Unit 2 Internet

What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? Why does the world need to change to IPv6?

1Pv4 provides 4 billion address and IPv6 provides many more using 128 bits per second and provides over 340 undecillion unique addresses. The world needs to change to IPv6 because we are running out of IP addresses.

What is an IP address and why should it be unique?

A IP address is the address that a computer is given, it is unique to participate in computer between computers like in websites.

Building Network: Describe two different paths that a message could take from Person A to Person D.

A could transfer information to B which will connect to D. Or A could relay information to E then C which goes to D.

What are digital certificates and why are they important?

A digital certificate is an official ID card proving that it's the website that it claims to be.

Why is DNS Spoofing dangerous?

A hacker breaks into the DNS server and changes it to match a domain name with the wrong IP address which reroutes to an impostor website. It is dangerous because you are using that website as if it is real.

What is a protocol and why is it important?

A protocol is a well known set of rules, and standards that if all parties agree to use it, will allow them to communicate without trouble. It is important because it makes in order for new technology to use the internet in some fashion, it just needs to know which protocols to work with.

HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol Solve

Allow computers to request and share webpages, audio, images, videos, and other file types on the Internet, collectively known as the world wide web.

Protocol:

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

Fault Tolerant:

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

Packet

Chunk of data and its metadata, used to route and reassemble information on the Internet.

HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol Works

Computers communicate in plain text like GET to request files or send data. The server that receives the request responds with the files requested which are displayed by your browser. HTTP requests are sent between computers over the internet as part of TCP/IP packets. The world wide web is just files that are requested using HTTP and sent over the Internet.

What is the role of a DNS server? Why is it important?

DNS is the domain name system and associates names like www.example.com with the corresponding addresses to the domain and routes you the right place.

IP: Internet Protocol Works

Each device on the internet is given a unique IP address. Packets sent on the internet include to and from IP addresses. Routers along the way use this information to move data along a path of direct connections. Routing happens dynamically, meaning the path is unpredictable and changes based on network conditions.

Pick the two statements that are true about the Internet Protocol (IP):

Each device or computer on the Internet is assigned a unique IP address. IP is the shared way that all devices and computers label their messages with the sender and receiver's addresses

Physical Network Works

Fiber optic cables, wifi signals, or copper wires physically connect the computers, smart phones, servers, etc. that make up the Internet. Computers don't need to be directly connected to each other, just a single point on the network.

What is a GET request?

Get and the name of the document that you're requesting. It access specific html from the server for a website.

What is HTML and how is it used?

HTML is hyper text markup language. It is used to tell how web browser is supposed to make a page look.

What is HTTP and how is it used?

HTTP is HyperText Transfer Protocol... It is the language used to communicate between web browsers and servers. It asks another computer for a document.

How do you use the Internet? Think about your typical day. When are you using the Internet? For what purposes? What role does it have in your life?

I am using the internet for schoolwork due to remote learning or communicating online. Without the internet, I wouldn't be able to do schoolwork without communication from teachers and educators.

Describe how the Internet Protocol (IP) allows devices to easily connect and communicate on the Internet.

IP is like the email address of the internet. IP allows for easier connections to where you the user wants to go based on the IP address number.

What is a POST request?

In computing, POST is a request method supported by HTTP used by the World Wide Web. By design, the POST request method requests that a web server accepts the data enclosed in the body of the request message, most likely for storing it. It is often used when uploading a file or when submitting a completed web form.

Which of the following is true regarding the way information is transmitted on the Internet?

Information does not travel in one piece, but rather as a datastream of packets.

Pick Two: If the post office delivered mail exactly like the routers deliver messages on the Internet, which of the following statements would be true?

Letters would be written on the outside of the envelope for all to read instead of letters put inside envelopes The mailman would sometimes take a different path to deliver each letter to your home

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol Works

Messages are divided into packets and sent all at once. Packets are numbered so that they can be re-ordered and missing packets can be requested by the receiver. TCP is slower than UDP because error checking like this takes more time, but it is much more reliable.

UDP: User Datagram Protocol Works

Messages are divided into packets and sent all at once. There is no error-checking to ensure all packets arrive or that they're in order. UDP is faster than TCP but more errors are possible. This is useful for streaming video or online gaming because having the picture displayed quickly is more important than it being displayed with a perfectly clear picture.

Explain the steps for web browsing? How does a web browser work?

Open a web browser, type in the Url. The computer talks to a server which redirects you to a website.

Physical Network Solve

Physically connecting devices to one another so that information can move through the network.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Rules for addressing and sending data across the internet by assigning unique numbers to each connected device

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol Solve

Send large messages over the Internet when accuracy is most important. You would either use TCP or UDP.

UDP: User Datagram Protocol Solve

Send large messages over the Internet when speed is most important. You would either use TCP or UDP.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Sends all packets without checking whether they were received or ordered properly

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Takes inventory of all packets in the datastream to ensure they are successfully sent and received.

What are the benefits of building redundancy into a network? What are the potential issues with building redundancy?

The benefit of building redundancy into a network is that then a system can continue to work even if individual components fail. The issue is that it would take more take and resources to build redundancy.

Datastream

The way in which information travels on the Internet, not as a single piece but in chunks.

Why do TCP/IP and Router Networks break down information and send it in small packets?

There are a few reasons why network standards limit the maximum size of a packet. Firstly the bigger a packet is the longer it ties up the line for. That means more latency and jitter for other users sharing the line. Secondly most network devices work with complete packets. The whole packet is received into a buffer before being passed on to the next processing step. These buffers have finite size. A large packet buffered at every step will also take much longer to deliver than a sequence of small packets. Thirdly with most standards if a packet is corrupted in transit the whole packet must be discarded and re-sent. So larger packets mean more data is re-sent when corruption occurs.

DNS: Domain Name System Solve

Translate human-readable domains like code.org or example.com into IP addresses that can be used by the Internet.

IP: Internet Protocol Solve

Uniquely identifying people on the internet and routing messages between them.

DNS: Domain Name System Works

When you try to go to a domain like example.com, you computer first contacts a system of servers collectively called the DNS which keeps track of the IP addresses associated with each domain name. Communication with DNS servers happens over the Internet, meaning the request to and from servers are sent as TCP/ IP packets.

Computing System

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Computing Network:

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Computing Device

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Redundancy:

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

Bandwidth:

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

Path:

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.