. contains the genes for carrying out conjugation b. is copied during conjugation, and a copy is transferred from one bacterium to another c. in addition, some plasmids contain genes for toxins or antibiotic resistance

all of the above

Enzymes (proteins) in or along the prokaryote cell membrane are responsible for: transporting substances across the membrane building outer structures like cell walls and appendages performing ATP synthesis carrying out photosynthesis

all of the above

How do algae harm humans? some species produce toxins that enter mussels that humans harvest for food a species of algae called Pfiesteria piscicida has the ability to invade skin some species produce toxins that can become airborne and when breathed in by humans, leads to inflammation

all of the above

The disease caused by A. lumbricoides includes: pneumonia biliary obstruction intestinal obstruction

all of the above

Mold spores are a leading cause of:

allergies

Match the following terms with the appropriate definition: may be used topically on skin or mucus membranes but not given orally

antiseptic

A rod-shaped bacterial cell is called:

bacillus

Methanogens are part of a larger group of bacteria called:

extremophiles Archaea

All prokaryote cells must have a plasmid or they will die.

false

Fimbriae are miniature flagellum. Combined, the fimbriae on a cell surface move together to propel a bacterium through its environment.

false

Fimbriae attachment is nonspecific. This means that the fimbriae on any bacterium can attach to any cell type in the human body.

false

Many bacteria produce a cell wall which includes peptidoglycan. The prefix 'pepti-' refers to the disaccharides which connect chains of short protein. The suffix '-glycan' refers to the chains of short proteins.

false

Prokaryote chromosomes are found within a double membrane bag called a nucleus.

false

Some algae forms shells.

false

Some antiseptics disrupt the plasma membrane of bacteria and yeast, and these antiseptics can be taken orally.

false

When you look for colony characteristics of a bacterial species, you observe a slide of the species under the microscope.

false

"Sick building syndrome" is caused by a:

fungus

Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

gram positive

Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: least likely to lyse under hypotonic conditions

gram positive

Match the following cell wall type to the appropriate description: most susceptible to β-lactam antimicrobials

grame positive

Which group of bacteria require an environment with a high salt concentration?

halophiles

Compared to gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria are more sensitive to an enzyme called lysozyme. Of the answers below, the best reason for this difference is that gram negative bacteria:

have an outer membrane

If a single worm has both male and female reproductive organs, it is called:

hermaphrodite diecious

The main form of nutrition for protozoans is:

heterotroph

The term 'fluid' refers to:

how molecules making up the membrane can freely move around the phospholipid molecules

A chain of fungal cells in a mold is called a:

hypha

LPS is found:

in the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall

Similar to humans, bacteria store glucose in the form of glycogen. In humans, the glycogen is stored in the liver. In the bacterium, it is stored as a(n):

inclusion

A capsule is a virulence factor because it:

interferes with phagocytosis interferes with white blood cells engulfing and killing the bacteria

β-lactam antimicrobials kill bacteria by:

interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis

Chlamydia have the following characteristics:

invade mucosal cells in the human body dependent on host cells for ATP; obligate intracellular pathogens often co-infect humans with Neisseria gonorrhea